Āhuatanga o te whanariki. Taupānga o whanariki. Medical whanariki

Chalcogens - huānga rōpū e pā ana ki te whanariki. Ko tōna tohu matū - S - te pukapuka tuatahi o te ingoa Latin o te pūngāwhā. taonga ohie Composition tuhia e tenei tohu, kahore taupū. A feruri i te ngā matua e pā ana ki te hanganga, ngā āhuatanga, te faaineineraa, me te whakamahi o tenei huānga. Ka āhuatanga whanariki kia aroaro i roto i te taipitopito rite taea.

Common āhuatanga me ngā rerekētanga chalcogen

Whanariki mo te Huingaiti o te hāora. Ko tenei te kapa 16 i roto i te hou roa-wā hanga i te whakapakoko o te pūnaha wā (PS). ruma tawhito me te taupū - VIA. Ko te ingoa o nga āhuatanga matū o te rōpū, te tohu matū:

• hāora (e);
• whanariki (S);
• selenium (Se);
• tellurium (Te);
• polonium (Po).

Ko te huānga anga irahiko waho whakaritea i runga ake i te taua. Kei reira katoa e ono irahiko honohono, e ai whai wāhi i roto i te hanganga o here matū ki ētahi atu ngota. pūhui hauwai i te hanganga H ₂ R, hei tauira, H ₂ S - hauwai sulfide. Ingoa o ngā āhuatanga matū hanga ki te hāora e rua ngā momo o pūhui: whanariki, selenium me tellurium. tātai General waikura o enei āhuatanga - RO _2, RO _3.

Chalcogen hāngai ki te matū ohie, e rerekē nui i roto i te svostvam tinana. Ko te tino noa i roto i te kirinuku o te chalcogen katoa - hāora me te whanariki. Ko te huānga tuatahi tautuhi rua hau, te tuarua - te totoka. Polonium - te huānga iraruke - onge i roto i kirinuku o te whenua. I roto i te rōpū o te hāora ki ngā āhuatanga konganuku polonium whakaiti me te hua o te whakarewa. Hei tauira, whanariki - angamaheni nonmetal me tellurium he umeraa konganuku me te kawe ia hiko.

№ huānga 16 o te DI pūnaha wā Mendeleev

Ko te whanaunga whanariki taimaha ngota - 32,064. O te kanoirite tūturu tino noa ³² S (neke atu i te 95% i te taimaha). Kitea i roto i iti rahinga nuclides ki papatipu ngota o 33, 34 me te 36. āhuatanga o whanariki i runga i te āhuatanga i roto i te SS me te hanganga ngota:

• tau rangatū - 16;
• tiaki o te ngota ko 16;
• pūtoro ngota - 0,104 nm;
• pūngao ionization o -10,36 eV;
• electronegativity whanaunga - 2.6;
• te tohu o te piti hāora i roto i te pūhui - +6, +4, +2, -2;
• honohono, - II (-), II (+), IV (+), VI (+).

he whanariki i te toru o nga wā; Kei irahiko i roto i tētahi ngota i toru taumata pūngao: te tuatahi - 2, te tuarua - 8, - te tuatoru 6. irahiko honohono, he waho katoa. A, no te pāhekoheko ki ngā āhuatanga ake electronegative whanariki homai 4 ranei 6 ngā irahiko, whiwhi kāwanatanga hāora angamaheni +6, +4. Ko te tauhohe ki te hauwai me te ngota whakarewa kumea irahiko ngaro rua octets ki te whakaki i me ki te whakatutuki i āhua on. Te hāora tuku iho i roto i tenei take e ki -2.

Ko te āhuatanga ōkiko o te rhombic me ngā puka allotropic monoclinic

I raro i ngā āhuatanga noa, kua piri tahi nga ngota whanariki i te koki i roto i te taiawhio pūmau. Ka taea te tutakina ratou i roto i te mowhiti, e kōrero te oraraa o rāpoi whanariki huringa. Composition o Tātai whakaata S ₆ ko S _8.

