A. D. Saharov: A Biography, rangahau me te tautoko

E mohiotia nui aivanaa Soviet huri noa te ao. Ko tētahi o ratou - Andrey Dmitrievich Saharov, ahupūngao me te ahua tūmatanui. tuhituhi e ia tetahi o nga mahi te tuatahi i runga i te whakatinanatanga o te tauhohe, na kua whakapono reira e te huka - "papa" o hauwai poma i roto i to tatou whenua. Saharov Anatoliy Dmitrievich ko te academician o te Academy o Pūtaiao o te USSR, Ahorangi, Doctor o Tinana me Mathematical Sciences. I te tau 1975 riro ia te Nobel te rangimarie paraihe.

whanau te pūtaiao i mua nei i roto i Moscou i runga i Mei 21, ko Saharov Dmitriy Ivanovich, te ahupūngao 1921 tona papa. Ko te tau tuatahi e rima o Andrei Dmitrievich ako i te kāinga. I aru tenei e 5 tau o ako i te kura, i reira i tino whai wāhi te Sakharov raro i te arata'iraa o tona papa i roto i te ahupūngao, whakahaere ia tini ngā.

Mātauranga i te whare wānanga, e mahi i roto i te wheketere kaha

Andrei Dmitrievich i 1938, ka tomo ia ki te Moscow State University Tari o Physics. I muri i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao, tahi ki te University o Sakharov haere ki te hōneatanga o Turkmenistan (Ashgabat). ka hiahia i roto i te ariā o te ngä, me te aronui rehe Andrei. I roto i te 1942 puta ia i Moscow State University ki hōnore. Ko te ākonga whare wānanga Sakharov whakaaro i te pai i roto i te hunga katoa e kua tonu ako i tenei manga.

Na roto i te mutunga o te Moscow State University Andrew D. ahau i pai ki te noho i roto i te kura puta i tohutohu ia e Ahorangi A. A. Vlasov. A. D. Saharov, te riroraa he tohunga i roto i te mara o te metallurgy korero, i tonoa ki te wheketere hōia o Kovrov (Vladimir rohe), a ka i roto i Ulyanovsk. Tino uaua ko nga tikanga o te ora, me te mahi, engari he mea i roto i enei tau, i hanga Andrei tona tenenga tuatahi. whakaarohia e ia he pūrere e taea ki te whakahaere i te tinei o matua patu-ngoto.

Te faaipoiporaa ki Vihirevoy KA

He hui nui i roto i te ora whaiaro o Sakharov i roto i 1943 - marena te kaiputaiao Vihirevoy Klavdii Alekseevne (tau o te ora - 1919-1969). Ko te tuatahi ia i Ulyanovsk, mahi i roto i te wheketere taua rite te Sakharov. he tama me e rua nga tamahine - e toru tamariki i te tokorua. No te mea o te whawhai, a muri no o te whanautanga o ngā tamariki wahine a Sakharov kore puta i te whare wānanga. Hoki tenei take, ka, i muri i neke Sakharov i Moscow, ko reira pakeke hoki ki a ia te kitea i te mahi pai.

mātai paerunga PhD tuhinga

hoki Sakharov ki Moscow i muri i te whawhai, i te tau 1945, haere tonu ia i ana akoranga. Ia whakauru i roto i te kura paetahi ki E. I. Tammu, te ahupūngao ariā pai-mohiotia, whakaako i te Institute o Physics. P. N. Lebedeva. hiahia A. D. Saharov ki te mahi i runga i ngā raruraru taketake o te pūtaiao. I roto i te 1947, ka te aroaro tona tuhinga PhD. Kua riro te kaupapa o nga mahi kore-radiative whakawhitinga karihi. I roto i te reira i te kaipūtaiao e whakaarohia he tikanga hou e kia kawea atu e te kōwhiringa o te örite e mea. Ia te aroaro ano te ara ki te pūkete mō te pāhekoheko o te irahiko me te positron takirua i whanau.

