Ko te pūtaiao tino rongonui, me te pāngarau. Women i roto i Pāngarau

Sciences tangohia kua roa kua mauruuru e te taata nei. Hei tauira, i hanga te mathematician tawhito Kariki Euclid kua he taua takoha nui i roto i tenei rohe e te ako tonu etahi o ana kitenga i roto i te kura. no Opening ki e rua wahine me te tangata, iwi i whenua rerekē me ngā māngai o ngā rau tau rerekē. He aha te āhua e te nui tino? E hi'opoa tatou i roto i te taipitopito.

Ada Lavleys

Ehara i te tūnga whakamutunga takaro e te Ingarihi. e kore ai e rite maha Women i Pāngarau, engari ko te maha o ratou takoha te faufaa. Kei te pā hāngai ana tēnei ki te mahi o Ady Lavleys. Tamahine o te rohi pehe rongonui Ariki Byron, i whanau ia i roto i Hakihea o 1815. Mai tamarikitanga, whakakitea ia taranata mō pāngarau, hohoro pupuri tetahi kaupapa hou. Heoi, ngā ano taranata ngā wahine Araha - te pai takaro reira waiata a ko te tikanga wahine rawa pai. Fakataha ki Charles Babbage, mahi ia i runga i te whanaketanga o te hōtaka tauhanga mō rorohiko. I runga i te taupoki o te mahi katoa i ona waitohu anake - pāngarau wahine i taua wa ko te tahi mea whakarihariha i. I teie mahana, Kei te whakaaro te reira e ko tona tenenga te taahiraa matamua ki te hanganga o te taata nei i roto i te reo hōtaka rorohiko. Ko reira no Araha Lovelace ki te ariā o te huringa, tufaki kāri, he rota o hātepe mīharo me tātaitanga. Ahakoa inaianei, mahi i te reira te taumata rerekē, tika o paetahi ngaio.

Emmi Neter

whanau tetahi mātauranga whakahua tika i roto i te hapu o te mathematician Maksa Netera i Erlangen. I te wa o tona taenga o nga kotiro i whakaaetia ki te tomo i te whare wānanga, ka i mana kiia ia ki te maha o ngā ākonga. Ako ki a Paora Gordan, i awhina hoki ia awhina Emmy tona tuhinga i runga i te ariā o invariants. I roto i te 1915 i hanga Noether he wāhi nui ki te mahi i runga i te ariā whānui o ngä. i hari ki ia Albert Eynshteyn ona tātaitanga. Ko te mathematician rongonui hiahia Hilbert ki te hanga i te reira i te tauturu orometua o te University o Göttingen, engari e kore e ahorangi waiaro whakaaetia ki te farii i te tūranga Emmy. Heoi, he maha kauhau ia. I roto i te 1919, te whakahaere ia tonu ki te tiki i te wahi tika ana, a i roto i te 1922 ka te orometua tenured. Kua hanga te reira i te aronga Noether o taurangi waitara. Emmy to'utangata mahara pehea te maere wahine maramarama me ahakoa. Kōrerorero ki a ia i ārahi tohunga, tae atu ki ngā kaipūtaiao Russian me mathematicians. Tona mahi he pānga i runga i te pūtaiao ki tenei ra.

Nikolay Lobachevsky

Tuatahi, pūtaiao, me te pāngarau maha tutuki taua angitu he nui i roto i te pūtaiao hou e ratou uara. he pono hoki Nikolai Lobachevsky tenei. Mai i 1802 ki te tau 1807 ako ia i te hākinakina, me te ka whakaurua i te whare wānanga Kazan, te wahi i tuhia ai ia mo te matauranga faahiahia o te ahupūngao, me te pāngarau, me te i roto i 1811 riro ia taumata o te ariki, a ka anga ki te faaineine no te farii i te taitara o te orometua. I roto i te 1826 th tuhituhi e ia he mahi i runga i te mau parau tumu o te āhuahanga, i revolutionized nga ariā o te wāhi. I te 1827 ka e ia Rector o te whare wānanga. Neke atu i te nga tau, i hanga e ia he raupapa o mahi i runga i te tātari pāngarau i roto i te ahupūngao me te rehe, puritia ake te ako o te taurangi ki tetahi atu taumata. I tua atu, awe ana whakaaro noa i runga i toi Russian - Lobachevskian kite tohu i roto i te mahi o Malevich me Khlebnikov.

