Waerau Natural - tono o te tātai me

Te nuinga o ngā rauemi hou hanga, pharmaceuticals, papanga, tuhinga whare, tākai me ngā rauemi whakapau he waerau. He he rōpū o ngā pūhui he nga āhuatanga āhuatanga. , Engari i roto i te noa'tu o tenei, tonu te rota o ratou te maha o waerau ki te tupu. I muri kitea Whārangi waihanga katoa nga tau atu me te ake matū hou. I roto i tenei take, auraa motuhake i nga wa katoa i reira he waerau tūturu. He aha e enei rāpoi mīharo? He aha e ratou āhuatanga me aha e nga āhuatanga? Ko te whakautu ki ēnei pātai i roto i te tuhinga.

Waerau: āhuatanga whānui

Mai i te hi'oraa o te matū, whakaaro te polymer te ki te waiho i te rāpoi ngota he taimaha rāpoi nui i te torutoru mano ki milioni o ngā waeine. Heoi, haunga tenei āhuatanga, i reira he tonu etahi i roto i e taea te ïa whakarōpūtia te taonga rite tūturu me waerau waihanga. Ko ratou:

• tukurua tonu wae waetahi, e kua hono e te tikanga o rerekē taunekeneke;
• tohu polymerase (i.e., te maha o waetahi) Me kia tiketike rawa, te kore e kia whakaaro te pūhui he oligomer;
• te whakatau i te takotoranga mokowā o te macromolecule;
• he huinga o ngā āhuatanga nui tinana, me te matū ahurei ki te rōpū.

I roto i te whānui, i te taonga o te natura polymeric wehea i te tahi atu tino ngāwari. He anake tetahi ki te titiro i tona tātai ki te feruri i te reira i roto i. He tauira angamaheni ko te polyethylene pai-mohiotia e whānui, whakamahia i roto i te whare, me te ahumahi. Ko reira he hua o te tauhohe polymerization, e tomo pūwaro hamanga ko ewaro ethylene ranei. Kei te tikanga i tuhituhia e te tauhohenga e whai ake:

NCH ₂ = CH ₂ → (-CH-CH-) _n, kei hea n - ko te tohu o te polymerization o ngā rāpoi ngota e whakaatu ana rite waeine waetahi ngā i roto i tona hanganga.

rite hoki he tauira, he polymer tūturu nei te mohiotia te pai, tenei māngaro. Ano, i roto i tenei rōpū o pūhui no amylopectin, cellulose, pūmua heihei me te tokomaha atu matū.

Tauhohenga, i hua i roto i te macromolecule e taea te hanga e, e o rua momo:

• polymerization;
• polycondensation.

Ko te rerekētanga ko e i roto i te take tuarua, nga hua tauhohe e iti te taimaha rāpoi. Ko te hanganga o te waerau e taea rerekē, i runga i nga ngota e kėia reira rānei. E mea pinepine i reira he puka rārangi, engari i reira he he mata e toru-ahu, te tino matatini.

Ki te kōrero tatou e pā ana ki te ope, me ngā taunekeneke e mau tahi nga wae waetahi, he reira taea ki te tautuhi i te taketake torutoru:

• Van der ope Waal;
• hononga matū (kotuari, katote);
• pāhekoheko elektronostaticheskoe.

e kore e taea te ngā waerau katoa ki kotahi kāwai no te mea to ratou he āhua tino rerekē, tikanga o te hanganga me te mahi i mahi Nä. He rerekē hoki o ratou āhuatanga. Na reira, i reira te mea he whakarōpū e taea ai e koe te faaite i te mau melo o te katoa o tenei rōpū o matū ki ngā kāwai rerekē. Kei te hāngai te reira kia takoto te maha o ngā tohu.

whakarōpū o waerau

Ki te tangohia e tatou i te pūtake o te hanganga kounga o ngā rāpoi ngota, e taea te whakaritea katoa o te matū i roto i ngā rōpū e toru.

1. Ko te organics - te hunga e roto i waro, hauwai, he whanariki, hāora, ūkuikui, hauota. Ko, te hunga āhuatanga e he biogenic. Tauira he polyethylene taimaha, polyvinyl pūhaumāota, polypropylene, reiaku, nairona, polymer taiao - te pūmua, waikawa karihi, me te pera i runga i.
2. Elementorganic - he hanganga taua e ngā etahi pararopi, me te no rapae huānga biogenic. Nuinga o ngā wā ko reira silicon, konumohe Titanium ranei. Tauira o taua macromolecules: karaihe organic, steklopolimery, rauemi hiato.
3. Pararopi - takoto i te pūtake o te mekameka ngota silicon hei utu o te waro. kia hoki kia te Radicals wahi o nga manga lateral. whakatuwheratia ratou rite tata rite te waenganui o te rautau XX. Whakamahia i roto i te rongoā, hanga, engineering, me te tahi atu ahumahi. Tauira o silicone, cinnabar.