Mahi i runga i te "ahanoa" o te whakamātautau hauwai poma

I roto i te 1948, ngā A. D. Saharov i roto i te hanga noa rōpū, i arahina e ahau E. Tamm. Ko tōna whakaaro, ko ki te arotake i te kaupapa o te poma hauwai, hanga e te rōpū o Ya. B. Zeldovicha. Andrei hohoro te aroaro tona poma tauira, i roto i nei whakanohoia papa o konukarihi tūturu me Deuterium huri noa te mau karihi ngota. A, no te pakū te karihi konukarihi ionized tino whakanuia ana te kiato o te Deuterium. Reira faarahi hoki te tere i ai te tauhohenga fusion, a i raro i te mana o ngā iramoe nohopuku tīmata ki te wehe. kīnaki ana tēnei whakaaro e V. L. Ginzburg, e whakaarohia ana te whakamahi Bomb lithium-6 deuteride. Mai i reira i raro i te pānga o ngā iramoe puhoi, kua hanga e tritium, i te mea kaha rawa wahie thermonuclear.

I roto i te puna o 1950 ki enei whakaaro o te rōpū o Tamm i whakahaua reira tata i ki tonu te kaha i runga i te "ahanoa" - he pokapū hinonga karihi ngaro i roto i te pa o Sarov. Here,, kua tino nui haere te maha o pūtaiao mahi i runga i te kaupapa rite ki te hua o te tomonga o taitamariki kairangahau. hua mahi o te rōpū i roto i te whakamātautau tuatahi o te poma hauwai i roto i te USSR, i pai nei tū i runga i August 12, 1953 mohiotia tenei poma te rite te "ora Sakharov".

Kua tau i muri mai, January 4, 1954, ka Andrey Dmitrievich Saharov he Hero o-pāpori Reipa, a ka riro te mētara "Hammer me toronaihi." He tau mua, i roto i 1953, ka he kaiputaiao he academician o te Academy o Pūtaiao o te USSR.

Ko te whakamātautau hou, me ona nunu'a

Ko te rōpū, i i ahu e A. D. Saharov, muri mahi i runga i te hononga wahie kōpeketanga te whakamahi i radiation hua i te pahūtanga o te tiaki ngota. I roto i te Noema 1955, i kawea ai i roto i te whakamātautau angitu o te poma hauwai hou. Heoi, i taumaru iho ai e te mate o te hoia, me te kotiro, a ka whara maha iwi, te hunga e i i te tawhiti nui i te pae. Tenei, kia rite ki te pai kia rite ki te panatanga i papatipu o noho i te wāhi e karapoti ana arahina Sakharov ki te whakaaro tino pā ana ki te nunu'a fakamamahi e taea hua i roto i pahūtanga karihi. miharo ia te mea e tupu ki te ohorere haere tenei mana wehingia i roto o te mana.

whakatakotoria whakaaro a Sakharov te turanga mo te rangahau nui-tauine

Tukutahi ki te mahi i runga i te poma hauwai Sakharov tahi ki Tamm i 1950 whakaarohia e ia te whakaaro o te pehea, ki te whakatinana i te tape'araa wē autō. Kua hanga Scientists he whakataunga taketake o te take. Hoki nona te reira whakaaro me tātaitanga ki te hanga i ngā āpure kaha autō, i whakaiti o te rere autō whakahaere anga porotakaroa. ako te pūtaiao enei take i roto i te 1952. I roto i te 1961, e whakaarohia ana Andrei Sakharov te whakamahi o te taiaho kōpeketanga i roto i te tikanga ki te whiwhi i te tauhohe whakahaeretia. whakatakotoria whakaaro a Sakharov te turanga mo rangahau nui-tauine whakahaere i te mara o te hononga pūngao.

tuhinga e rua Sakharov o e pā ana ki te pānga kino o te ira

I te tau 1958 te aroaro Sakharov rua tuhinga i runga i te pānga kino o te ira hua i bombings, me tona mana ki runga ki whakapapa. Ka rite ki te hua, kia rite ki tuhia e te pūtaiao, heke te roa toharite o te ora o te taupori. E ai Saharova tata heke mai megaton ia pakaru ko te 10 ki te mano o te wā o te mate pukupuku.

Andrei Dmitrievich i roto i 1958 ki te kahore he pai tamata ki whakaawe i te whakatau ki te whakawhānui ua faaite te USSR ratou moratorium i runga i pahūtanga karihi. I te tau 1961, i haukotia he moratorium e te whakamātautau rawa kaha o te poma hauwai (50-megaton). i te reira i kaua tōrangapū atu mahu'inga hōia. Andrey Dmitrievich Saharov March 7, 1962 ko te toru o nga mētara "Hammer me toronaihi."

ngā mahi Outdoor

I roto i te 1962, ka haere mai Sakharov ki pakanga koi ki te mana tūmatanui, me o ratou ritenga i runga i te whanaketanga o patu, me te hiahia ki te whakakorehia ona whakamātautau. i taua pakanga te hua pai - i roto i te 1963 i roto i te Moscow hainatia te tiriti kati te whakamātautau o patu karihi i roto i ngā taiao e toru katoa.

