Pūnaha circulatory Amphioxus: hanganga āhuatanga

I runga i te moana one arata'i demersal āhua noho, ma, me te kirīmi-tae paku te kotukutuku ranei kararehe translucent huaina Amphioxus. Ratou rahinga - i 5 ki te 8 cm te tinana papatahi te rerekë, te mutunga mua o ona tapahia obliquely, a ko reira tona mangai, hanga e kāwai .. Ko te wahi muri o te tinana e te ahua o te hāparapara maripi - Lancet. Taua kararehe ngali inconspicuous anatomy whakatairite me te kararehe ako fakamātoato mo kotahi take: Amphioxus kitea he hononga i waenganui i te rōpū e rua nui o kararehe - hātaretare me chordates.

I roto i tenei tuhinga whakarite tatou i te hanganga o Amphioxus ki ika a Ihakara, me te hoatu he kupu whakahoki ki te pātai e whai ake nei: he aha te mea te pūnaha circulatory i roto i Amphioxus? Russian kaikoiora A. O. Kovalevsky i 1860 whakamatauria e he ritenga ki vertebrates te kararehe, te pupuri tohu o kaiao hätaretare.

tohanga

A feruri i te hanganga o te pūnaha reretoto o Amphioxus. wai Whero, ki kahore he ngarahu, neke haere te haoraora puku, e te pumanawa tonu contractions tika myoepithelial kōhao apa coelom. Na ka riro te toto ki te taikaha o te hauhā ki te matenga o te Amphioxus. puta te utu hau oko branchial. rere iatuku ki te pharynx posterior wehea, te wahi te tika, me te maui wahi o te haoraora hikumārō. Amphioxus mua tinana wahi whakaratohia ki te toto i te iatuku kakī putanga atu i te haoraora. rere ki arterioles iti toto hāora-taonga ki whēkau katoa o te kararehe. Ko te wahi venous o te pūnaha tīmata whatunga venules intestinal kei roto te hauhā. O enei, te toto tomo te podkishechnuyu rua.

He te hanga e te pūnaha tomokanga o te ate. Anatomically, Kei reira i raro i te intestinal ngongo Amphioxus, decomposing ki te whatunga o venules, e entwine te taiepa o te pūnaha kūnatu. Ko tōna mahi ko ki te whakawhiti i te tāoke e purea ana i te toto ki te ihirangi tiketike o te hauhā atu i roto i te pakohu venous. O ngā taha e rua o Amphioxus tinana e tonoa ki te faariro i (aka jugular) rua, ka aerodynamics Cuvier.

aerodynamics Cuvier

Ēnei uaua vertebrates tuatahi mehameha lancelet me i hanga i te komititanga o oko faariro i. whero me ratou wai e haere mai ana i te mua me pito muri o te tinana o te kararehe. tika rere Cuvier aerodynamics ki te venosus pakohu, whakaaro nei ko te timatanga o te haoraora puku. E mārama whakahuatia ēnei oko i roto i vertebrates embryonic, a i roto i te wā cyclostomes pou-embryonic tūturu (piharau me tuere), me te ika, me amphibians. Ko te ritenga nui ko te pūnaha circulatory o Amphioxus me cyclostomes, ahakoa te muri puta te tino ngakau, arā, o te Atrial me ventricular.

venosus pakohu

Ko reira te wahi tuatahi o te haoraora puku, a Amphioxus taua pūnaha ko te porowhita kati. Ko te kupu, ko te hanganga o te pūnaha circulatory Amphioxus fakamo'oni'i e katia tona tohanga toto te. I roto i te kararehe, manu, me te tahi atu vertebrates tenei wahi o te mana, pā ana ki te marae tika. Mai i reira tomo te inu venous te roro, me te ki te iatuku pūkahukahu. Na tīmata te tohanga pūkahukahu i roto i te kaiao he ngakau-chambered wha. I roto i te Amphioxus, me ētahi atu māngai ngaro golovohordovyh ngakau me te pakohu venous aroaro oko unpaired mai ki ai te inu venous i te rua ate. Na ka haere ia ki te haoraora puku. Ki te mahara koe i te hanganga o te pūnaha reretoto o Amphioxus me ika a Ihakara, e kitea e koe i matua te huringa te haoraora puku, whakarerekē nei te ika i roto i te ngakau e rua-chambered. I tua atu, ka nui haere ano nga pihapiha mata romahā o ika he hiroki e tika ana ki te whatunga capillary wana ratou pera pihapiha.

pūnaha kuwaha tereraa ate

Amphioxus pūnaha circulatory, me te tahi atu vertebrates, anatomically hono ki nga whekau kūnatu. Kūnatunga e pā ana morphologically kararehe whai tuaiwi katoa, me nga hua o te dissimilation: te kūhuka i, waikawa amino - haere mai ki ona tōiti. Tonu ki te ako i te hanganga o te pūnaha reretoto o Amphioxus, tāpiri e tomo katoa o te wai i te taputapu kūnatu o te kararehe te tereraa ate. Waihoki, ko te ate o ika, amphibians me ētahi atu vertebrates, Amphioxus tenei tinana mahi te mahi o te detoxification, ma te toto e haere mai ana i te paru i te hua pirau - metabolites. Reira ka tomo te venosus pakohu. Tāpiri e ki te tereraa mau ate o te toto whiwhi uaua podkishechnoy.