Ki te wehe koe i te waerau i roto i te take, ko reira taea ki te tāutu i toru o ratou rōpū.

1. waerau Natural nei whakamahi te whānui kawea atu ki te tawhito. He macromolecules mō te hanga o e kore e te tangata te hanga i tetahi kaha enei. Ko ngā hua o te āhua o te tauhohe ratou. Tauira: hiraka, huruhuru, te pūmua, waikawa karihi, māngaro, cellulose, hiako, miro me etahi atu.
2. Horihori. He macromolecules e kua hanga e te tangata enei, engari ki runga ki te pūtake o analogues tūturu. Kei te tika e whakapai ake me te huri i nga āhuatanga o te waerau tūturu tīariari. Tauira: rapa waihanga, rapa.
3. Waihanga - enei waerau, te hanganga o nei e te tangata anake whai wāhi. analogues Natural hoki ratou ki reira. Scientists whakawhanake tikanga o synthesizing rauemi hou e he rerekē ki ake mahi. Ko te kupu e whanau nga pūhui polymeric waihanga o nga mea katoa. Tauira: polyethylene, polypropylene, reiaku, te muka tāpia me te rite.

Tera atu ano tetahi āhuatanga, i te mea te pūtake o te wehenga o te matū i roto i te rōpū. Tenei te tauhohenga me te ngāwhā resistance. Tohaina e rua ngā kāwai mō tenei tawhā:

• kirihou rewarau;
• thermosets.

Ko te tino tawhito, nui, me te rawa nui ko tonu te waerau tūturu. He ahurei tōna āhuatanga. Na reira, tatou titiro i muri i te mea tenei kāwai o macromolecules.

Ko tēhea taonga ko te waerau tūturu?

Hei whakahoki i tēnei pātai, te tuatahi titiro matou a tawhio noa a koutou. E haaati nei ia tatou? Ora kaiao a tawhio noa tatou e kai, manawa, uri, pua, me te hua hua me purapura. A ko ratou i te wāhi rāpoi o tirohanga? pūhui reira pērā i:

• pūmua;
• waikawa karihi;
• polysaccharides.

Na, ko te waerau tūturu ko, ia o te pūhui runga ake. Ko te kupu, puta reira e te ora a tawhio noa tatou, i reira he whakawhetai anake ki te aroaro o enei rāpoi ngota. Mai nga wa onamata, whakamahia iwi uku, ngā hanumi me rongoā mō te whakapakari i me te hanga kāinga, miro whatu, huruhuru, whakamahia hoki te hanga miro kakahu, hiraka, huruhuru me te kiri o te kararehe. haere tahi Natural waerau organic te tangata i ngā wāhanga katoa o tona hanganga me te whanaketanga, me te i roto i ngā huarahi maha i awhinatia ia e ki te whakatutuki i nga hua e to tatou i teie mahana.

Ko rite whakamarie rite taea te natura rawa o hoatu katoa ki te ora o te iwi. Neke atu i te wa, i kitea te rapa, haamaramaramahia reira ona āhuatanga faahiahia. Kua ako te tangata ki te whakamahi i te kai ki te māngaro, i roto i te hangarau - cellulose. waerau Natural me ko he hena, e te mohiotia hoki mai nga wa onamata. Resins, pūmua, waikawa karihi - he tauira katoa o te pūhui i raro i whakaarohia.

Ko te hanganga o waerau tūturu

Ehara i te mau melo katoa o tenei piha o pūhui i te taua hanganga. Ko te kupu, kia rerekē waerau tūturu me waihanga tino. E hāngai ratou rāpoi kia te pai tino me watea ki te tīariari i roto i ngā o te pūngao. Heoi, E taea e ki te pupuhi me ratou hanganga i roto i te tukanga o te huri maha momo māori. He maha ngā rerekē te nuinga noa o te hanganga mekameka:

• rārangi;
• branched;
• stellate;
• flat;
• mata;
• rīpene;
• heru.

māngai macromolecules horihori me te waihanga i te puranga rawa nui, he maha nui o ngota. E hanga ana ratou ki ngā āhuatanga e hiahiatia ana āta. Na reira, ko te hanganga o ratou whakaritea tuatahi ki te tangata. E hoki waerau Natural maha rānei rārangi ranei mata i runga i te hanganga.

