Ko te āhuatanga o te warowaihā. Ko te mahi me ngā āhuatanga o te warowaihā: ripanga

I roto i te kararehe e noa, maha matū, te faufaa o e taea whakauaua te piriponotanga. Hei tauira, enei ngā warowaihā. Ko ratou tino nui hei puna pūngao mō kararehe me te tangata, me etahi āhuatanga o te warowaihā hanga ratou he rauemi raw mahuinga ia mo te ahumahi.

He aha te mea te reira?

Tenei katoa hanganga matū e taea te whakaahuatia e te tātai Cn _(H2O) m. Ko ratou faufaa nui koiora o, te tākaro he wāhi tino hira i roto i te oraraa o maha mea ora.

Kua tae mai te ingoa o tenei rōpū o pūtaiao ake i muri i kua meinga te tātari tuatahi o nga matū e kei reira. Na ka ka kitea taua mea e ratou wāhanga matua he waro me te wai. Muri mai i kitea i te reira e kua tahuri te taitara i ki kia tino pau, mai te āhuatanga o te warowaihā penei e te ōwehenga o te hauwai me te hāora ngota reira he tino ōrite ki taua i roto i te wai. Faaohie noa te parau, i reira he kotahi hāora, e rua ngota hauwai. Ko te wā tuatahi e whakaarohia ana te putanga Russian o te ingoa i roto i te tau 1844 e Ahorangi K. Schmidt.

etahi tāpiri-ake

Ki te he iti ki te whakaputa ke i te tātai i runga, puta ohorere «n» o te taiapa, ka waiho he bit rerekē te kīanga: kite (H ₂ e) n. Pea, e kore i taea e te reira pai whakaata te uho o "waro - te wai" te ingoa.

Ki te rā, kua whakapumautia kaipūtaiao mau e reira e he maha o ngā matū e whai āhuatanga o te warowaihā, engari e kore e tino hāngai ki te tātai whakaahuatia e tatou. A no te mea i roto i te tuhinga ke e taea maha mai tetahi puta noa te kupu "glycidyl", e he longo ki hou, 1844, kihai i nei tika rawa.

whakarōpū ohie

Ka taea te wehea te piha nui katoa o ngā rauemi ki ngā rōpū e rua: glycidyl ohie, me te uaua. He aha e nga āhuatanga o te warowaihā e puta i roto i a ratou? Mau, ano kahore e tino uaua ratou:

• matū Simple Ko te hunga o te rōpū e kore e Nireaha ki te paparetanga ki hanganga nunu'a o te tahi atu warowaihā i. Ko te rerekētanga matua ko e te maha o ngā ngota hāora i roto i to ratou hanganga ano te maha rite o ngota waro. ka karanga ratou monosaccharides.
• Nä, ko te whakamāramatanga o "matatini" ngā aua glycidyl katoa e hanehane i paparetanga ki te hanga i te plurality o te warowaihā ohie. O te akoranga, i ratou te ōwehenga o ngā ngota hāora me te waro kehekehe. ka karangatia e ratou he hukarua. He wāhi tino nui i roto i te āhua o te tākaro ko warowaihā matatini, he rārangi o nei tatou wāhanga reira i roto i te tuhinga.

I tua atu, i reira he tetahi whakarōpūtanga, i roto i nei e wehea warowaihā ki toru momo. Tenei ko ratou:

• Monosaccharides.
• Oligosaccharides.
• Polysaccharides.

He pono ka tauturu i te warowaihā tepu e whai ake ki a koutou mahi ki a ratou rerekētanga matua.

ki Pālesi (Rāpoi ngota 1)	oligo (<10 rāpoi ngota)	poly- (> 10 rāpoi ngota)
Aldose, ketose	Te reira i tika i ngā disaccharides, trisaccharides, a na i runga i. D.	E rua ngā momo: Gomopolisaharidy. Heteropolysaccharides. Mai i te ingoa taea e koe mahino e te hanganga rāpoi ā-o enei momo e rua e tino rerekē

O te akoranga, to tatou kua he tepu poto o te warowaihā, kua whakaaturia, engari tona whānuitanga e taea noa ki te uru i te āhuatanga motuhake katoa e he rawe ki ki te tahi mau melo o tenei piha whanui. Na tātari tatou te rōpū matua i ia motuhake ki te faataa mai i runga i etahi o nga āhuatanga o te takitahi, te matū tino noa. Na, he aha he akomanga warowaihā?

monosaccharides

Kia mahara ki e no katoa o ratou ki te kāwai o totoka, ngāwari taea ki te haere ki te āhua, tioata. He tino hygroscopic, pai wairewa i roto i te wai ki te hanga i te tirikara ratou. Tīpakohia ratou i roto i te ahua o tioata, i reira he tino uaua. Ratou rongoā i te tauhohenga kūpapa, maha reka sweetish. He rerekē Taste kaha: hei tauira, te huahuka āhua 3-3.5 wa reka kūhuka tino auau.

