Ko te General Theory o Systems o Ludwig von Bertalanffy me ētahi atu pūtaiao

Austria pūtaiao-kaikoiora, e noho i roto i Canada me te United States, Ludwig von Bertalanffy, i 1937 hoki te wa tuatahi hoatu mua he maha o whakaaro, e muri ngā ia ki te ariā kotahi. huaina e ia te reira "te ariā whānui o ngā pūnaha." He aha te mea te reira? Tenei ako ariā pūtaiao o ngā taonga whakaaro rite te pūnaha.

Ko te whakaaro taketake o te ariā e whakaarohia ko te meka e te mau ture faatere i te pūnaha ahanoa - kotahi, te taua mo te pūnaha rerekē. Ko reira tika ki te mea e te whakaaro matua Bertalanffy i whakatakotoria e kau mataotao rerekē, tae atu Aleksandrom Aleksandrovichem Bogdanovym, philosopho Russian, kaituhi, he kaitōrangapū, rata, i roto i tona mahi taketake "Tectology", i tuhituhia e ia i roto i te tau 1912. AA Kua whai wāhi Bogdanov i te revolution, engari i roto i te tikanga maha rite ki VI Lenin. October revolution kihai i tangohia, engari, ahakoa, tonu ki te mahi ki nga mua, ua faanahonaho ia te tuatahi i roto i te mea i reira Russian Institute o Toto huhu, ka hoatu ki runga ki te whakamātau hauora. mate ia i roto i te tau 1928. E mōhio torutoru iwi i tenei ra i roto i te tīmatanga o te pūtaiao Russian rautau rua tekau, me te physiologist VM BEKHTEREV ahakoa o AA Bogdanova, whakaahuatia neke atu i te 20 ture ao i roto i te mara o ngā tukanga hinengaro, me te pāpori.

Akoranga General pūnaha ariā te rerekē momo, ngā pūnaha, hanganga, ngā tukanga, ratou mahi, me te Whanaketanga, te whakahaere o ngā wāhanga o ngā taumata hanganga, me te aroākapa, me te ake. whakawakia Bertalanffy ano nga pūnaha tuwhera pera-ka karanga taua utu o te pūngao free, mea faufaa me te mōhiohio ki te taiao.

Kei te tirotiro i tēnei wā General pūnaha ariā taua ture pūnaha-whānui me te mau parau tumu, pērā i te whakapae o semiotic haere tonutanga, te parau tumu o te urupare, tonutanga whakahaere, mahitahi, whanaunga tahi tautoko, te ture o te momo taketake, aroākapa utu parau tumu iti ture monocentrism, te ture o te iti rawa ātete whanaunga , parau tumu tua waho o recursive hanganga ture tauwehe, te ture, me te tahi atu rerekētanga.

Ko te āhua o nāianei o te pūtaiao e pā ana ki ngā pūnaha au Bertalanffy. Ko te tino rite mo te take o te rangahau tikanga o cybernetics ranei General pūnaha ariā - te pūtaiao o te ture whānui o te tukanga whakahaere, me te tuku pārongo i roto i ngā pūnaha rerekē (aunoa, koiora ranei pāpori); ariā mōhiohio - he peka o pāngarau e whakatau te ariā o ngā mōhiohio, ona ture me ngā āhuatanga; ariā kēmu, tātarihia e whakataetae pāngarau e rua ranei ope atu taha e i roto i te tikanga ki te whiwhi i te taonga mōrahi me te mate mōkito; whakatau ariā, te tātari kōwhiringa kouma i roto i te ngā ētahi; tātari tauwehe, te whakamahi i te tukanga o te tohatoha o ngā āhuatanga i roto i te ari ki taurangi maha.

I teie mahana, te ariā pūnaha whānui riro te reira i te hiringa kaha mo tona whanaketanga i roto i te tahitanga. Prigogine ko Haken tirotiro pūnaha nonequilibrium, hanganga dissipative me te piraunga i roto i ngā pūnaha tuwhera. I tua atu, i te ariā o Bertalanffy tohatoha taua pekanga pūtaiao ka whakamahia pērā i ngā pūnaha engineering - te pūtaiao o te whakamahere pūnaha, hoahoa, te aromātai, me te hoahoa o ngā pūnaha o te puka "tangata-mīhini"; engineering hinengaro; mara ariā o te whanonga Lewin; Operations Rangahau - te pūtaiao o wāhanga mana o ngā pūnaha ōhanga (iwi, mīhini, rauemi, pūtea, me ētahi atu); SMD-tikanga, i whakawhanakehia e te GP Shchedrovitskii, ona hoa, me ngā ākonga; ariā o te individuality wāhi W. Merlin, te pūtake o te mea i te nuinga whakaaro i runga ake i te ariā whānui o ngā pūnaha Bertalanffy.