Hangarau kirihou, momo, whakanao me te whakamahi

rauemi Polymeric - he tiketike pūhui matū rāpoi e ngā o maha waetahi malomolekulyarnyh (wae) o te hanganga taua. E mea pinepine e whakamahia te waerau mo te hanga o te wāhanga waetahi e whai ake nei: ethylene, vinyl pūhaumāota, vinildenhlorid, vinyl tāpia, propylene, methylmethacrylate, tetrafluoroethylene, styrene, Urea, melamine, formaldehyde, phenol. I roto i tēnei tuhinga ka aparau i tatou i roto i te taipitopito aha rauemi polymeric, me te ratou matū me ngā āhuatanga ōkiko, whakarōpū me momo.

momo o waerau

He āhuatanga o te rāpoi ngota o tenei rauemi, ko te nui taimaha rāpoi, e hāngai ana ki te uara e whai ake nei: M> 5 * 103. Pūhui ki te taumata o raro o tenei tawhā (M = 500-5000), tuku ki rite oligomers. I te pūhui taimaha iti-rāpoi he iti iho i te 500. Ko nga momo e whai ake nei o ngā rauemi polymeric: waihanga, me te taiao. te nuinga o tuku te whakamutunga rapa tūturu, Mika, huruhuru, papa kiripaka, cellulose, me t. D. Heoi, nga waerau waihanga taketake noho pūāhua wāhi i whiwhi nei i te tukanga o te ariā matū o pūhui o te taumata rāpoi iti. Tei runga i te tikanga o hokohoko rauemi tiketike-rāpoi, he waerau rongonui e te hunga i te polycondensation, i tua atu tauhohenga ranei ranei.

polymerization

Tenei tukanga Ko te rōpū o iti wāhanga taimaha rāpoi i roto i te taimaha rāpoi tiketike ki te hoatu mekameka roa. Ko te rahinga o te taumata polymerization - ko te maha o "ētahi atu" i roto i te rāpoi ngota o te hanganga. Nuinga o ngā wā, i roto i nga rauemi polymeric i mano ki o mano tekau o ngā waeine. Na roto i te polymerization, e maha whakamahia te pūhui e whai ake nei: polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl pūhaumāota, polytetrafluoroethylene, terei, polybutadiene, me ētahi atu.

polycondensation

Tenei tukanga Ko te whakautu taahiraa, i te mea he pūhui ranei he maha nui o waetahi rite, ranei te rua o ngā rōpū motuhake (A me B) i roto i polycondensors (macromolecule) ki hanganga tukutahi o enei e-hua: waipiro mewaro, te hauhā, hauwai pūhaumāota, haukini, te wai me te et al. Mā te nga silicones polycondensation whiwhi, polysulfones, polycarbonates, aminoplasts, phenolics, ngā pūhui, haukini me ētahi atu rauemi polymeric.

polyaddition

I raro i tenei tukanga matau te hanganga o waerau i roto i ngā tauhohenga tua maha o ngā wāhanga monomeric e roto i rohe feohi urupare, te waetahi o ngā rōpū hamanga (huringa kaha here rua ranei). I roto i te rerekē ki te polycondensation, e polyaddition tauhohenga wahi kahore rere o e-hua. Ko te mahi tino nui o tenei hangarau whakapono te whakaora i resins epoxy me polyurethanes fariiraa.

whakarōpū o waerau

I roto i te hanganga, e wehea rauemi polymer katoa ki pararopi, organic me te organometallic. Ko te tuatahi o enei (karaihe magnesium, Mika, papa kiripaka, okouku, me ētahi atu) waro ngota e kore e roto i. Ko ratou te pūtake o te konumohe ōkai, konupora, silicon me te rite. D. Organic waerau Kei roto te piha haapiiraa tino whānui, i roto i ratou waro, hauwai, hauota, he whanariki, te hāora, me te kōnakonako. rauemi polymeric Organometallic - he pūhui e e tito o nui mekameka atu atu i te hunga kua whakarārangitia, me ngota silicon, konumohe, Titanium, me te tahi atu āhuatanga e taea te ngā ki Radicals organic. Ko te āhua o taua ngā kore e tupu. Ko waerau anake waihanga. māngai Angamaheni o tenei rōpū ko nga pūhui i pūtake silicone, hanga nei te mekameka matua i hāora me te takawai ngota.

Ki te whiwhi waerau ki ngā āhuatanga e hiahiatia ana te maha whakamahia i roto i te toi e kore e taonga "parakore", me ngā ona ki wāhanga organic inorganic ranei. Ko te tauira pai, ko te rauemi hanga waerau: whakarewa-kirihou, kaka kōata, polymer raima.

