Ko te hanganga ā-o nga ngarara. Te āhei ki te ora ngārara

Kei te tino Reptiles whakaritea piha o kararehe whai tuaiwi, e ngā 9.400 momo, ārahi whenua, i te iti rawa āhua-rōwai āhua. I roto i tenei tuhinga, tirohia tatou te hanganga ā-me nga mahi faufaa o ngā ngārara, me te he titiro i etahi o nga āhuatanga e pā ana ki urutaunga taiao.

Kōhiwi me uaua o ngā ngārara

Rerekē amphibians, he ngārara tuaiwi he hanganga matatini me ngā o te waha, rei, lumbar, sacral me te rohe caudal. E hono pekehoe rei ki rara, me te hanga i te ãpoko. he ngaro i roto i nakahi reira, engari kei runga i to ratou tuara ki 500 pekehoe. I roto i te mokomoko, i rite ki te nakahi, pai whakawhanakehia pouaka, a he rerekē hiku tuaiwi: i pekehoe caudal i te apa o te wheua ngohe kikokiko, a ngāwari taea te ngaro ratou. huaina ana tēnei tukanga ko autotomy. He he uara tiaki: mawhiti he kararehe i te niho kararehe kino, ngaro tetahi wahi o tona hiku. Te pūnaha uaua i roto i ngā ngārara he tino uaua.

E pā ana tēnei, i runga katoa, uaua intercostal rei wāhi i roto i te manawa. Kua tino ahu whakamua uaua mandibular, me nga uaua o te peke hata i roto i taua mea ngokingoki rite mokomoko me ihuroa. hanganga ā-Anatomically rawa matatini o ngā ngārara (titiro ki te ripanga i raro nei) ko te hua o aromorphoses me urutaunga e kua puta ake i roto i enei rauropi i roto i te kukuwhatanga.

whekau circulatory

Kua pa ki fifi o mea ngokingoki whakahaere me te pūnaha Cardiovascular. Tonu ki te tūhura i te hanganga roto, o waho o nga ngarara, arotahi ki runga i ona āhuatanga, me te whai pānga tukanga pūkoro circulatory. ngārara pākia iti ti'aturi i runga i te pāmahana ambient atu i roto i amphibians. Otiia, ngokingoki, me amphibians rite he kaiao poikilothermic, a ka whai ratou i te tino arotau pāmahana i roto i te awhe - 22 ki + 38 nekehanga +. kohi ngārara mana i raro i taua o amphibians. Ko e tika ana ki te matatini te whakanui ake o te hanganga o te ngakau, me te he wehenga wāhanga i roto i reira te tohanga o te matua me te toto venous tenei. Āhuatanga o te hanganga ā-o nga mea ngokingoki, te tepu whakaaturia nei te raro nei, tohu e te ngārara i rua tohanga. he kati ratou pūnaha circulatory, i reira kei roto i te ngakau o te arai oti, i te mea tino tupuria ki ihuroa, te haapa'oraa i te poka i waenganui i te maui, me te taha ki matau.

Ko te matua okana circulatory ngā o rua atria me ana roro. toto matua kohia e i roto i te wahi o runga o te roro, tomo i te reira i te marae maui, me te venous - i te tika. Ko te kupu, i roto i raro tika nga hanumi toto ventricular. I roto i systole, toto oxygenated pana te ki te kikorangi te pūtahi o tika. toto Mixed i te taha ki matau o te mānawanawa maui tomo te kikorangi te pūtahi o, me venous - i te hawhe raro - te iatuku pūkahukahu. Ahakoa, whakaaro te hanganga ā-o nga mea ngokingoki, me te korero e rua e pā ana ki te tohanga nahanaha, he mea e tika ana ki te tango i ki pūkete e kore e taea te whakaaro ratou motuhake rite e matua me te toto venous i konatunatua i roto i te haoraora hikumārō.

Reptiles tākihi papatoiake

āhuatanga te hanganga ā-o te ngārara e whakapiki i matatini i roto i te hanganga o tetahi o nga pūnaha ārahi - papī, ko te whanaketanga o te metanephric - tākihi papatoiake. E tū ratou i te taha ki ventral o te takotoranga wai i runga i ngā taha e rua o te cloaca, tūhono ki reira i roto i te ureters. He hoki te tōngāmimi. Nakahi me ihuroa te anatomically painga tautuhi reira. I roto i ngā hua ngārara utu, i roto i te rerekē ki kararehe kahore Urea hakari, me mua.