I runga i te puka hanganga

Katoa o enei matū - he pūhui o te hanganga bifunctional, te hanganga o nei tika ngā i te kōhiwi waro, he rōpū carbonyl me te maha hydroxyl. Ki te te tūranga o te rōpū carbonyl mahi rōpū hāparo-tahi, he taonga i huaina aldose. Fakatatau ki ai, i roto i te take o te ketone "hiku" e huaina ketose.

Mai he tino noa te āhua o enei matū, e taea te kitea e ratou e rua i roto i to ratou ahua noa, a i roto i te puka o puka anhydrite. I roto i te whānui, tata katoa te warowaihā matatini i roto i rerekē nekehanga, he anhydrides o huka ohie, e e tino whiwhi noa na roto i te tango atu i te torutoru (ranei tetahi) o ngā rāpoi ngota wai (te kuhimua "en" - e kore).

Kūhuka Ko te māngai tino angamaheni

Ko te tātai o te māngai tino angamaheni o te rōpū - C ₆ H ₁₂ e _6. Tino maha i reira e enei warowaihā i roto i te tipu ngā pūtau. He kore anake whānui, engari ano rawa nui mo te tinana no te mea ko reira te puna matua o te pūngao hoki ia (korero e pā ana ki te kararehe, me te tangata, o te akoranga). I roto i te parau tumu, ko nga āhuatanga whānui o te pūmua, te warowaihā me te ngako mo kaiao ora katoa enei. hoki whānui Kei te whakamahia te reira i roto i te rongoā, rongoā kararehe, ahumahi (tae atu ki te kai).

ngā āhuatanga ōkiko

He aha e te whānui ngā āhuatanga ōkiko o te warowaihā i roto i tenei rōpū? Āhua - ma tioata pai, reka sweetish, ngāwari wairewa i roto i te wai. piki memehatanga tino, ki te otinga tāmahana: i roto i tenei tikanga te tirikara kūhuka.

ngā mōhiohio poto i runga i te hanganga matū

Ki te titiro koe i te tātai rārangi, he mārama kitea kotahi hāparo-tahi me ngā rōpū hydroxyl rima te hanganga o tenei warowaihā. A, no te te taonga kei roto i te āhua, tioata, ka taea e ona rāpoi kia i roto i tetahi o rua puka ka taea (α- β-te kūhuka i ranei). Ko te meka e honoa te rōpū hydroxyl te ki te ngota waro tuarima, kia ähua ki te moiety carbonyl.

Ko te lahi i roto i te mohoao

Mai ia te tino nui i roto i te karepe wai, kei te maha tuku te kūhuka ki rite "huka karepe". I raro i tenei ingoa te mea mohiotia tonu to tatou tupuna. Heoi, he mea ka taea ki te kitea i roto i tetahi atu hua reka huawhenua ranei, i roto i nga kopa maeneene o te tipu. I roto i te ao kararehe, he kore raro tona nuinga: e pā ana ki 0.1% o to tatou toto - he kūhuka tenei. I tua atu, ka taea e kitea e koe i enei warowaihā i roto i te pūtau tata tetahi okana ā-. Otiia rawa, mai i te mea i reira kawea he rota o ratou i roto i te ate tukatuka i roto te kūhuka ki glycogen.

Te reira (rite kua kua matou mea) Ko te tino puna o te pūngao mo to tatou tinana, ko te wahi o tata katoa warowaihā matatini. I tua atu i te tahi atu warowaihā ohie, i roto i te āhua puta reira i muri ahotakakame tauhohe e e wahi anake i roto i te pūtau o te tipu kaiao:

6Na ₂ + 6H ₂ E te chlorophyll C ₆ H ₁₂ E ₆ + 6D ₂ - Q

Plants te kupu te mahi he nui mīharo mo te mahi o te ao koiora, piki pūngao, i whiwhi nei e ratou i te ra. Ki te whakaaro ki ngā āhuatanga ahumahi, karepe huka mai nga wa onamata whiwhi i māngaro paparetanga te whakaputa i te reira, hāngai ai te he whakakōkī tauhohenga waikawa pungatara:

(C ₆ H ₁₀ e ₅₎ n + NH ₂ E H ₂ SO _4, t NC ₆ H ₁₂ E ₆

āhuatanga matū

He aha e nga āhuatanga matū o te warowaihā o tenei momo? He te taua āhuatanga katoa e te hunga tūturu i roto i te pono waiwaihā me aldehydes. I tua atu, i reira i te tahi mau āhuatanga motuhake. i hua kōtuitanga Tuatahi o te warowaihā ohie (tae atu kūhuka) i te tino pūmanawa kēmihi A. M. Butlerovym i te tau 1861 tau, a ka rite ki te rauemi raw te whakamahia reira formaldehyde, wāwāhi i te reira i roto i te aroaro o te konupūmā waihā. Tenei ko te tātai o tenei tukanga:

6NSON -------> S6N ₁₂ E ₆

Na inaianei titiro i etahi o nga āhuatanga o te tahi atu mau melo e rua o te rōpū, he kore iti nui te tikanga tūturu o nei, me te mea ratou koiora ako. Warowaihā enei momo tākaro he wāhi tino nui i roto i to tatou oraraa ia rā.

huahuka

Ko te tātai o tenei poinanaha o te kūhuka - Sep _12, e te _v. Ka rite ki te "tupuna" taea te tīariari i roto i te puka rārangi, me te huringa. Mai i roto i te tauhohe katoa e he āhuatanga o te waiwaihā polyhydric, engari, ko te kupu rere i te kūhuka, e kore e ariu reira ki te otinga ammoniacal o waikura hiriwa.

ribose

ribose moni tino nui, me te deoxyribose. Ki te mahara koe he hōtaka koiora iti, a ka mohio te tino pai e enei warowaihā i roto i te tinana, he wahi o te DNA ko RNA, kahore nei te oraraa rawa o te ora i runga i tenei ao taea. Ko te ingoa "deoxyribose" tikanga e tona rāpoi ngota i te iti rawa kia kotahi hāora ngota (ka rite ki tona ribose noa). Te riroraa rite tenei te faatura ki te kūhuka i roto i, e taea hoki e whai i te rārangi, me te hanganga huringa.

disaccharides

I roto i te parau tumu, enei matū i roto i to ratou hanganga me ngā mahi te nuinga toutou piha haapiiraa o mua, engari no te mea hanga te reira i kore tikanga ki te noho i runga i tenei i roto i te taipitopito atu. He aha e nga āhuatanga matū o te warowaihā i roto i tenei rōpū? Ko te māngai tino nui o te whānau he sucrose, maltose me te reihuka. Katoa o ratou e taea te whakaahuatia e te tātai C ₁₂ H ₂₂ E _11, kia rite ki te hunga i te poinanaha, engari e kore e tenei pēpēhia i te rerekētanga nui i roto i to ratou hanganga. Na te aha e warowaihā angamaheni matatini, he rārangi, me te whakamārama o e taea kite koe i raro?

saccharose

tito Ko tōna rāpoi ngota e o rua huringa tonu: kotahi ko te ono-membered (α-kūhuka toenga) me te atu - he rima-membered (β-huahuka toenga). hono te reira i tenei hanga katoa o glycoside hydroxyl kūhuka.

Takanga me te uara tapeke

E ai ki nga raraunga hītori tiaki, ara mo te toru rau tau ki te aroaro o te Karaiti huka i sugarcane ako pehea ki te tiki i Ancient India. Anake i roto i te rau tau pokapū o-19 tahuri reira i roto i taua he rota atu o sucrose iti mo tenei kaha e taea te tangohia i beets huka. I roto i te tahi mau momo kei reira ki runga ki te 22% o te warowaihā, i kia te ihirangi kakaho i roto i 26%, engari ko te taea tenei anake i raro i tikanga tupu pai, me te āhuarangi pai.

Kua mea kē matou e he ngāwari wairewa i roto i te wai warowaihā. Kei te hāngai te reira i runga i tenei parau tumu ki te whiwhi sucrose ka whakamahia hoki tenei whakaaro whakaaro, diffusers. Pea poke ki hohenga, i tātaritia te otinga i roto i ngā tātari e ngā kotakota. Hei tango i te otinga hua o te konupūmā waihā, kua haere i roto i te hāorarua waro tikanga. Kei te tātari te hohenga, me mimiti te tirikara huka i roto i oumu motuhake, whai huka kua waia.

reihuka

tukua ana tēnei warowaihā te i roto i te taiao ahumahi i te waiu noa, i roto i nei i roto i te ngako i te taikaha me te warowaihā. Kei reira matū e tino he rota: hei tauira, kei te waiu o kau e pā ana ki 4-5.5% o te reihuka i te waiu o te wahine, me tona hautanga rōrahi tae 5,5-8,4%.

Ia rāpoi ngota o te glycidol ngā o toenga 3 me te puka pyranose galactose-kūhuka, e hanga i te hononga i te tuatahi, me te wha o nga ngota waro.