Me kï reira e kore i nga ngākau nuitanga o Andrei Dmitrievich kē i roto i aua tau iti anake ki te ahupūngao karihi. Ko te pūtaiao arahina te ora pāpori kaha. I roto i te 1958, ka korero Sakharov i ki mahere o Khrushchev, nei i whakamahere ki te whakaiti i te wā o te mātauranga tuarua. He tau torutoru i muri, tahi me o ratou hoa Andrei ki te pehea e o te mana o T. D. Lysenko iranga Soviet.

Sakharov i 1964, ka korero i te Academy o Sciences ki te kupu i roto i i korero ai ia i roto ki te pōtitanga o te kaikoiora academician NI Nuzhdina, pae hopea nei kihai i riro ia ratou. Ua ite Andrei e te kaikoiora, rite T. D. Lysenko, kawenga hoki taimaha, whārangi whakama i roto i te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao Russian.

Pūtaiao i roto i 1966, hainatia he reta ki te 23 th Congress o te CPSU. Tenei pukapuka ( "25 rongonui") iwi rongonui fakafepaki'i te whakanohonoho o Stalin. kï hoki, e "te kino rahi" mo te iwi e kia tetahi ngana ki te whakahauora ātete o te dissent - kaupapa here i pau Stalin. I roto i te taua tau, ka tutaki Sakharov ki R. A. Medvedevym, nei i tuhituhi te pukapuka e pā ana ki Stalin. Te reira i tino awe nga whakaaro o Andrei Dmitrievich. I roto i te Hui-tanguru 1967 ka tono te kaiputaiao tona reta tuatahi ki Brezhnev, i nei awhina nga kau angatu'u wha. whakautu uaua o nga mana i hau Sakharov tetahi o nga pou e rua i puritia e ia ki te "ahanoa".

Tuhinga Faaiteraa, whakatārewatanga i mahi i runga i te "ahanoa"

I roto i te pāpāho ke whakaputaina he tuhinga e Andrei Dmitrievich, i roto i i kitea e ia i runga i te ahunga whakamua o te haere noa hinengaro me te coexistence rangimarie i roto i Pipiri 1968. korero te pūtaiao e pā ana ki te mau fifi o te taiao whaiaro-paihana, te whakangaromanga thermonuclear, dehumanization o te tangata. ka mea a Sakharov e reira te hiahia hoki pūtahitanga o te pūnaha capitalist me hapori. Ia i tuhituhi ano e pā ana ki te hara i mahia e Stalin, e i roto i te USSR reira he kahore manapori.

I roto i tenei tuhinga, ka karanga pūtaiao-Faaiteraa mo te whakakāhoretanga o tamataraa tōrangapū me te aukatinga ki maka ana dissidents i roto i ngā hōhipera hinengaro. i hohoro e Andrei Dmitrievich aru whakautu te mana 'i iri i mahi i te whare ngaro. ngaro ia ona pou katoa, kotahi te ara ranei tetahi e pā ana ki ngaro hōia. Whakaminenga ki te A. D. Saharova A. I. Solzhenitsynym i tū August 26, 1968 Kua whakakitea te reira e to ratou whakaaro rerekē i runga i te hurihanga pāpori, i roto i nei hiahia te whenua.

Ko te mate o tana wahine, te mahi o FIAN

I aru tenei e te hui fakamamahi i roto i tona ora whaiaro Sakharov - i roto i Maehe 1969 ka mate tana wahine, ka mahue te pūtaiao i roto i te āhua o te hepohepo, i muri mai i whakakapia, sprawled hoki nga tau maha noa iho i te pae varua. I. E. Tamm, nei i te wa ahu te Tari Mā te o FIAN, tuhituhi he pukapuka ki Keldysh, peresideni o te USSR. Ka rite ki te hua o tenei, me nga aukati pea mo Andrei Dmitrievich Pipiri 30, 1969 i uru ki te Tari o te Institute. Here timata ia tona mahi pūtaiao, hoko he kairangahau matua. Ko tenei tūranga te raro o te katoa, he aha i taea te tiki academician Soviet.