Tauira o macromolecules tūturu

He tata rawa ki tahi i te tahi waerau Natural, me te waihanga. I muri tuatahi hoko i te pūtake mo te tuarua. He maha tauira o taua panoni. Tenei ko etahi o ratou.

1. kirihou tikanga ma Academy - ko te hua i whiwhi e te maimoatanga o te cellulose ki waikawa hauota ki te tua o te hena tūturu tenei. hua te tauhohenga polymerization i pakeke o te waerau whiwhi me te faafariuraa ki te hua e hiahiatia ana. He plasticizer - hena, hanga nehenehe te reira o te tamarûraa ka wera, me te taui i to ratou āhua.
2. hiraka tāpia, cuprammonium te muka, viscose - he tauira katoa o te ngangana, muka, e kua whiwhi i runga i te pūtake o te cellulose. e kore e rite te kaha, e kore e ngingila, ngāwari ki te pae papanga hanga i te miro māori, me te rinena. Ko analogues horihori o enei hē tangohia, e hanga to ratou whakamahi ko tino ataahua.
3. kohatu horihori, rauemi hanga, ranunga, hiako - he hoki tauira o waerau i takea mai i ngā rauemi māori.

Ko te taonga i te mea he waerau tūturu, a kia whakamahia ai i roto i tona puka pono. He maha rawa taua tauira:

• kaihokohoko nau;
• amipere;
• māngaro;
• amylopectin;
• cellulose;
• huruhuru;
• huruhuru;
• miro;
• hiraka;
• sima;
• paru;
• kotakota;
• pūmua;
• waikawa karihi, me te pera i runga i.

Ko reira mārama e te aroaro o tatou he piha o pūhui ko te tino nui, ngā nui, me te whai kiko mō ngā iwi. Na kia whai whakaaro ano tatou i roto i te taipitopito atu etahi māngai o waerau tūturu, e he tino paingia ana i te kau.

Silk me te huruhuru

Ko te tātai o tūturu hiraka waerau matatini, no te mea whakahuatia tona hanganga matū e te wāhanga e whai ake nei:

• fibroin;
• sericin;
• sperm;
• te ngako.

Ia pūmua nui - fibroin, he mema o atu momo waikawa amino. Ki te reira i te reira ki te mekameka polypeptide, ka titiro i te reira rite tenei: (-NH-CH ₂ -CO-NH-CH (CH ₃₎ -CO-NH-CH ₂ -CO-) _n. A ko te wahi anake o taua mea tenei. Ki te whakaaro tatou e ki te hanganga i te tikanga o te van der Waal hono kore iti matatini rāpoi ngota sericin pūmua, kua konatunatua tahi ratou i roto i te conformation kotahi ki te ware pi, me te ngako, he reira mahinongofua aha he uaua ki te whakaatu tātai hiraka tūturu.

Ki te rā, nui o tenei hua kaiwhakawhiwhi China, mo ona waharoa, i reira te mea he taiao mo te kaihanga matua - silkworm. I mua, mai i nga wa onamata, kei te tino maiohatia hiraka tūturu. Utu kakahu i ia taea pai anake, te iwi whai taonga. I teie mahana, e rave rahi o te āhuatanga o te kikokiko, ko te rawakore. Hei tauira, kaha magnetized ia, ka manusinusi, i roto i te tua, te rongo ki te ra mona tona umeraa a whakapokea ano. Na reira, roa i roto i te whakamahi pārōnaki waihanga ona.

Huruhuru - Ko reira ano hoki he waerau tūturu rite te hua o ngā mahi faufaa o te kiri, me repe sebaceous o kararehe. I runga i tenei hua pūmua knitwear hangaia, e, rite hiraka, ko te rauemi tino.

māngaro

māngaro Natural Ko te ora hua polymer whakato. hua ratou i te reira rite ki te hua o te tukanga o te ahotakakame me te kohikohi i roto i ngā wāhanga rerekē o te tinana. Ko tōna hanganga matū:

• amylopectin;
• amylose;
• alpha-kūhuka.

Kei te tino te hanganga mokowā o māngaro branched, disordered. Nā ki te amylopectin ngā, ko reira, e nehenehe o huamo i te wai, hoko he whakapiri pera-ka karanga. Tenei otinga colloidal whakamahia te i roto i te toi me te ahumahi. Medicine, ahumahi kai, hanga o adhesives pepapātū - ko reira ano hoki te whakamahi o te taonga.