Ventral a hikumārō haoraora

Ko te oko matua matua. Ki te mahara koe i te hanganga o te pūnaha reretoto o Amphioxus, ka kite koutou i runga i nga kiriata e raro i te korokoro o te kararehe, ko te haoraora puku, i nei whakawhānui symmetrically takirua uaua. tupu ratou i roto i roto i kōwhao pātaki pihapiha. i hanga te haoraora hikumārō te i te pito muri o te pharynx rite ki te hua o te pera hanumi nadzhabernyh. Anatomically, Ko reira he chord, me te toro ki te pito muri o te tinana Amphioxus, kouru i runga i nga pera e whangai nga whekau o te kararehe. I roto i te Amphioxus metabolites kitea i roto i te toto tātarihia te roto i korere motuhake i huaina protenefridiyami. Mai i te haoraora puku ki te kōhao tinana - he katoa - oko matua pai. branched ia ki capillary glomeruli. Na roto i to ratou taiepa, te filtration wē me tāoke i roto i te puka rewa i roto i protenefridii riro, ka i roto i mezonefralny mahani me atu ki te cloaca.

Ko te pūnaha circulatory o Amphioxus me ika a Ihakara

Whakaaroa nga ritenga me ngā rerekētanga i roto i te hanganga o te pūnaha Cardiovascular superclass ika Bony me momo Golovohordovye ki nei no te reira lancelet. Rua ngā rōpū o te kararehe i te taua tohanga. Otiia e kore e he wātea te ngakau o te Amphioxus, e te mahi i runga i te wahi o te haoraora puku, heke nei te ki mau mai pera pihapiha, me te hanga rere toto. Te ika kua he ngakau, he mea rite i roto i cyclostomes, e rua-ruma (marae, me te ana roro).

Ko te hanganga o tenei tinana e tika ana ki te pākia e kaha ake. ika ngakau kei tata te arcs Tāmaki i raro i te kauae raro. Ka rite ki te mea kua kite tatou i i te meka i runga, te hanganga o te pūnaha reretoto o Amphioxus, te whakarite i te waka o te hāora, me ngā matūkai, e rere ke i te reira i taua o ika a Ihakara.

Āhuatanga o te supply toto ki te taputapu pihapiha

Ki te mahara koe i te hanganga o te pūnaha reretoto o Amphioxus, faaau i te reira ki te ika a Ihakara, e kitea e koe ngā rerekētanga e pa te supply toto ki te taputapu pihapiha. I te taha o raro o te pharynx Kei haoraora puku. Mai i reira ki ia rua o haurangi pihapiha pera pai, e kawe toto venous. Whakaiti i te maha o pātaki i roto i nga pihapiha (lancelet 150 takirua, a i roto i te ika 4 takirua) faataa e nui haere pākia me te hua i roto i te rohe katoa o te whatunga capillary i roto i ngā māngai ika a Ihakara. Lancelet taea ki te faaо ia tona hāora toto i roto i te pūnaha iatuku branchial kore anake, engari ano hoki hau tika tūringiringi roto i te kiri ausia oko toto.

iatuku kakī

Ki te whakarite koe i te pūnaha toto o Amphioxus me ika a Ihakara, e kitea e koe ngā rerekētanga i runga i oko, ka karanga pera kakī. Ko ratou wai whero matua ki te mutunga mua o te tinana o te kararehe. I roto i te ika a Ihakara rere 4 takirua o pera pihapiha ki te haoraora hikumārō, kua wehea nga pakiaka o e kakī uaua. I roto i Amphioxus te maha o oko toto pihapiha nui atu. homai ratou te roro ki te hāora, i te mea he toronga o te ngongo neural me rerekëtanga ki tari. whakahaere ia i te mahi pūpū o te kararehe. Whakarato neurons roro ki te hāora, me ngā matūkai puta tika ki kouru o nga pera kakī i roto i te pūnaha capillary. Ka rite ki te mea e haere mai te reira hua - metabolites herea roto te uaua i roto i te pakohu venous.

Kua tēnei tuhinga kua ako te pūnaha circulatory me ngā Amphioxus tohanga i roto i golovohordovyh.