Rerekē te tahi atu huka i roto i te reihuka e kotahi rawa makehe. Ko reira e pā ana ki te ngaro oti o te absorption wai, na e ara i roto i te taiao takawai e kore i te glycine rāwa. Kei te whānui whakamahia tenei taonga i roto i te ahumahi ho'oraa: ki te te wahi o te tarukino i roto i te puka paura wahi o te sucrose tikanga, he mea e tika ana ki te tāpiri reihuka. Ko reira tino taiao me te mahaki ki te tinana tangata, pērā maha tāpiritanga horihori e ārai i Shade, me te mākū. He aha e nga mahi, me ngā āhuatanga o te warowaihā o tenei momo?

reihuka koiora faufaa tino nui, mai reihuka ko te wae kai tino nui o kararehe waiu, me te tangata. Ka rite ki hoki maltose, he ahua rerekē ona āhuatanga.

maltose

Ko te hua takawaenga whiwhi nei i tauhohenga wai o māngaro. Ko te ingoa "maltose" ko e tika ana ki te meka e, i roto i tokomaha i raro i te mana o te morota (morota i Latin - maltum). He whānui kore anake i roto i te tipu, engari ano hoki i roto i nga kararehe. I roto i ngā rahinga nui, whakaputaina i roto i te wahi kūnatu o ruminants.

Ko te hanganga matū me ngā āhuatanga

Tenei rāpoi ngota warowaihā tito o rua wae α-kūhuka i roto i te puka pyranose, e, e toaati e te ngota waro tuatahi, me te tuawha. I roto i te ahua ko te huitahi, tioata ma. Ko te reka - sweetish, pai wairewa i roto i te wai.

polysaccharides

Kia mahara te reira e taea te whakaaro polysaccharides katoa i te mata o te tirohanga e te hunga e ratou nga hua o te tōhau o monosaccharides. Ratou tātai matū whānui - (C _b H ₁₀ E ₅₎ n. I roto i tēnei tuhinga ka titiro tatou ki te māngaro rite ko reira te māngai tino angamaheni o te utuafare.

māngaro

hanga e te reira i rite ki te hua o te ahotakakame, i roto i ngā rahinga nui whakatakotoria i roto i te pakiaka me purapura o te whakato kaiao. He aha e nga āhuatanga ōkiko o te warowaihā o tenei momo? I roto i te ahua ko te puehu ma ki te crystallinity painga korerotia, rewakore i roto i te wai matao. ngā te wai wera i te hanganga colloidal (whakapiri, tiēre). I roto i te wahi kūnatu o kararehe, i reira e maha whākōkī e whai wāhi ki tona hydrolyzed ki te kūhuka.

Ko te nui tino waerau tūturu, i hanga nei e o te plurality o toenga he-kūhuka. I roto i te natura, i te wa ano i reira e rua ngā: amylose me amshopektin. kia rewa ai Amylose, he polymer rārangi i roto i te wai. Kei te rāpoi ngota o ngā toenga Arepa-kūhuka e e hono ana i roto i te tuatahi, me te wha o nga ngota waro.

Me mahara te reira e tenei māngaro ko hua kitea tuatahi o te ahotakakame i ngā tipu. I roto i te witi me te tahi atu pata kei reira ki runga ki te 60-80%, te mea i roto i te rīwai - 15-20 anake%. Na roto i te ara i te korero, te tikanga o purapura māngaro i raro i te karu e taea tika te whakatau i te momo o te tipu, no te mea he rerekē ratou.

Ki te he tere te warowaihā wera, he mea he rāpoi ngota nui e tere whakanoatia ki polysaccharides iti nei e mohiotia ana ko dextrins. Ratou ki te māngaro anake tātai matū whānui (C ₆ H ₁₂ e ₅₎ x, engari i reira he he rerekētanga i roto i te uara o te tāupe "x" Ko iti iho i te uara «n» i roto i te māngaro.

Hei whakamutunga tapaea tatou he tepu, e whakaata ana te akomanga matua kore anake o te warowaihā, engari ano hoki ratou āhuatanga.

Ko te rōpū matua	Āhuatanga o te hanganga rāpoi	āhuatanga motuhake o te warowaihā
monosaccharides	rerekē ratou i roto i te maha o ngā ngota waro: Triose (C 3) Tetroses (C4) Pentoses (C5) Hexose (C6)	tioata taekore ma ranei, tino wairewa i roto i te wai, reka reka
oligosaccharides	Ko te hanganga matatini. Tei runga i te momo, kei roto 2-10 toenga o huka ohie	Ko te ahua o te taua, he iti iti wairewa i roto i te wai, reka iti reka
polysaccharides	ngā ratou o te maha rawa nui o toenga hukatahi	paura White, hanganga, tioata he ngoikore, e kore e tareka ki te wai, engari i roto i reira kaha ki te pupuhi. Ko te reka-kūpapa

Ko te aha te mahi me ngā āhuatanga o te akomanga matua o te warowaihā.