War Russian-Turkish (1828-1829): take, hua, ngā matua (tepu)

Ko tētahi atu War Russian-Turkish (1828-1829) i meinga e te torutoru take matua. Tino i roto ia ratou, ko te tautohe i runga i nga wahi kuiti, i whakatuwheratia te ara i te Moana Black ki te Mediterranean.

e rawakore raruraru

tu ana ia ki runga ki te Bosphorus Istanbul - te whakapaipai o te Ottoman Empire. Ko reira te tuatahi o Constantinople (huaina te Silaví reira Constantinople). Tae noa 1453 i reira ko te whakapaipai o te Byzantine Empire. ka tenei whenua te taeae faatere o te Ekalesia Orthodoxe i Russia. Na reira, i whakapono Moscow (me ka e St Petersburg) rangatira e whai ratou te tika ture ki te ake i te pa, i ko te kaha matua o Karaitiana i runga i te tauatini.

O te akoranga, i roto i te tua i reira nga take wä me take kiko. uru Free ki te moana nui i taea whakahaere hokohoko mo to tatou whenua. I tua atu, e riro te reira kotahi atu take ki te whakaū i tona mana rite tetahi o nga mana nui Pākehā.

Ko te pakanga i roto i te Caucasus

I te timatanga o te rau tau XIX, kua tino muri ia Turkey i te whanaketanga o ona hoa tata. Kua riro Russia e rave rahi pakanga ki taua whenua, ka riro te uru ki te Moana Black.

Heoi, ko tetahi herehere ki Turkey rangimarie te rangaawatea anake. Papā o Interest fakaongo i te tau noa no te reira kahore he whawhai i waenganui i nga tāwhai. Kei te korero tatou e pā ana ki te Caucasus.

I roto i 1818, kua tīmata he whawhai ki nga Highlanders hoia Russian - nga tangata taketake o te rohe. Ko te upoko o te pakanga Aleksey Ermolov. Heoi, pakeke whawhai to matou ope ki te maunga, no te kahore i i i taunga ki te whawhai i roto i te maunga. I tua atu, noho o te Caucasus awhinatia Turkey iho, i hokona atu ratou e te patu. Ko te rere o te pu, pu, me te moni, i haere i roto i te Ottoman Empire whakaaetia nga maunga mo tekau tau pai pei i whakaeke Russian. Pono, i roto i Petersburg mohio e pā ana ki te awhina Mahometa ki Mahometa. Na reira, ko te Russian-Turkish War (1828-1829) i ki te aukati i tenei kino mo te tāwhai mahi tahi Russian Empire.

pātai Kariki

I te pae hopea, ko te toru o take mo te pakanga i waenganui i nga whenua e rua te revolution Kariki. Na i roto i te historiography huaina reira te National Movement o te iwi Balkan. He ruarua Kariki tenetere i raro ture Turkish. kō atu raruraru Iwi i fakalotu. Mahometa tukinotia maha Karaitiana.

I roto i te tau 1821, he whakatikanga ake o nga Kariki, i tahuri ki te tau-maha whawhai o motuhake. tautoko Karaitiana maha whenua Pākehā: Britain nui, France ko Russia. ka mea ariki nui Turkish tāmitanga nui ki nga Kariki. Hei tauira, i runga i te motu o Kariti kua patua a rave rahi pīhopa tāone i roto i te ratonga hahi.

Ko te whawhai i roto i te Turkey kua patua te ōhanga Russian. Hohoro i mua timata reira he tupu tere o Odessa. Kua riro tenei tauranga Moana Black hou te rohe ōhanga free, te wahi kahore he mau ohipa. I roto i te rangimarie, rere rau o kaipuke konei. i no te nuinga o ratou ki nga kaupapa o te Ottoman Empire Kariki, me te Karaitiana.

No te mea o tenei, ko mooni ko nga Russian-Turkish War (1828-1829). Anake i te kaha i taea e te tauturu i te Kariki, a ki te mutu te raruraru i roto i te ōhanga o te rohe tonga o te whenua. A, no te mea kua tika timata te Pakanga Kariki, nga ture o Russian Alexander I. ia i roto i kahore huru ki te whawhai. I roto i tenei whakakoro tautoko ia te takawaenga Austria. Na reira, i mua ki tona mate, herea Russia ki mahi tohu ki nga Turkey.

