Benzene - he ... tātai hanganga, ngā āhuatanga, me te hanga o te benzene

He pūhui pērā i benzene, Ms. Matū kua pae hopea whiwhi i runga i tona pāmu anake i roto i te 1833. Benzene - he pūhui e kua he i konatunatua poto-, ka taea e tatou te mea, ara taikaha. Ka rite ki te mea ka kitea taua mea i roto i?

kōrero

tahuri Johann Glauber tona whakarongo ki te hononga i roto i 1649, i hanga e pai, no te mahi te kēmihi i te tukatuka o waro uku. Otiia pai reira ki te noho incognito.

I muri e pā ana ki 170 nga tau, a ka ki te kia nui atu pau, i roto i te waenganui-pia ma o te rau tau XIX, i tupono o maramarama hau, ara i te condensate tangohia benzene wehea. Na nga mau tautooraa o te taata mea au, ki a Michael Faraday, kaiputaiao i Ingarangi.

Ko te tukapaku, mo te rironga o te benzene haukotia German Eylgard Mitscherlich. Tenei tupu ka haere te tukatuka o anhydrous tai waikawa konupūmā mangeo. Mahalo, koia, kua hoatu e matou he hononga ingoa - benzene. Tonu, hei kōwhiringa, karanga nga pūtaiao reira penehīni. Whakakakara, ki te i roto i Arabic.

Benzene nehenehe a marama tahuna, i roto i te hononga ki enei kitenga Ogyust Loran tohutohu ki te karanga i tona "makawe" ranei "benzene". Bright, e tiaho - ki te iritihia i te Kariki.

I runga anō i te whakaaro o Rinuha Pauling, te ariā o te āhua o kōrero hiko, o te mau huru o te benzene, hoatu he pūtaiao pūhui rāpoi ngota e whai ake. Tenei tapaono. Kei te tuhituhi te reira i te porohita. kōrero te mua e te tapatahi o te kapua hiko o benzene, e pai te mutunga te ono (kahore okotahi) huringa waro. E kitea herea ia hononga ā-rua.

Ki te benzene mahi i mua kia rite ki te whakarewa. Na fele, rite mea ratou, kihai i whai wāhi, e kore ahau i whai wāhi. Otiia ko te reira i roto i te rau tau XIX. I roto i te rau tau XX reira kua huringa nui. āhuatanga benzene faaite te mau huru tino faufaa e awhinatia ia riro atu, me te ake rongonui. Te tau wāwaro, i whakamatauria tiketike, ngā whai wāhi ki te whakamahi i te reira rite huānga wahie mō te hihiri ki waka. Tenei mahi te hiringa whānui tango o benzene, kawea ona tangohanga i roto i rite te hua ahumahi coking maitai tuarua.

E te tekau i roto i te mara o te benzene matū ka anga ki te kia pau i roto i te hanga o te matū e hohoro pahū. karaunatia XX rautau ia e kua whakawhanakehia te ahumahi para rite benzene, kua meinga nei ki te homai i te ahumahi matū.

Āhuahira benzene

He tino rite ki te benzene waiwaro hamanga. Hei tauira, he pūwaro o raupapa ethylene faaite iho rite pūwaro hamanga. Kei te āhuatanga i te reira e te tauhohenga tua. Benzene ngāwari tomo ki tauhohenga whakauru. tenei whakawhetai katoa ki te ngota e te hunga i roto i te manureva taua. A, kia rite ki te meka - conjugated kapua irahiko.

Ki te he reira i roto i te mowhiti benzene te tātai, ka taea tetahi te haere mai ki te mutunga taketake e tenei - benzene, te tātai hanganga o nei titiro rite rite tahi.

ngā āhuatanga ōkiko

Benzene - he wai e kua kahore tae, engari te mea he kakara meapango. Benzene rewa ina tae te pāmahana 5,52 degrees. Whewhe i 80,1. Kiato Ko 0,879 g / cm ^3, he papatipu titiwha rite ki te 78,11 g / mol. I roto i te parariraa momi kaha. Mahia e te reira pūhui taikaha, ina ô i hau. E hono Breakers momo organic (benzene, Etere, me ētahi atu) ki te taonga fakamatala'i kahore raruraru. Hangaia e te reira i pūhui azeotropic ki te wai. Whakawera mua ki te vaporization puta i 69,25 nekehanga (91% benzene). I 25 nekehanga taea te rewa degrees i roto i te wai 1.79 g / L.