akiaki tonu

I waenganui i 1967 me 1980, kua oti te tuhituhi te kaipūtaiao neke atu i te 15 pepa pūtaiao. Katahi ka anga ia ki te arahi i te ora pāpori kaha, ake me te ake kore e ū ki te kaupapa here o ngā porowhita e pā ana. tīmataria Andrei tono mo te tuku o ngā kaiwawao tika tangata zh. A. Medvedeva ko P. Grigorenko i ngā hōhipera hinengaro. Fakataha ki te R. A. Medvedevym me ahupūngao V. Turchin kaipūtaiao whakaputaina he "Memorandum o te manapori me te haere noa hinengaro."

haere mai Sakharov ki Kaluga, ki te tango i te wahi i roto i te a ngā o te marae te wahi kawea te whakamatautauranga o te dissidents ko B. Weill ko R. Pimenov. I roto i te Whiringa 1970 Andrei me physicists Tverdokhlebov A. ko B. Chalidze whakaturia te Komiti Tika Tangata, ko tona mahi, ko ki te whakatinana i te mau parau tumu whakatakotoria iho e te Whakapuakanga o ngā Tika Tangata Universal. Fakataha ki academician Leontovichem M. A. i 1971, ka korero Sakharov i ki te whakamahi o te mate hinengaro mō ngā take tōrangapū, me te mo te tika o hoki o te Crimean Tatars, mo te haere noa o te karakia, mo te hekenga Tiamana, me te Hurai.

Te faaipoiporaa ki Bonner E. G., pakanga a Sakharov ki

Te faaipoiporaa ki Bonner Elene Grigorevne (tau o te ora - 1923-2011) ka mau wahi i roto i te 1972. tutaki Scientist tenei wahine i roto i te 1970 i roto i Kaluga, ka haere ia i runga i te tamataraa. Hoko ko ha hoa me te hoa taiva ore o tana tahu, arotahi Elena G. mahi Sakharov ki te tiaki i nga tika o te takitahi. Mai i tenei i runga i te tuhinga hōtaka whakaaro Sakharov rite marau mō te tautohe. Heoi, i roto i te 1977, hainatia ano ahupūngao ariā he pukapuka tahi, ngā ki te Hupirimi Soviet Presidium, i korero o te hiahia ki te whakakahore i te mate, he murunga.

I roto i te 1973, i homai e Sakharov he uiuiraa ki US Stenholmu, korerotia Radio Sweden. I roto i te reira, korero ia e pā ana ki te āhua o te pūnaha ka Soviet. tukua Tuarua Kaiwhiu General Andrei Dmitrievich he whakatūpato, engari, ahakoa tenei, puritia te kaipūtaiao, he amuiraa press mō te kotahi tekau ma tahi kairīpoata Western. whakataua e ia te riri o e fakatangá. Response ki taua mahi ko te pukapuka o 40 mātauranga, whakaputaina i roto i te niupepa "Pravda". Ko te timatanga o te pakanga kino ki nga mahi pāpori o Andrei Dmitrievich. I tona taha i tangata activists tika, me ngā pūkenga Western me kaitōrangapū. fokotu'u A. I. Solzhenitsyn tohu pūtaiao te Nobel te rangimarie paraihe.

Ko te patu matekai tuatahi, te pukapuka Sakharov

I roto i te Mahuru 1973, i te haere tonu ki te whawhai mo te tika o te katoa ki te kimi oranga, tonoa Sakharov he pukapuka ki te US Congress, i tautoko Jackson. Te tau e whai ake nei, Richard Nixon, peresideni US, kua tae i roto i Moscow. I roto i tona haerenga pau Sakharov tona patu matekai tuatahi. hoatu hoki e ia he uiuiraa pouaka whakaata i roto i te tikanga ki te kukume tokanga tūmatanui ki te ati o herehere tōrangapū.

E. G. Bonner i te pūtake o te Tohu Humanitarian French riro Sakharov, i whakaturia te Foundation mō ngā tamariki o herehere tōrangapū. Andrei Dmitrievich i roto i 1975 tutaki ki Mr. Bell, te kaituhi Tiamana rongonui. Āpiti atu ki a ia, i hanga e ia he tono e hāngai ana i te korero o herehere tōrangapū. Hoki i roto i te tau 1975, he pūtaiao i roto i te Te Hau-ā-uru tukuna he pukapuka ui "Ko te whenua me te ao." Te reira i whakawhanakehia Sakharov whakaaro o democratization, tupe, te pūtahitanga o whakarerekētanga ohaoha me te tōrangapū, te tauritenga rautaki.