Ko te whakatau o Nicholas ahau

Heoi, i roto i te 1825 kua tahuri nga mana i te teina Alexander - Nicholas. I roto i tona tamarikitanga, riro ia whakangungu hōia, no te mea kahore he tetahi tūmanakohia e e riro ia i te kainga. Whakatika i muri Alexander i tetahi atu teina - Constantine, engari kihai ia i te torona. E te ara, ko tenei rangatira nui i roto i te honore o te emepera Roma nui nei whakaturia Byzantium. Ko te tohu tohu o Catherine II - hiahia reira ki te hoatu i tana mokopuna i runga i te torona i roto i Constantinople (Istanbul).

kotahi hoatu mātauranga Military me peu Nicholas ite iho. timata te whenua ki te faaineine no te te mārō o te pakanga. I tua atu, ua hinaaro Nicholas ki te whai i tētahi kaupapa here ke motuhake, a kahore ki te titiro i nga hoa Pākehā, e mutu maha Alexander. kihai i nga mana Western hiahia whakapakari nui o Russia. Ka rite ki te tikanga, tamata ratou ki te mau tonu i te toenga o ope i te rohe, i, o te akoranga, kihai i rite Nicholas. Russian-Turkish War (1828-1829) i ki te whakangaro i tenei pūnaha o ngā here me ngā. Ko reira tika hoki ki te whakaaro i te wāhanga motuhake o te Kariki Revolution me te pakanga mō te mana motuhake (1821-1830).

pakanga o Navarino

I roto i 1827, i roto i te Moana Baltic tīmata ki te faaineine i te matua hoia, i mahara ki te haere ki te Moana ki te Tonga. tū te Emperor Nicholas te whakaatu kawa o haere kaipuke i Kronstadt.

I roto i te rohe o te Motu Ionian piri matua hoia Russian ki oko ona hoa i France me Ingarangi. Fakataha haere ratou ki te Navarino Bay, te wahi i te kaipuke Turkish me Ihipa. mahi tenei i roto i te tikanga ki te faahepo i te Ottoman Empire ki te aukati i te kaupapa here repressive ki nga Kariki, a ki te hoatu ki a ratou mana motuhake. Ko te upoko o te matua hoia Russian muri Admiral Takiuru Heyden. te whakaaro ia e ki nga Hoa tango i te mehua tino uruhi. I tukua te whakahaere whānui i runga i ki te Ingarangi Admiral Edward Codrington.

tukua kapa Turkish tëtahi: mutu mahi hōia ki nga Kariki. Ia (Ibrahim Pasha) mahue pahonohia tenei karere. Katahi ka whakakikitia e te Russian Admiral kua nga Hoa ki te tomo i te kokoru me timata i te whawhai ki nga Turkey i te take, ki te whakatuwhera ratou ahi. Ko te Munuwao ngā he pinepine o tama'ii, frigates, brigs (e pā ana ki 1,300 pu i roto i te katoa). ko nga kaipuke hoariri ahua nui (i roto i te nui o 22 mano heramana i runga a ratou).

I tenei wa, i punga i te kaipuke Turkish. I pai tiaki ratou, rite ko he maha o Navarino te pa, e taea te whakatuwhera i puhipuhi ahi i runga i te kaipuke hoariri. Ko te kokoru ano i runga i te rohe ki te hauauru o te Peloponnese.

i tumanako Codrington ki te karo i whawhai, me te whakapati Ibrahim Pasha, i waho te whakamahi o patu. Heoi, ka tomo te kaipuke Russian "Azov" te kokoru i runga whakatuwheratia reira ahi i runga i te wahi o nga pākahiko Turkish, kei runga i te motu Sphacteria. I tua atu, i te wa ano i patua te Turkey rua karere i Ingarangi. Ahakoa o te ahi tuwhera, kihai i whakatau i te kaipuke Allied ake tae noa ki kore tangohia aua tukunga e kua whakaritea ki a ratou, kia rite ki te hoa mahere. Admirals e tino kati te kaipuke Turkish i roto i te kokoru. whakahaerehia ana tēnei e te meka i e kua katia te whenua kokoru ki toru taha (motu Sfaktoriya me tuawhenua). noho te reira i te kati i te kuiti kuiti, te wahi ka haere ki kaipuke Pākehā.

Anake, no te punga o te kaipuke Allied i, ka whakatuwheratia e ia he ahi i roto i te whakautu. roa te whawhai atu i te wha haora. Ko te takoha nui ki te wikitoria i hanga Russian me English (admiral French i roto i te whawhai ngaro mana o ratou kaipuke).

