He aha te mea pāpori, tona hītori me te kaupapa o te ako

Whakatau i o tetahi pūtaiao - pāpori, me he kahore okotahi tenei - haamata te reira ki te whakamāramatanga o te parau tumu matua faufaa, ture, ngā kāwai me tikanga. Mai i te ingoa ano - "pāpori" (hapori, hapori) me "waitohu" (pūtaiao, te matauranga) - Ka taea e tatou e faaoti e pāpori - te pūtaiao o te hapori. Otiia me pehea ki te wehe i te reira i te tahi atu tikanga ā, hei tauira, te pūtaiao tōrangapū, hinengaro pāpori, me ētahi atu? He aha, i roto i te meka, he pāpori? Kei te hoatu i te whakamāramatanga o tenei pūtaiao, i roto i ētahi atu, i roto i Vebsterovskom papakupu: "Sociology - te pūtaiao o te hītori o te whanaketanga, nga ture o te whakahaere, me te ora ngā raruraru o te iwi rite te wae hapori, e tohu etahi rōpū pāpori me ngā hapori."

Otiia i mua i taea matou whakahoki te pātai, he aha te mea pāpori, tatou me mārama matau ki ta te mea te rōpū pāpori me te hapori? E tetahi rōpū o te iwi, ko e o? iwi rōpū pāpori whiwhi anake i te mea o te rōpū i roto i tenei rōpū no o te taamu mua pūmau. Ehara i te katoa,-a, pērā i ngā pāhihi i runga i te kaipuke ranei i roto i te whakarongo pikitia, ara tauwhiro. rōpū pāpori, kia taea e koe te karanga i te whānau, mātauranga mahi ranei ngā. Otiia hoki e taea te huaina te hapori, me te iwi e tika ki ia atu e kore ai e maheni - ngā rōpū pakeke, whenei pāpori me ngā akomanga, rōpū matawaka, hapori fakalotú, i roto i te mutunga, te kāwanatanga, me te iwi.

Ko te whakamāramatanga o te mea he pāpori, ki te whakapai kanohi ki enei hapori me ngā rōpū e taea te āhuatanga e whai ake nei: ko te pūtaiao ako nga ture o te hanganga o enei rōpū, ratou mahi i roto i te whare o te huarahi kāwanatanga me te hononga i waenganui i a ratou. Ko te tenei kaupapa o te pāpori. O te akoranga, ka karanga Aristotle tangata "politikon zoon" - arā, "kararehe pāpori", engari he tino taitama pāpori rite te pūtaiao. I whanau ia anake i roto i te rau tau XIX. A mai i reira "whatu atu" atu wāhi, ka he pūtaiao pāpori motuhake.

Ko te tuatahi ki te whakauru ki te whakamahi pūtaiao te wā "pāpori" ko Ogyust Kont i 1842. I roto i tona pukapuka "Course o Positive Philosophy," ka whakaaturia e ia, e ko te pāpori, a whakaahuatia tenei pūtaiao. Te riroraa i te tautoko o te parau tumu o "pūmautanga me te ahunga whakamua", hurihia Comte i te hapori ngā ariā tinana o te pauna, me te hangarite o ngā āhuatanga hanganga katoa o te hapori. Ko te kupu, pāpori, rite ki Comte, ko te matauranga o te hapori rite etahi ahua o te tinana hanganga i roto i nei ia "muingota" taea te ako i te hi'oraa o te pai tūmatanui, me te pāpori ano e taea te kite i rite statics pāpori me akiaki pāpori. whakaarohia e ia ki te tūhura i te tukanga pāpori e whai ake nei i te tauira o te pūtaiao māori. Na reira, kua huaina hoki te tikanga o Comte ahupūngao pāpori.

whai nui ki te whakamāramatanga o te mea he pāpori, hanga Marx. I muri te tātari nāianei hapori "revolution ahumahi" wā, whakawhanakehia Marx he ngingila a ano e kore turaki i te ako o ngā pāpori-ōhanga. Ko te matua "whitiki tuku" i roto i te tukanga neke te hapori, ka karanga ia i te rauemi me whanaunga ōhanga. Ko te kaiaka o Marx ko te meka e tautuhi reira hapori rite te hanganga hihiri whakawhanake, i te mea te hua o te whanaketanga o mua.

whakawhanakehia Scientists Maks Veber ko Emil Dyurkgeym i hanga ratou ake ariā oraraa totiare te pūtake o te kaupapa o te pāpori. He aha te momo o tohu e ngā rerekē i roto i ngā āheinga, me te taumata o te whanaketanga o te iwi i roto i te rōpū pāpori taua - ka ui ratou he pātai. Weber - ko ki te whakatutuki i ō rātou ake whāinga takitahi i roto i te mau tautooraa ngātahi o te rōpū katoa o te iwi. E pahono te Durkheim tenei pātai rerekē: ki te mahi i te ara etahi, hanga he takitahi te "mahara ngā", ture arā, me tikanga whāngai i roto i te hapori, he hapori, he whenua ki e no te takitahi.