Me kō ngā āhuatanga whanariki whakaahuatanga te rerekētanga i waenganui i whakarerekētanga allotropic he āhuatanga tinana rerekē.

Rhombic ranei α-whanariki - te puka, tioata tino pūmau. Tenei tioata kanapa kōwhai, arā, o ngā rāpoi ngota S _8. kiato whanariki rhombic ko 2,07 g / cm3. tioata kōwhai marama o te puka monoclinic whanariki β-i hanga i te mātotoru o 1.96 g / cm3. wāhi e koropupu ana tae 444,5 ° C.

Te faaineineraa o amorphous whanariki

He aha te tae he whanariki i roto i te āhua kirihou? Ko te papatipu parauri pouri, tino rite ki te puehu kōwhai tioata ranei tenei. Ki te whiwhi te reira, e hiahia ana koe ki te ngohe i te rhombic monoclinic whanariki ranei. I pāmahana i runga 110 ° C te wai i hanga te, i te whakawera anō whakapouri reira i riro 200 ° C matotoru, me te Kaore. Ki te ringihia hohoro te whanariki whakarewa ki te wai matao, whakapakeketia reira ki te hanga i mekameka Paparoa-Kōpikopiko, e whakaata hanganga te _n tātai _S.

Ko te memehatanga o te whanariki

Ētahi whakarerekētanga o te taonga wairewa i roto i te waro disulfide, benzene, toluene ranei haukini wai. Ki te matao āta Na e rongoā organic i hanga ngira whanariki monoclinic. Hoki te whakaetonga o wai tu mārama tioata rēmana-kōwhai o te whanariki rhombic. He pakarukaru ratou, taea ratou te ngāwari ngotangota ki te puehu. he rewakore i roto i te wai whanariki. totohu te tioata ki te raro o te oko, a ka taea e te paura rewa runga i te mata (kore-wettable).

āhuatanga matū

E whakaaturia ana te tauhohe āhuatanga huānga nonmetallic angamaheni № 16:

• oxidizes whanariki konganuku me te hauwai, te heke ki S ^2- katote;
• E hua te ngingiha o te rangi, me te hāora di- me whanariki trioxide, e he anhydrides waikawa;
• i te tauhohenga ki tētahi atu huānga atu electronegative - fluoro - ngaro hoki pūngāwhā ona irahiko (oxidize).

Free whanariki i roto i te āhua

Ka rite ki te nuinga o te whanariki i kirinuku o te whenua ko i runga i te wahi 15 i roto i te huānga matū. Ko te ihirangi toharite o ngota S i roto i ngā toka me ngā kohuke ko 0.05% i te taimaha o te kirinuku.

He aha te tae he whanariki i te natura (taketake)? Tenei paura kōwhai te marama ki te kakara āhuatanga tioata kōwhai he umeraa karaihe ranei. Putunga i roto i te puka o putunga, nga papa tioata o whanariki i kitea i roto i ngā wāhi o te puiatanga tawhito, me te hou i roto i Itari, Poland, Middle Te Tai Rāwhiti, Japan, Mexico, United States. E mea pinepine te tangohanga o te drusen ko te tioata kotahi ataahua, me te nui.

pūngāwhā hauwai me waikura i roto i te āhua

I roto i te rohe puia e kei i runga i te mata o te pūhui whanariki haurehu waihā. He oa moana Black i te hohonu o neke atu i te 200 m no o te wehenga o te hauwai sulfide H ₂ S. te tātai divalent whanariki waikura - SO _2, trivalent - SO _3. e kitea i roto i te hanganga o etahi o te hinu, hau, wai māori enei pūhui haurehu waihā. ngā whanariki i roto i te hanganga o te waro. E mea titauhia mo te hanganga o maha ngā pūhui matū waro. A, no te tukua putrefaction o pūmua o hua heihei hauwai sulfide, na te maha ka mea te reira e te haunga hau o hua pirau. no whanariki ki nga mea timatanga biogenic, he mea e tika ana mo te tipu me te whanaketanga o te tangata, kararehe, me ngā tipu.