"Azov" tino whakanuia ia i roto i to tatou kaipuke. mahi ia rite te rūtene Nakhimov me midshipman Kornilov - toa me tohu o te Crimean War heke mai. Ki te tīmatanga o te kokoru tahuna te po i maha ahi. whakangaromia nga Turkey nga kaipuke pakaru, na e kore ratou i ka ki te hoariri. E kore nga Hoa i ngaro i te kaipuke kotahi, ahakoa, pērā i Russian "Hanko" riro e rima tekau rua.

Ko reira whakaaro he whawhai i roto i Navarino Bay te ki hei te talateu, i tohua e te whawhai Russian-Turkish o 1828-1829. (Ahakoa tīmata reira he marama torutoru i muri mai). Kia i ako Istanbul o te mate o Sultan Mahmud Ii hanga he piira ki ana kaupapa. whakahau ia Mahometa katoa ki te faaineine no te Jihad ki nga Pakeha, tae atu Russian. Ko te kupu i timata te whawhai Russian-Turkish o 1828-1829.

pakanga Naval

Kua puritia puku to tatou kāwanatanga mo te ia. i tika ki te meka e i te wa ano tonu te whawhai ki a Pahia tenei, a i roto i St Petersburg, hiahia kahore tetahi he whawhai i runga i rua akina. Hei whakamutunga, hainatia te whakaaetanga te rongo i roto i Hui-tanguru ki te Iranians. April 14, 1828 , Nicholas ahau hainatia te Faaiteraa i runga i te whawhai ki a Turkey.

I tenei wa, te matua hoia Russian, i uru i roto i te pakanga o Navarino, i te hanga ko i te tauranga o Malta. Tenei motu ko te taonga o te Basileia United. kihai i te British tautoko Russia i roto i tona whawhai ki a Turkey (ano tino pāngia hautoa Pākehā). whakaaturia Ingarangi tona tiaraa amui ore. , Kei te atu te titiro atu ano tona kāwanatanga Turkey, e kore e hiahia ki te whakakaha Russia. Na reira, i waiho to matou matua hoia Malta i roto i te tikanga ki te karo pakanga faufaa. nekehia ia ki te motu o Paros i te Moana Aegean, i roto i nga puna Russian ka karanga te tinomoutere ki te rau tau XX.

Ko reira ka mau ona kaipuke te patu tuatahi o nga Turkey i tuwhera te whawhai. April 21 i reira ko te whawhai manuao i waenganui i te tama'i Corvette Ihipiana, me te Russian "Iezikil". Ko te wikitoria te whakamutunga. Ko te pakarutanga o te pakanga i roto i te Moana Baltic ki te faaineine wawe i te torutoru kaipuke hou i haere ki te faaoraraa i roto i te moana nui (nga wahi kuiti o te Moana Black, o te akoranga, kua katia). Tenei Russian-Turkish War (1828-1829) i uaua. Ko te take mo te hiahia mō ngā Ko te kore o kaipuke ki te aukati i te Dardanelles Strait.

Ko te pā o te Dardanelles

I homai tenei mahi ki te kaipuke i te tuatahi o nga tau o te whawhai. Ko reira tika ki te hatepea atu te tokotoko, o te kai i Istanbul me ētahi atu rauemi nui. Ki te pumau te pā i, War Russian-Turkish (1828-1829), te ngā matua i nga ano ki te haere mai, oho ki te taumata tino rerekē. e taea ki te tango i te kaupapa rautaki i roto i o ratou ringa ake to tatou whenua.

Russian-Turkish War (1828-1829), ko te tepu, he whakaatu pai, i whakahaere i roto i ngā āhuatanga āhua rite. Na reira, kua hiahiatia wawe reira ki te tiki i te taua painga pā. E te Strait haere frigates me ētahi atu oko. i āraia Dardanelles e Whiringa 2. kaipuke Russian whai wāhi i roto i te mahi, e hāngai ana i runga i nga motu e toru i muri mai (pango Tasso me Tenedos).

Ko te ngā matua o te whawhai Russian-Turkish o 1828-1829.