I roto i te otaota kei roto i te nui mōrahi o te māngaro taea te tāutuhia:

• witi;
• rīwai;
• raihi;
• witi;
• cassava;
• ōti;
• Buckwheat;
• panana;
• Sorghum.

I runga i te pūtake o tenei Biopolymer tunu taro, kia rimurapa, tunu tiēre, pata, me te tahi atu hua kai.

cellulose

Mai i te hi'oraa o te matū, te taonga - ko te waerau e whakahuatia e te tātai (C ₆ H ₅ e _{5) n} nei _hanganga. mekameka wae waetahi ko te beta-kūhuka. wahi Main o te ihirangi cellulose - ko te taiepa pūtau o ngā tipu. Ko Ko te aha te rakau - te puna tino o tenei pūhui.

Cellulose - he waerau tūturu e kua he hanganga mokowā rārangi. Kei te whakamahia te reira mo te hanga o nga momo e whai ake nei o ngā hua:

• penupenu me te pepa hua;
• huruhuru horihori;
• momo rerekē o muka tangata-hanga;
• miro;
• kirihou;
• auahi paura;
• kiriata, me te pera i runga i.

E mea papû e te mea nui tona uara ahumahi. Ki kia te whakamahi tenei pūhui i roto i te hanga, kia waiho ai ki te timata ki te tango i ngā tipu. mahi tenei e te tunu kai tonu o te rakau i roto i te whakaaro motuhake. Atu tukatuka, me te tauhohenga whakamahia mō te nakunaku e rerekē. He maha ngā huarahi:

• sulfite;
• pākawa;
• te houra;
• pūkawa.

I muri i taua maimoatanga, kei tonu te hua poke. I te ngakau o tenei lignin me hemicellulose. Hei te maka o ratou, tukinotia te penupenu i te māota alkali ranei.

I roto i te tangata, kahore he kaiwhakakökï koiora taua e kua whakahaere ki te wahi i raro i tenei Biopolymer matatini. Heoi, etahi kararehe (herbivores), taunga ki tenei. Ratou kopu noho etahi huakita e hanga taua mea mo ratou. Engari ahu mai kaiao pūngao mō te ora me te wāhi noho. Ko te tino painga mō ngā taha e rua i tenei ahua o te symbiosis.

rapa

Tenei waerau māori he uara ōhanga tino. Hoki te wā tuatahi i tuhituhia iho e Robert Cook, e i roto i tetahi o ana haerenga i kitea ia. A rite tenei. I muri ka ū i runga i te motu i noho ai mohiotia ki a ia nga Maori, i ka kawea mai e ratou. i ngā tona aro i nga tamariki rohe, e kua te whakatangihanga a te kaupapa rerekē. fakalili'a tēnei tinana porohita te i te patunga witi, a whakatika ake tiketike i roto i te rangi, ka hoki mai.

A ani i te iwi rohe e pā ana ki te mea kei te hanga i tenei ha'uti, ua haapii Kuki e solidifies tenei te wai o te rakau - Hevea. He nui i muri, i kitea ai e ko te rapa Biopolymer tenei.

Ko te āhua matū o te pūhui mohiotia - ko isoprene, māori polymerization pehia. rapa Tātai (C ₅ H _{8) n.} Ko tōna āhuatanga, e tika ana ki nei te pera tino i titiro ia, e whai ake:

• elasticity;
• mauroa;
• mātao hiko;
• kaimono.

Heoi, i reira he drawbacks. I roto i ngā āhuatanga makariri riro te reira pakarukaru me pakarukaru, me te wera - tāpiapia, me te Kaore. Ko te aha i reira ko he hiahia mo te kōtuitui o analogues o turanga tāwhaiwhai waihanga ranei. Kei te whānui rubbers teie mahana whakamahia i roto i te engineering me tono ahumahi. Ko te hua tino nui i runga i a ratou:

• rapa;
• he eponi.

amipere

Ko te waerau tūturu, mai ko te kāpia i roto i tona hanganga, matatoka tona āhua. hanganga mokowā - pereki polymer amorphous. Tino pūkākā, ka taea e whakakā i te reira i te mura o te kēmu. He nga āhuatanga luminescence. Ko te kounga tino nui, me te tino, whakamahia nei i roto i te whakapaipai tenei. Whakapaipai i runga i te pūtake o te amipere he tino ataahua, me te i roto i te tono.

I tua atu, i te Biopolymer whakamahia i roto i te take hauora. No te mea kua hangaia i te reira coatings peita pepa ki ngā papa.