Hiranga o sulphides tūturu me sulphates

ka hei Āhuatanga o whanariki kāore ki te kore ki te mea i kitea i te huānga e kore anake i roto i te puka o te taonga ohie, me te ōkai. Ko te pūhui taiao tino noa - ko te tote o te waikawa pungatara me te hauwai sulfide. Sulfides o parahi, rino, konutea, mēkuri, arahi kitea i roto i te hanganga o nga kohuke chalcopyrite, pyrite, sphalerite, galena, me cinnabar. Mai kia ngāwhā e whakahuatia konutai, konupūmā, konu me te konupora tai e hanga i roto i ngā kohuke āhua me toka (mirabilite, gypsum, selenite, barite, kieserite, epsomite). Katoa o enei pūhui e whakamahia i roto i ngā rāngai o te ōhanga, e whakamahia rite rauemi raw mō te tukatuka ahumahi, maniua, rauemi hanga. uara hauora nui o etahi tioata.

fariiraa

taonga kōwhai i roto i te āhua noa puta i roto i te āhua i rire rerekē. Ki te tika, rewa te whanariki i toka kahore whakatairanga ratou ki te mata, i te kutētē te hohonu superheated mamaoa me te rangi kōpeke. Ko tētahi atu tikanga tā te whāhau o toka mongamonga i roto i oumu motuhake. Ētahi atu tikanga whai wāhi te whakakorenga o te disulfide waro tēnei waka ranei.

whakaritenga Ahumahi te pūngāwhā nui, pera ki te whiwhi ona taonga timatanga pūhui whakamahia. Ko te hauwai sulfide me te sulfide whanariki i roto i te puka iti. He rite ki te -2 te āhua piti hāora o te huānga. kawea te pūngāwhā hāora i roto i te whakanui ake i te uara ki te 0. Hei tauira, heke te tikanga o LeBlanc konutai pākawa ngāwhā te ki sulfide waro. Na ka te whiwhi i te reira i te konupūmā pūngāwhā, kua tukinotia reira ki te hauhā me te kohu wai. oxidized te hauwai sulfide hua e hāora kōhauhau i roto i te aroaro o te whakakōkī: 2H ₂ S + e ₂ = 2H ₂ E + 2 s. Whakatau i o whanariki whiwhi i roto i ara rerekē, i ētahi wā homai tohu whakaaro ma iti. kawea whakamahine purenga ranei i roto i te Māturu, whakatikatikaina, ranunga tukatuka o waikawa.

Ko te whakamahi o te whanariki i roto i te ahumahi hou

haere potakataka pūngāwhā ki ngā hiahia production rerekē:

1. Te faaineineraa o te waikawa pungatara i roto i te ahumahi matū.
2. whākawa Production me ngāwhā.
3. Te tuku taka hoki fertilizing tipu, mate me pests.
4. Whanariki-kei roto tokahuke i roto i te maina, me te matū otaota tukatuka mō konganuku nonferrous. production te rere he waikawa pungatara.
5. Ko te kupu whakataki o te tahi mau māka o maitai ki te hoatu āhuatanga motuhake.
6. rapa vulcanizing Nā whiwhi rapa.
7. Production kēmu, pyrotechnics, explosives.
8. Whakamahia hoki te faaineineraa o peita, te orokohanga, muka waihanga.
9. papanga bleaching.

Tāoke o te whanariki me ona pūhui

Dusts matūriki he he kakara kino, mukākā kiriuhi mucous o te kōhao nasal me wahi romahā, kanohi, me te kiri. Otiia e kore e te timatanga whanariki tāoke whakaaro tino nui. Inhalation o hauwai sulfide me te hāorarua taea meinga poisoning nui.