Nahea nakunaku

Te nuinga o ngā ngārara he kaikiko, ahakoa taua ngokingoki rite mokomoko tere, honu steppe, a hoki whangai i te otaota. Ma te haapii i te hanganga ā-o nga ngarara, ko reira mārama e te maha o ngā āhuatanga morphological e pā ana ki te matatini whānui o te whakahaere i te ngongo kūnatu kua. Na, i hanga e ratou mangai tuarua. Kei te hanga e te reira e te wheua, me te wehe i te kōhao-waha i te mau irava nasopharyngeal whakatuwhera ki te ngā kōrere korokoro - choanae tuarua. Ko te kopirua Ko te ngarara tuatahi puta cecum. repe kūnatu: te ate, me nga repe taiaki, te whakaputa whākōkī me bile emulsifies lipids. Ko te taiepa o te pū kai, me te puku i uaua, me te mātotoru, i te mea nui rawa hoki momo, horomia katoa kai (hei tauira, nakahi) ranei nga wahi nui (ihuroa). I roto i te pukapuka te kura o koiora, ako te hanganga ā-o ngā ngārara (Grade 7), kei te rota o ngā meka e pā ana ki kai ngarara. Hei tauira, kia ihuroa me kukupa roa katoa atu kararehe whai tuaiwi, kahore kai, te kaikore ki ono marama. Hoki noa Me nakahi nakunaku pāmahana ambient kore i raro 22 - 25 ° C, te kore mutu repe kūnatu hua whākōkī, me kai horomia katoa, e kore e digested, ka tīmata ki te pirau i te kopu, e tika ana ki te poisoning me te mate o te kararehe.

huringa ora

Tonu ki te ako i te hanganga ā-me te kaha ki te ora ngārara, whakaaro huringa kaupeka i roto i to ratou ontogeny. E tika ana ki te rerekē i roto i te pāmahana idioadaptatsy (rā me cyclicity kaupeka) ratou. Hei tauira, i roto i te waenganui-puna ngokingoki arahi he āhua kaha, i te poutumarotanga, ka te feunga mahana ake te oneone, me te rangi.

I roto i te Hōngongoi - wawe August, he tino kaha i roto i te ata o te ahiahi ranei te nuinga o nga kararehe, me i te poutumarotanga hinga ratou ki roto ki te āhua o te okiokinga. I roto i te hotoke i roto i ahopae e pehi ana ngarara moehōtoke, huna i roto i kapiti, rua i roto i raro i nga pakiaka o te rakau ranei. Estivation āhuatanga o te momo o ngā ngārara, i i tenei wa, te kore o te kai.

Molting i roto i ngā ngārara

Cyclically puta i roto i nga kararehe, me te tukanga molting - huri kiri maroke hipoki e te paki unahi horny ranei. Te reira i tei hoki i runga i te pāmahana ambient. He oti nakahi, me mokomoko molt, i roto i tenei take, te huri i te kiri katoa, ka karanga nga Nightcrawlers. I roto i te ihuroa wā exfoliated unahi takitahi - osteoderms. I roto i te tortoises exfoliate wāhi kiri e kore e i tiakina korapaksom me molt rōwai whakauaua kite.

uri ngārara

Na roto i te tukanga huri taiāwhio i roto i nga kararehe e noho ana, me te pā mahi whakaputa uri, e te hoki whakaritea e te pāmahana ambient. Kia whai whakaaro ki nga peculiarities o te hanganga ā-o nga ngarara. Ko te ripanga i raro haapapu e ngārara he kararehe dioecious, e kua āhuatanga e kikiritanga ā-.

I muri ia ia, i te uwha takoto hua hipoki i roto i te mokomoko, honu me nakahi anga kiriuka, me ihuroa kotakota ia. Ētahi ngārara, pērā i neke, pao hua i roto i te tinana. puta te marama ki te 12 kuri, e timata tonu ki te memeha. pūnaha whakaputa uri tane kanohi e testes takirua, tātea vas me volfovyh awa e rere ana ki te cloaca. Ko te uwha i te rua o ovaries. Jajtceprovoda he Kei ngā ano he rua kōrere-āhua i roto i te cloaca.

pūnaha io me okana tikanga

e kore e e oti te hanganga ā-o nga mea ngokingoki kahore te ako o te innervation o whēkau me ngā mahi o te analyzers. He he hanganga matatini te roro.

whakarato pokapū uho herekore whanaketanga o reflexes huru o te pūnaha. whēkau o rongo aroaro,, haunga, pa makona whakawhanakehia. Nakahi me etahi mokomoko, pērā i Whāroto, i reira kōpako kanohi, i te mea te tinana photosensitive.