āhuatanga matū

ähua Benzene te ki te waikawa pungatara, me te waikawa hauota. Na hoki ki ngā waiwaro rua, kōnakonako, chloroalkanes. whakauru tauhohe - e he rawe ki ki a ia. Temperature pānga te mowhiti benzene pēhanga pakaruhanga i toro i roto i te tikanga tika pakeke.

Ia whārite o te tauhohe o te benzene taea e matou te titiro taipitopito atu.

1. whakauru Electrophilic. Bromo, i roto i te aroaro o te whakakōkī, kua ähua ki te māota. Ko te hua ko te chlorobenzene:

C6H6 + 3Cl2 → C6H5Cl + HCl

2. tauhohenga Friedel-Crafts alkylation o benzene ranei. Ko te putanga o alkylbenzenes e wahi e tika ana ki te hononga ki ngā hopi, e he pärönaki kōnakonako:

C6H6 + C2H5Br → C6H5C2H5 + HBr

3 whakauru Electrophilic. Tenei ko te tauhohenga o te nitration me sulfonation. Titiro whārite benzene ko e whai ake:

C6H6 + H2SO4 → C6H5SO3H + H2O

C6H6 + HNO3 → C6H5NO2 + H2O

4. Benzene i roto i ngingiha:

2C6H6 + 15O2 → 12CO2 + 6H2O

I raro i etahi tikanga, whakaaturia ana e ia he āhua waiwaro kukū tūturu. U-irahiko kapua, i te mea i roto i te hanganga o te taonga i roto i te pātai, whakamārama enei tauhohe.

Na roto i te hangarau motuhake whakawhirinaki i runga i ngā momo o te benzene. No reira te māka o hinu benzene. Hei tauira, tino pure me te purenga mo te kōtuitui. hiahia ana ahau ki te tāraro nga homologues o benzene, a ki te te raima - ratou āhuatanga matū. alkylbenzenes reira.

Homologues o benzene ko nui atu pea ki te pahono. Ko te tauhohenga i faahitihia o benzene, ara homologues haere ki etahi rerekētanga.

kōnakonakotanga o alkylbenzenes

Puka o te whārite, ko te rite whai:

S6H5-CH3 + Br = C6H5-CH2Br + HBr.

E kore te te hiahia o te pūkeha i roto i te whakakai benzene kitea. haere ia ki roto ki te mekameka taha. Ko whakawhetai tote whakakōkī Al (+3) bromo maia i roto i te whakakai.

nitration o alkylbenzenes

Nā ki te waikawa pungatara, me te nitric, nitrating benzenes me benzenes alkyl. benzenes alkyl urupare. E whiwhi E rua ngā hua i te toru te aroaro - he parabole me Ortho-poinanaha. Ka taea e koe te tuhi i tetahi o nga tātai:

C6H5 - CH3 + 3HNO3 → C6H2CH3 (NO2) 3.

piti hāora

Ko Kāore Benzene. Ko huru ngā benzenes alkyl. Hei tauira, te waikawa-mangeo. Ko te tātai, ko te rite whai:

C6H5CH3 + [e] → C6H5COOH.

Alkylbenzene me benzene, hydrogenation o

I roto i te aroaro o te hauwai tīwerawera tīmata ki te tauhohe ki benzene, te huriowaro kupu i hanga, rite kōrero i runga ake. Waihoki alkibenzoly tura'i tahuri ki alkylcyclohexanes. Hoki alkylcyclohexane ki kia i raro ki te hydrogenation alkyl benzene hiahiatia. Fele ko reira he tukanga e tika ana mo te hanga o te hua-melé. A e kore ko te tauhohenga katoa o benzene me alkyl benzene tenei.

Production o benzene. ahumahi

hāngai Fundam taua production te i runga i te meka e te wae para: toluene, naphtha uku tukua nei te i roto i te papatanga o waro, me ētahi atu. Na reira, whakaputaina benzene te i roto i te matūngahinu, hinonga metallurgical. He mea nui ki te mohio me pehea ki te tiki rerekē te viivii benzene, no te mea o te parau tumu o te hanga, me te kia waiho te ūnga he hononga tika o te waitohu o te taonga.

hanga hea te raiona o te ripeneta kaustobiolitnoy wahi heitiki catalytic kohuatia atu i 65 nekehanga, e kua te pānga o te tangohanga Māturu ki dimethylformamide.