Ko te Nobel te rangimarie paraihe (1975)

I whakawhiwhia te Nobel te rangimarie paraihe ki academician tika i roto i te nuku 1975 riro te tohu o tona wahine, i tukinotia noa atu. ua faaite e ia te reira rite Sakharov ratou mo te hui. I roto i te reira ka karanga te pūtaiao mō te "tupe tūturu" me "détente pono", he murunga tōrangapū i roto i te ao, me te ki te tuku whānui o herehere katoa o te hinengaro. Te ra i muri mai, mahi te wahine a Sakharov ki tona kauhau Nobel "te rangimarie, Fakalakalaka, Tika Tangata". Reira tohe academician e tata ana toru katoa o enei whāinga ki tahi e te tahi.

hono i whakawakia

Ahakoa te meka e kaha whakahē Sakharov te tikanga Soviet, e kore te tiaki mōhiohio ki a ia i whakatupato noa 1980 i hoatu te reira i mua kia rite ki te pūtaiao whakahe i te whakaekenga Soviet o Afghanistan. January 8, 1980 i huia o katoa i riro ia mua tohu kāwanatanga Sakharov. Honoa timata reira i runga i January 22, i te tonoa e ia ki a Gorky (inaianei Nizhny Novgorod), te wahi i ia i raro i te whare hopu. Kei raro kanohi i roto i te kāinga whakaahua i roto i Gorky, i roto i nei noho academician.

patu te matekai o Sakharov mo te tika ki a E. G. Bonner ki te waiho

I roto i te raumati o te tau 1984 tū Andrei Dmitrievich he patu matekai mo te tika o tona wahine i runga i te haerenga ki te Hononga o Amerika mo te maimoatanga me te hui ki te whanaunga. i haere tahi ia i te kai takoha mauiui, me te hohipera, engari kihai i kawea mai hua.

I roto i April-Mahuru 1985, te academician matekai patu whakamutunga, whaia nga whāinga tawhito. i roto i te Hōngongoi 1985 anake i whakaaetia E. G. Bonner whakaaetanga ki te waiho. Tenei tupu i muri i tonoa te Sakharov he reta ki a Gorbachev ki te kupu whakaari ki te mutu o ratou ahua tūmatanui, me te tino aro nui ki te mahi pūtaiao, ki te ka te tukua te haerenga.

Last tau o te ora

I roto i te Maehe 1989, ka Sakharov he Tuarua iwi o te Hupirimi Soviet o te USSR. Pūtaiao whakaaro he rota e pā ana ki te whakahou hanganga tōrangapū i roto i te Soviet Union. I roto i te Whiringa 1989, aroaro Sakharov he kaupapa ture tauira, i hāngai i runga i te tiaki o takitahi, me te tika iwi 'ki te tufaa.

Haurongo Andreya Saharova mutu Hakihea 14, 1989, ka i muri i te ra pukumahi i te Congress o mua a te tangata, ka mate ia. Ka rite ki faaite e te tūpāpaku, i tino mau i te ngakau o te academician i. I roto i Moscow, i runga i Vostryakovsky kei urupā "papa" o hauwai poma, me te he toa tino mō ngā tika tangata.

Sakharov Foundation

Ko te maharatanga ki o te kaipūtaiao nui, me te ahua tūmatanui noho i roto i te ngakau o maha. I roto i 1989, i to tatou whenua i hanga e e Andreya Saharova Foundation, nei whakaaro - te tiaki o te mahara o Andree Dmitrieviche, whakatairanga ana whakaaro, me te tiaki o ngā tika tangata. I roto i te 1990, ka puta te Foundation i roto i te United States. Elena Bonner, te wahine o te academician, kua roa kua te tiamana o te rōpū e rua. mate ia i runga i Pipiri 18, 2011 o te whakaeke ngakau.

I roto i te whakaahua i runga ake - he tohu ki Sakharov, whakapumautia i roto i St Petersburg. ingoa te rohe i reira te tū ai, e i roto i tona kororia. e kore e Soviet Nobel toa wareware, rite kitea e te puawai whakanohoia i roto i te noho tata o ratou ofa'i me urupa.