"Washington whakaaro"

"Washington whakaaro" - he huinga o ture ōhanga kaupapa here macroeconomic whakaturia atu e te Ingarihi ohanga John Williamson i 1989. i te tikanga ratou rite te arata'iraa taketake ki whenua i roto i te hiahia o te āwhina i te rōpū ōhanga ao pērā i te Bank World me te Monetary Fund International. Ko te hāngai matua i runga i te faufaa o te pūmautanga macroeconomic me tuitui ki te ōhanga ao, i roto i te kupu atu, te tirohanga neoliberal o ao. Heoi, kua arahina reira ki whāiti hua, i muri i te mea kua tono i roto i te whenua anga mōrearea ōhanga.

Hoki nga tau maha kua te "Washington whakaaro" Kua whakawakia o te maha o te destabilization nui, ina koa i roto i te raruraru Parata. tuhia Dzhon Uilyamson e i roto i te maha ngā take kua matekiri nga hua o tona whakatinanatanga, kua tāutuhia etahi hē, engari i te wa ano faaoti i kawea mai i tenei kaupapa here kua hua pai - ara, tupu ōhanga, mahi mahi, whakaiti o te rawakore i roto i nga whenua maha.

Ngaahi Fakakaukau mo te wa, ka i whakatakoto ratou e Williamson, kihai i hou. Otiia kanohi ratou te quintessence o te kaupapa noa i roto i nga tūtohutanga, i whakaritea nei e te Monetary Fund International, Bank te Ao, te US Treasury Tari me ētahi atu pokapū moni.

Ko te whakaaro o te mōkihi paerewa o whakahounga ko e whakaoti rapanga tūturu ngā i roto i Amerika Latin. Kua Ko tōna whakamahi muri i roto i te pā ana ki ētahi atu whenua kua whakahē ara kaitautoko o te ture. Ka rite ki kī atu e Williamson ia, ka anga ki te kia whakamahia i roto i te tikanga whanui atu i roto i tona whakaaro taketake he wā i tapa e ia mo te tekau tūtohutanga motuhake i runga i te kaupapa here öhanga, ka whai pānga ia ki neo-ohaoha mākete fundamentalism me tōrangapū i roto i te whānui. A i roto i te tikanga whānui o te "Washington whakaaro" i whakahē e economists maha, tae atu i runga i te wahi o George Soresu, Nobel Laureate Dzhozefa Stiglitsa, ano kaitōrangapū American Latin.

Ko te iwi whānui huri noa i te ao i teie nei whakapono e ko te reira tohu o te kaupapa here neo-ohaoha e kua hanga nga pūtahi pūtea ao i roto i te Washington he maha o mehua tauwhāiti ki whakaaro ki te whenua o Amerika Latin e ite raruraru ōhanga, i arahina ki te parekura ara nui. He iwi ara e kore e taea e te tangata e kiia te kupu "Washington whakaaro" me e kore e haere mai te reira i roto i te riri.

Kotahi tekau whakahou, hanga he rārangi o Williamson, mau kanohi he taumata taketake.

1. ako pūtea. Tenei i ki kia kawea i roto i roto i whenua katoa te wahi i reira ko he takarepa nui, i arahina ki te raruraru i roto i te toenga o ngā utu me te pikinga teitei e patua nga akomanga rawakore, no te mea te iwi taonga e taea te pupuri o ratou rawa moni ki waho.

2. Ko te Tuhinga o te moni tūmatanui i roto i ngā wāhi e whakaherea hoki ōhanga tiketike, me te pūmanawa ki te whakapai ake i te tohanga moni hua (tenei tiaki hauora, mātauranga tuatahi, me te hanganga).

3. whakahou Tāke (auau whakaiti whāiti turanga tāke roha).

4. Ko te kāwanatanga o ngä päpätanga huamoni.

5. He auau whakawhiti whakataetae.

6. Ko te kāwanatanga o haumi hāngai ke.

7. Hokotanga.

8. Trade kāwanatanga.

9. Ko te Nō.

10. whakarite tika rawa.

Ko te whakatamarikitanga o kāwanatanga maha "Washington whakaaro" ko te nuinga he tauhohenga ki te raruraru ōhanga ao kua patua e te nuinga o Latin America me etahi atu rohe whakawhanake i roto i te 1980. Ko te putanga o te raruraru i te maha o ngā take: he ara koi i roto i utu hinu kawemai i muri i te hanganga o OPEC i 1960, whakaturia te taumata o te nama waho, tupu US me, no reira, i roto i te ao o ngä päpätanga huamoni. Ka rite ki te hua o enei raruraru - mate o te whai wāhi ki atu loans ke.

Me mea e ahau e tamata maha atu whenua ki te whakatinana i ngā rerekē o te mōkihi whakaarohia, i te tahi taime te whakamahia te reira rite te huru no te fariiraa i loans i te IMF, a Bank te Ao.

Heoi, nga hua o enei whakahounga tonu te kaupapa o nui te tautohetohe, ka rite ki economists me ngā kaitōrangapū tonu ki te tātari i te take me ngā āhuatanga o mōrearea ōhanga, timata ki te wa ka i reira ko te raruraru te ao tuatahi ōhanga i 1857, i i te pānga noa i runga i Russia. Ko te take i timata Karl Marx mahi i runga i "Capital" i roto i te hotoke 1857-1858 tau, a ka meinga a reira e te raruraru ohaoha i te pahųtanga i te ngahuru o 1857 teie mahana, e matau tatou, ko reira te ariā o mōrearea e pā ana ki te ohaoha Marxist.