Ko te hanganga o te waerau

Ko te taa o te āhuatanga o ēnei rauemi e tika ana ki to ratou hanganga i roto i tahuri, kua wehea nei, ki te momo e whai ake nei: rārangi-rārātini, rārangi, te rōpū rāpoi mokowā ki nui, me te tino motuhake hanganga āhuahanga, me te arapiki. E hi'o poto noa tatou i ia o ratou.

rauemi Polymeric ki hanganga rārangi-branched atu te rāpoi tapahanga i manga taha. Taua waerau ngā polypropylene me polyisobutylene.

Rauemi ki te hanganga rārangi i te kōpekapeka roa whiri ki te mekameka helix ranei. Ratou macromolecules matua āhuatanga e aua o whenua i roto i te kotahi wae hanganga rōpū o ngā waeine o te mekameka matū ranei. Waerau ki hanganga rārangi āhuatanga e te aroaro o macromolecules tino roa ki te rerekētanga nui i roto i te āhua o here me te mekameka me i waenganui ia ratou. tikanga matou intermolecular me matū here. Ko te tino ngāwari Macromolecules taua rauemi. A tenei taonga ko te pūtake o te mekameka polymer, e tika ana ki te āhuatanga qualitatively hou: elasticity tiketike, me te te ngaro o brittleness i roto i te āhua ora.

Na inaianei ako tatou e taua rauemi polymeric ki te hanganga mokowā. Ēnei matū hanga e whakakotahi ki tahi i te tahi macromolecules here matū kaha i roto i te aronga hake. Ko te hua ko te hanganga kupenga, e kua he kākahu-kore anga mātiti mokowā. Waerau o tenei momo i te resistance wera teitei me te rigidity atu rārangi. Enei rauemi Ko te pūtake mo te maha rauemi hanga kore-konganuku.

Rāpoi ngota o rauemi polymer ki te hanganga arawhata titoa o te rua o mekameka e kua hono e te here matū. Ēnei ngā waerau silicone e kua āhuatanga e nui haere rigidity, ātete wera, ano, e kore ratou e taunekeneke ki ngā whakarewa organic.

Ko te hanganga wāhanga o te waerau

Enei rauemi he pūnaha e ngā o rohe amorphous me tioata. Ko te tuatahi o enei āwhina ki te whakaiti i pakeke, hanga polymer rapa e he ahei o deformations nui o te āhua reversible. whai wāhi te wāhanga, tioata ki te whakapiki ake i to ratou kaha, pakeke, uara tawhiti rapa, a ētahi atu tawhā, te faaiti i te taonga ngäwari rāpoi. huaina te ōwehenga o te rōrahi o ēnei wāhanga katoa ki te rōrahi katoa ko te tohu o te whātioatanga, ai te taumata mōrahi (80%) he polypropylenes, fluoropolymers, polyethylenes kiato tiketike. He taumata raro te tohu o te whātioatanga i polyvinylchlorides, polyethylenes o kiato iti.

Tei runga i te whanonga o ngā rauemi polymeric ki runga ki whakawera, e taea te wehea ratou ki rewatau me te rewarau.

waerau rewatau

Ēnei rauemi tuatahi i te hanganga rārangi. A, no te hana, fakamolū ratou, engari te huringa hanganga i roto i te mokowā me te rauemi e tahuri ki te totoka rite ki te hua o te leakage i roto i te tauhohe matū. I roto i te heke mai, tonu tenei kounga te. I runga i tenei parau tumu polymeric rauemi hiato. e kore e ratou whakawera muri fakamolū te rauemi, me anake arata'i ki tona kinonga. e kore e ranunga rewatau rite tareka ranei ngohe, na he te tautokohia hoki hangarua. Na roto i tenei momo o te rauemi ngā silicones epoxy, phenol-formaldehyde me ētahi atu resins.

waerau rewarau

Ēnei rauemi ka wera, te tuatahi fakamolū me ka rewa me solidifies tautauā muri. waerau rewarau ka taua tukatuka kore e mamae huringa matū. hanga te tukanga tino reversible tenei. Matū o tenei momo e rārangi branched ranei hanganga rārangi o macromolecules, i roto i nei i reira ko te kaha iti, a reira he tino kahore here matū. Ko ētahi o ēnei polyethylene, polyamide, terei, me etahi atu. Ko te hangarau o ngā rauemi polymeric pērā i rewarau whakarato hoki ratou hanga i te werohanga niao i roto i ngā puka niao te wai-meangiti, Tangohanga, pupuhi niao, me ētahi atu tikanga.