Anri Puankare

I roto i te tīmatanga o te rau tau rua tekau, he maha pūtaiao me mathematicians mahi i runga i te ariā o te ngä. Ko tētahi o enei ko Anri Puankare. e kore te tona idealism frowned ki runga ki i roto i nga wa Soviet, na kua whakamahia kaipūtaiao Russian tona ariā anake i roto i te mahi motuhake - kahore ratou i reira e taea ki te tino whai wāhi i roto i te ako o te pāngarau, ahupūngao tātai arorangi ranei. Hoki i te mutunga o te rautau tekau mā iwa, whakawhanakehia Anri Puankare te ariā o Dynamics Pūnaha me āhuawhatunga. Neke atu i te wa, ka tona mahi te pūtake mo te ako o ngā bifurcation me rave rahi, ngā tukanga taupori me te macroeconomic. Te mea faahiahia, te Poincaré ia whakaae nga whāititanga o te matauranga pūtaiao o te hātepe me te noa i oti rawa te pukapuka taumauri. I tua atu, whakaputaina ana e ia he tuhinga e i whakamahia tuatahi i te parau tumu o te ngä - kotahi tekau nga tau i mua i Einstein.

Sofia Kovalevskaya

Torutoru pūtaiao wahine Russian i te parae o pāngarau aroaro i roto i te aamu. Sofia Kovalevskaya whanau i roto i Hānuere 1850. ko ia he mathematician kore anake, engari ano hoki he publicist me te wahine tuatahi, ko wai riro he mema ōrite o te Petersburg Academy o Sciences. Kua whiriwhiria pūtaiao me mathematicians reira kahore whakahē. Mai i 1869 ako ia i roto i Heidelberg me i 1874 whakaurua th hapori pūtaiao e toru mahi, i hua i te whare wānanga o Göttingen whakawhiwhia ia te taitara o Doctor o Philosophy. Heoi, i roto i Russia i reira taea ki te tiki i te wahi i te whare wānanga. I roto i te 1888, i tuhituhi e ia he pepa i runga i te hurihanga tinana totoka, hoki i riro ia te Swedish Academy o Sciences. Kei te whai wāhi hoki te reira i roto i te mahi tuhituhi - ko reira te kaituhi o te pūrākau "Nihilist" me te whakaari "Ko te Struggle mo te oaoa", me te he pukapuka whānau "Memories o Kōhungahunga", tuhituhia e pā ana ki te ora o te mutunga o te rautau tekau mā iwa.

Evarist Galua

pūtaiao Wīwī me mathematicians hanga maha ngā āhuatanga nui i roto i te mara o te taurangi, me te āhuahanga. ka e taha o nga tohunga ārahi Evarist Galua, i whanau nei i roto i Oketopa o 1811 e tata ana Paris. Ka rite ki te hua o te faaineineraa uaua tomo te Lyceum o Louis te nui. Kua i roto i 1828, whakaputaina ana e ia tona mahi tuatahi, i hipoki te kaupapa o hautau tonu wā. I te 1830 ka uru ia ki te kura Pūnoa, engari he tau i muri mai i peia hoki hapa. timata te kaiputaiao pūmanawa ana mahi pāhoro, a kua i roto i 1832, mutu ana ra. mahue ia e roto i te nga taketake o te taurangi hou, me te āhuahanga, me te te whakarōpū o irrationalities - ingoa ako tenei i roto i te honore o Galois.

Per Ferma

Etahi o nga mathematicians tino mahue te tohu nui, e kua ako ratou mahi pera tawhiti. ture tauwehe whakamutunga o Fermat kua roa noho e keri, racking ake nga hinengaro pai. Na tenei ahakoa te meka i mahi Pierre i te rautau tekau mā whitu. I whanau ia i roto i August 1601, i roto i te kairauhī hokohoko utuafare. I tua atu ki te pūtaiao tangohia, i mohio Farm reo - Latin, Kariki, Pāniora, Ītariana, a ko rongonui rite he kōrero nui o te tawhito. i ia me te tikanga i whiriwhiria ture. I roto i te Orleans, riro ia tohu o te bachelor, i muri i nei ia whakangaueuetia ki Toulouse, i reira ka e ia he whakaaro o te Paremete. I roto i tona ora, i tuhituhi e ia Ngā tuhinga whakapae pāngarau, i meinga te pūtake o te āhuahanga tātari. Ko arotakea nga takoha katoa i hanga e ratou i muri noa tona matenga - i mua kahore i tetahi mahi i whakaputaina. Kua oti rawa te mahi tino nui ki te tātari pāngarau, he tikanga mō te tātai i te rohe, nga uara teitei me raro, ānau me parabolas.