Ki te tahaki ore-whanariki kei roto i smelters kore e hau whakapau mau, tomo ratou te huru. Hono ki pata, me te kohu wai, waikura whanariki me te hauota hoatu ara ki te ua waikawa pera-ka karanga.

Whanariki me ona pūhui i roto i te ahuwhenua

pau Plants katote ngāwhā tahi ki otinga oneone. Whakaiti i te ihirangi whanariki arata'i ki te puhoi ki raro i roto i te pūtau matomato pākia o waikawa amino me pūmua. Na reira pūkawa whakamahia mō te fertilizing kai ahuwhenua.

Hei patu huakita whare heihei, toa, toa huawhenua taonga ohie tahuna tukinotia ki whakaurunga hou taero sulfa ranei. whanariki waikura roaa āhuatanga antimicrobial e kua kitea roa tono i roto i te hanga o te waina, ka rongoa huawhenua me hua. E whakamahia drugs whanariki rite ngā patukīrea mō te whakahaere mate me pests (paura koriri me nohinohi pūngāwerewere).

Whakamahia i roto i te rongoā

faufaa rahi ki te ako o ngā rongoā o paura kōwhai hoatu rata nui o onamata Avicenna me Paracelsus. I muri mai takoto reira e kore te whiwhi i te tangata nui whanariki i ngoikore kai, ite raruraru hauora (e ngā minamina me rehu o te vaivai kiri, makawe me nga titi). Ko te meka ko e kahore whanariki waimaero ariā o waikawa amino, keratin, ngā tukanga matüora i roto i te tinana.

Medical whanariki whakauru ki te hinu mo te maimoatanga o mate kiri: hakihaki, katoatia, psoriasis, pāwera, seborrhea. Pati ki whanariki taea atawhai te mamae o te rūmātiki me te kauti. Hoki te pai absorption i te tinana ki te hanga i te wai taero sulfa wairewa. e kore te mea he paura kōwhai, he taonga ma tioata pai tenei. Hoki ngā tono waho whakahaere tenei pūhui e i roto i te Paku mo tiaki kiri.

Kua roa gypsum kua whakamahia i roto i te immobilization o nga wahi whara o te tinana. tote o Glauber whakaritea te rite te rongoā wāhine. Magnesia Whakahekea pēhanga toto whakamahia e te i te maimoatanga o te takawhita.

Whanariki i roto i te hītori

Ahakoa i roto i nga wa onamata puawai kōwhai taonga nonmetallic kukume aro o te tangata. Otiia anake i roto i te 1789, i kitea te kēmihi nui Lavoisier e kitea te puehu me te tioata i roto i te natura, titoa o ngota whanariki. I whakapono te reira e malodor puta i roto i tona parariraa, repels kino katoa. Tātai waikura whanariki, i whiwhi nei e parariraa, - SO ₂ (takawai). Tenei inhalation hau paitini ko reira mōrearea ki te hauora. He maha ngā take o te papatipu ngaro o kainga katoa o te iwi i runga i nga rohe, i roto i nga mania o pūtaiao whakamārama te tohanga o te whenua hauwai wai ranei pūngāwhā whanariki hāorarua ranei.

nui haere te tenenga o paura moni i roto i te tioata kōwhai i te hōia. i riro maha whawhai e tika ana ki te kaha o rangatira ki ngā whanariki ki ētahi atu matū i roto i te hanga o explosives. Ko te pūhui tino nui - waikawa pungatara - ako hoki me pehea ki te whakamahi i te wa rawa te roa. I roto i te Anotau, he mea he taonga i huaina hinu o vitriol me te tote - pūkawa. Parahi pūkawa Ko CuSO _{4 ka} FeSO rino pākawa ₄ kore tonu e ngaro to ratou faufaa i roto i te ahumahi, me te ahuwhenua.