I roto i te hanga whiwhi ethylene me propylene te hua wai e kua hanga e i roto i te pirau o ngā pūhui pararopi, me te organic, i raro i te mana o te wera. O enei, benzene me te taratahi. Ko, kāore, e kore te mea pera nui te rauemi raw mo te putanga hanga o te benzene. No te mea he hiahia i roto i te taonga tangohia i ripeneta tatou. E te tikanga taua faarahi te nui o benzene.

Na roto i te dealkylation i 610-830 nekehanga ki te tohu tāpiri, i roto i te aroaro o te kohu i hanga i roto i te kohua o te wai, me te hauwai, te rite i toluene, benzene. He he tetahi kōwhiringa - he whakakōkī. A, no te puta te aroaro o zeolites, i ētahi wā ranei, kaiwhakakökï waikura, raro ki te pāmahana 227-627 nekehanga.

Tera atu ano tetahi, pakeke, te whanaketanga tikanga benzene. Ki te absorption o te take mai organic te hinganga o te taratahi reira i te hua whakamutunga o te waro coking. I waiho i raro i te hua ki te mamaoa-hau, me te mua tautauā-. Hei tauira, i roto i te akoranga o eke hinu, te puna o te mea hinu waro ranei. A, no te kawea Māturu te roto ki te korohū, ka wehea te absorber. Hydrotreating o benzene masivesivá tauturu noa i ngā matū faufaa.

waro uku rauemi raw

I roto i metallurgy te whakamahi i te waro, me te mea whakamahine e - i hoatu tona Māturu maroke Coke. I roto i tenei tikanga, iti supply rangi. Kaua e wareware e ki te pāmahana o 1200-1500 degrees waro wera.

titau Waro Matū benzene purenga tino. Me koe ki te pehea o whakahauanga i methyl huriowaro me tona hoa o te n-hewaro. Me hoki kia nekehia atu waiwaro kukū. Benzene ki hei te tukanga o te wehenga, purenga, ka e kia kawea i roto i neke atu i te kotahi.

whakaahuatia te tikanga i runga, te matamua, engari i muri i te wa mona reira tona tūranga teitei.

hautau hinu

0.3-1.2% - ko enei whika to tatou hero i roto i te hinu kāore. mahi pouri ki te haumi me te pūtea i te ope. He pai ki te whakamahi i tētahi tukanga ahumahi mo te tukatuka o hautau hinu. Ko catalytic ina ripeneta. e kore e whaiaro-whakakā wahie i roto i tona kōpeketanga I roto i te aroaro o te tīwerawera konumohe-konukawata-rhenium te fariiraa i te whakanui ake i te ōrau o te warowaihā kakara, a whakanuia ana ngā āhuatanga tohu tautuhi.

kapia pyrolysis

Ki te tango i tatou i te hinu kore raw totoka, ara i te pyrolysis hua i roto i te hanga o te propylene me ethylene, e e waiho te tika tino tenei huarahi. Hei kia pau, tukua benzene i pyrocondensate. titau te whāwehe o etahi hea hydrotreating. A, no te horoi whanariki, me te hamanga ranunga iri. Ko te hua tuatahi o tirotiro tuhia xylene, toluene, benzene. Na roto i te taraiwa o te mea ekstaktivnym, whiwhi BTK-rōpū kei te me te wehea benzene.

hydrodealkylation o toluene

E whangai Paraimere cocktail tukanga Heroes o rere hauwai me te toluene ki te piere wera. haere Toluene i roto i te apa whakakōkī. I roto i tenei tukanga, ka wehea te rōpū mewaro te ki te hanga i benzene. Hea e tika ana i te ara etahi o te purenga. Ko te hua ko te taonga nui-te viivii ore (nitration).

disproportionation toluene

hanga i roto i te tupu te piha methyl makanga ake hanga benzene, oxidized xylene te. I roto i tenei tukanga, kua reira kua kitea transalkylation. Ko te mahi, ko te tika ki te palladium catalyzing, konukawata me neodymium, e te hunga i runga i te alumina.