āhuatanga matū

kia Kua huaina nga waerau i roto i te tikanga e whai ake nei: totoka, wai, amorphous, wāhanga, tioata, ka tino rapa, rere Kaore me te karaihe deformation. Ko te whakamahi whānui o ngā rauemi polymeric tika ki to ratou ātete teitei ki ngā pāpāho ha'iriiri, pērā i te waikawa hāngai me kawakore. e kore e ratou te hema ki te waikura iahiko. I tua atu, ki te whakanui ake rauemi taimaha rāpoi ko te hekenga o te memehatanga i roto i ngā whakarewa organic. Na ka mea waerau he hanganga mokowā, te tikanga e kore e kitea ki fluids.

ngā āhuatanga ōkiko

Te nuinga o waerau he insulators, i roto i te tua, e ratou rauemi kore-autō. O te rauemi hanganga whakamahia katoa anake i ratou te kawe ia i raro waiariki me te kaha wera mōrahi, me ngāwhā te na'ina'iraa (e pā ana ki e rua tekau nga wa nui atu taua o konganuku). Ko te take mo te ngaronga o te tightness o rerekē hahi taatiraa i pāmahana iti ko te rapa vitrification pera-ka karanga, me te he rerekētanga whakaari i waenganui i nga whakarea o roha o whakarewa me te rapa i roto i te āhua vitrified.

āhuatanga aunoa

rauemi Polymeric i te whānui o ngā āhuatanga aunoa i he tino ti'aturi i runga i to ratou hanganga ngā. I tua atu i tēnei tautuhinga, he mana nui i runga i nga āhuatanga pūkaha o te rauemi kia whai i te momo o ngā āhuatanga o waho. Ko ētahi o ēnei :. Temperature, auau, roanga, ranei auau o te utanga o, te ahua o te kāwanatanga fakamamafa'i, pēhanga, āhua o te taiao, maimoatanga wera, me ētahi atu te taa o te āhuatanga pūkaha o rauemi polymeric ko to ratou kaha āhua tiketike i pakeke rawa iti (he mea whakarite ki konganuku).

Ka taea te wehea te waerau ki mārō, e hāngai ana ki te uara tawhiti o elasticity E = 1.10 GPA (te muka, kiriata, kirihou), me ngohengohe rauemi Elastomeric, te uara tawhiti elasticity ko E = 1-10 MPa (rapa). Na tikanga o te whakangaromanga o rua e rerekē.

Hoki ngā rauemi polymeric āhuatanga e te anisotropy korerotia o nga āhuatanga, me te whakaiti o te kaha, ngā whanaketanga ngokingoki uta auroa. I te wa ano i ratou i te ātete tika tiketike ki te rohirohi. I roto i te rite ki te konganuku, he ratou ake kaha fakafalala o ngā āhuatanga aunoa i runga i te pāmahana. Ko tētahi o nga āhuatanga matua o ngā rauemi polymeric ko te deformability (te kōngohe). E ai ki tenei tawhā i roto i te whānuitanga o pāmahana tangohia ki te arotake i ō rātou āhuatanga whakahaere me te hangarau taketake whānui.

rauemi Polymeric mo te patunga witi

Na, whakaaro tetahi ahua o te tono mahi o waerau, i whakakite ia whānui katoa taea o ēnei rauemi. Kua kitea ēnei matū whānui tono i roto i te hanga, me te hanga me te mahi mutunga, i roto i ngā i roto i te paninga o patunga. Ko e tika ana ki te āhuatanga o te matū i roto i te pātai i te rongonui nui: he ātete ki te abrasion, maloteploprovodny ratou, i iti mimititanga wai, kaha nui, me te u, riro mau huru teitei o te peita. Ka taea te wehea Hanga o rauemi polymeric ki ngā rōpū e toru: kahupeka (pukapuka), hua pepa me te screed pūrere ranunga. Na kia titiro poto tatou i ia o ratou.

Kahupeka whakaputaina e ngā momo o taima me waerau. kia hoki ratou hanganga ngā plasticizers, taonga tukatuka, me ngā uhi. Tei runga i te momo o te rauemi polymer, te wehewehe i pareaku (Gliphtal), polyvinyl pūhaumāota, rapa, kolloksilinovye me ētahi atu coatings. Ano, te hanganga wehea ratou ki ta'e'iai me ki sound-, te tuuraa i turanga unilamellar me multilamellar, ki maheni, kowakawaka me fleecy mata, me te tahi, me te maha-tae.

rauemi taera hanga e hāngai ana i runga i ngā wāhanga polymeric, whai resistance abrasion rawa iti, resistance matū me te mauroa. Tei runga i te momo o te rauemi raw, kua wehea tenei momo o ngā hua polymer ki kumaronopolivinilhloridnye coumarone, pvc, rapa, fenolitovye, tāpa uku, me te poari matūriki me fiberboard.

Ko te watea tino me mā ki te whakamahi i ngā rauemi mō te nunui tonu, to ratou kaha tiketike. Ka taea te wehea ēnei ranunga ki Polymer-, polymer raima me te polyvinyl tāpia.