Karl Gauss

Ehara i kaipūtaiao katoa, pāngarau, me o ratou kitenga kia fakangalongata'a i te hītori o te taata nei, rite Gauss. whanau te rangatira Tiamana i roto i April 1777. Ahakoa i roto i te tamarikitanga whakakitea e ia tona taranata mīharo i roto i te pāngarau, me i te tīmatanga o te rautau tekau ma iwa ko te mataotao e mōhiotia ana, me te mema ōrite o te maha hunga pukenga o Sciences. hanga e ahau he mahi taketake i oti rawa ki te ariā o ngā tau , me te taurangi teitei. Ko te takoha matua - ki te mahi o te hanga heptadecagon, e hāngai ana ki runga ki taua mea, ka anga Gauss ki te whakawhanake i tētahi hātepe mō te rorohiko i te ohuraa o te ao mo te maha o ngā kitenga. Ko te mahi taketake "te Theory o te nekehanga o tinana tiretiera" riro te pūtake mō te tātai arorangi hou. i hoatu tona ingoa ki te rohe i runga i te mahere o te marama.

Karl Weitarahāute

Tenei mathematician Tiamana whanau i roto i Ostenfeld. I kuraina i te Faculty o te ture, engari pai tau o whakangungu ki te ako pāngarau. I te tau 1840 ka tuhituhi ia he pepa i runga i te mahi Ēripitiki. Kua takina te reira i ona āhuatanga hou. parau haapiiraa tino Weitarahāute ko te pūtake o te tātari pāngarau. Mai 1842 mahi a te kaiako, a i roto i tona wa e manawapa mahi rangahau. whakaputaina te 1854th te tuhinga i runga i ngā mahi Abelian, a riro te taitara o Doctor o te University Kenigsberskogo. Kua whakaputaina ārahi kaipūtaiao arotake rave e pā ana ki reira. I roto i te ao 1856 m kite ahau i tetahi atu tuhinga ngingila, ka whakaae te Weitarahāute ki ahorangi i University Berlin, ka meinga ia he mema o te Academy o Sciences. Ko te kounga faahiahia o te kauhau i hanga ia e rongonui katoa i runga i te ao. whakaurua e ia te ariā o ngā tau tūturu, kitea maha ngā raruraru o rehe me te āhuahanga. I roto i te 1897, ka mate ia i fifi o te rewharewha. Kei te ingoa te reira i muri i te rua kaupeka me hou Berlin Mathematical Institute. Kei te mohiotia ano Weitarahāute rite tetahi o nga kaiako tino pūmanawa i roto i te hītori o Tiamana me katoa i runga i te ao.

Zhan Batist Fure

mohiotia pai te ingoa o te pūtaiao, puta noa i te ao. Fourier ko he ahorangi o te Paris Ecole Polytechnique. I roto i nga ra o Napoleon whai wāhi ia i roto i pakanga, me muri i whakaritea e ia kawana o te Isere, te wahi mahi ia i roto i te ariā orurehau o te ahupūngao - timata ki te ako wera. Mai i 1816 ko ia te mema o te Paris Academy o Sciences ka whakaputaina tona mahi. I whakatapua te reira ki te ariā tātari o te wera. Tae noa i whakaputaina ano tona matenga i roto i te Mei 1830 i runga i te kawe ia ngāwhā, te tātai o te pakiaka o whārite me tikanga taurangi Isaaka Nyutona. I tua atu, whakawhanakehia e ia te tikanga o māngai mahi pērā i te raupapa pākoki. Na kua mohiotia taua mea i raro i te ingoa o Fourier. Ko te pūtaiao i taea ki te whakapai ake i te mahi o ngā mahi i te tikanga o wāhi - Kei te hoki whānui e whakamahia ana i tēnei tikanga i roto i te pūtaiao hou. i taea e ki te whakamatau e taea te māngai tetahi raina noho i te faaiteraa analytic kotahi Fourier. I roto i te 1823 kitea e ia te hua thermoelectric o te taonga superposition. e pā ana Ingoa Zhana Batista Fourier te ki te momo o ariā me ngā āhuatanga e nui hoki nga pāngarau hou ahupūngao ranei.