Ko ātete ki te hanganga o te whakakōkī te piere, ka tukua hauwai te taluol. Tona whāinga - ki te pupuri i te waipara i runga i te whakakōkī pūwaro faafariuraa o te manureva. te matao o te awa e putaatu te piere te ka nekehia atu hauwai hangarua te humarie. He aha te mahue, kei te reira maturuturu e toru ngā wā. I te pūhui atamira mawehe atu tuatahi e te hunga kore-kakara. Ko te tuarua hua benzene, me te taahiraa whakamutunga - i te tohanga o xylenes.

trimerization o acetylene

Nā ki te mahi o French tinana kēmihi Marcellin Berthelot i acetylene benzene hanga maitai. Otiia tu reira he cocktail taimaha o maha atu āhuatanga. Ko te pātai i pehea ki te whakaiti i te pāmahana tauhohenga. whiwhi te whakautu i anake i roto i te mutunga o nga tekau o te rau tau XX. kitea W. Reppe he whakakōkī tika, whakamatauria reira ki hei sēniti. Trimerization - Ko anake te kōwhiringa ki te whiwhi i te benzene acetylene.

puta benzene hanganga ki waro whakahohe. I reiti nui o te wera i runga i te waro haere acetylene. tukua Benzene te ki ko te pāmahana i te iti rawa 410 nekehanga. Ko te kupu whanau tonu ngā waiwaro kakara. Na reira, Me taputapu pai, i te mea nehenehe o te acetylene qualitatively mārama koe. I roto i te taua tukanga wā-kai rite te trimerization o acetylene pau te rota. Ki te whiwhi 15 ml o benzene, tangohia 20 rita te acetylene. Ka taea e kite koe i te āhua o titiro te reira i roto i te tātai (acetylene, benzene), e kore e te tauhohenga tango roa.

3C2H2 → C6H6 (Zelinsky whārite).

3CH → CH = (t, Kat) = C6H6.

Hea ki te whakamahi i benzene

Benzene - te reira matū brainchild tino rongonui. Kua Rawa maha kua kitea reira rite benzene riro mahi i roto i te hanga o te cumene, te huriowaro, ethylbenzene. Hei waihanga ethylbenzene styrene kore e taea te mahi i waho. Ko te rauemi tīmata i roto i te tikanga ki te whakaputa i te caprolactam he huriowaro. Na roto i te hanga i te teriuma rewarau whakamahia he caprolactam. Whakaahua ana i te taonga mahuinga ia i roto i te hanga o ngā peita, varnishes.

Kia pehea te kino benzene

Benzene - he taonga paitini. Faaiteraa o te mau mana'o o te ahuatanga, haere tahi nei i whakapairuaki me te āmai - he tohu o te paihana. E kore e araia te reira noa te mate. He mana'o o te koa mafakamatalai - he reira kahore iti pere whakaoho i roto i te take o te paihana i te benzene.

Benzene wai ai ritenga kiri. faaipoipo Benzene ngāwari tomo noa i roto i te kiri tonu. I te nuinga o whakapā wā-poto ki te taonga i roto i te horopeta iti, engari i runga i te wā, nunu'a kino e kore e tangohia roa ki te tatari. pea he kanisā wheua wheua, me te āhua whakapeka o ngā momo rerekē tenei.

I runga o taua taonga he faatîtîraa i roto i te tangata. Benzene mahi rite te dope. Mai i te paowa tupeka tahuri noho hua. ako e ia te waehere, ka haere mai ki te mutunga e kore te mea haumaru hoki te tangata i te ihirangi o te whakamutunga. i kitea te reira i roto i te tua ki te aroaro o te nikotīni, me te ara te aroaro o kakara momo warowaihā benzopyrene. Hallmark benzpyrene He carcinogens. Pānga i ratou rawa kino. Hei tauira, meinga mate pukupuku.

Otiia te mua, benzene ko te rauemi tīmata mo te hanga o ngā pharmaceuticals, kirihou, rapa waihanga me te, o te akoranga, te orokohanga. Ko te tamaiti tino noa o te matū, me te pūhui kakara tenei.