Haratua 1828	Ko te timatanga o te pā o te Dardanelles
Pipiri 23, 1828	Kirs hopu
August 9, 1828	Ahaltsikhski te whawhai
Mahuru 29, 1828	hopu Varna
Haratua 30, 1829	pakanga o te kulevicha
August 7, 1829	Ko te hopu o mua
Mahuru 2, 1829	ao mua

Kua te pā kua uaua e te rangi hotoke whakapumautia (e paerewa rohe). Te tupuhi, me te hau kaha. Ahakoa tenei, tīrama kawea nga kaiwhakatere Russian i nga mahi katoa i nga whakaturia ratou i mua. Kua Istanbul kua hatepea atu i kai, rere i te Mediterranean.

I roto i Hamurana anake i pā ana ki 150 kaipuke o kaihokohoko pahuatia rite tikanga nei taro. Tae noa te mutunga o pakanga, i taea ki te haere na roto i te Dardanelles kahore kaipuke Turkish. Tae noa August 1829 arahina e ia te pā o Admiral Heyden. A, no te haere mai nga hoia Russian ki mua, ko te matua hoia kaimahi Johann Dibicha - rangatira o te take mai Prussia. I faaineine i te kaipuke ki te wahi i roto i te Dardanelles. Hoki tenei i hiahiatia anake te tikanga i St Petersburg. Russian wikitoria hōia i muri i te wikitoria i runga i te whenua, i whai te angitu o te mahi. Heoi, kihai i aru te tikanga. I maoro i muri i hainatia te rongo, a mo Russian-Turkish War (1828-1829). Ko te take mō tenei roa huna i roto i te meka e te mana Pākehā, rite nga wa katoa, i kore e hiahia ana i te wikitoria whakamutunga o Russia. Ka mau Istanbul taea arahi ki te mea e kua tīmata te whawhai ki katoa te Te Hau-ā-uru (tuatahi o te katoa - ki Ingarangi).

I roto i 1830, i te kaipuke katoa i whawhai i te Mediterranean, kua hoki mai ki te Moana Baltic. Ko te okotahi ko "Emanuera," takoha nei ki nga Kariki, ka motuhake.

Balkans

Ko te kaha Russian matua i roto i te rohe, ko te Tanupi ope (95 mano iwi). nohoia Turkey te ope e ko nui e pā ana ki te hawhe.

Ko te ope Tanupi i ki te tango i te kawanatanga, kei roto i te peihana o tenei awa: Morotōria, Wallachia ko Dobrogea. Hōia whakahau e Petr Vitgenshteyn. haere ana ia ki Bessarabia. Na i runga i timata te tuawhenua Russian-Turkish War (1828-1829). E whakaatu ana te ripanga i te ōwehenga āhuatanga i roto i tenei rohe.

mua Balkan

	Russia	Turkey
ope o nga rōpū	95000	150000
mate	5000	10000

Ko te tuatahi hinga pa nui Braila. Ko te whakapaenga o Varna me Shumla. I tatari hoki te tautoko hoia pupuri Turkish, Wallachia, he whawhai nui, i riro i te taha Russian. No te mea o tenei, noho te hoariri ope whakapaea kahore tumanako o te tauturu i te iwi. Na ka ka tukua te pa ki runga.

Campaign 1829

I roto i te 1829 hou ki te tuu Wittgenstein whakaarahia i Johann Dibich. I hoatu te reira i te mahi i roto i te mua o ia - ki te whiti nga Balkans ka tae te whakapaipai Turkish. Ahakoa te pakarutanga o te mate i roto i te ope, i mahi nga hoia ratou mahi. I whakapaea e te tuatahi mua (i whakatata ia e August 7). Ko te take o te whawhai Russian-Turkish o 1828-1829 ko ki te whakahaere i nga Straits, a ko ratou rawa tata.

kihai i hoia pupuri e titau e haere Dibicha te ope e matara i roto i te Ottoman Empire. Nā ki te unavailability o rangatira aroraa whakaae ki te tuku i te pa. I roto i mua kua kitea te ope Russian te rahinga nui o patu, me te tahi atu rauemi nui, i roto i te tikanga ki te riro i te tunga i roto i te rohe.

miharo tenei angitu tere katoa. whakaae Turkey ki te whiriwhiri, engari ratou āta roa, tumanako e ka whai Ingarangi me Austria ki te āwhina ia.

Na, ka haere Albanian Pasha ki Bulgaria ki te 40-mano te ope. Tona nekeneke taea ia hatepea atu te Dibicha ope e tu i roto i mua. General Kiselyov, e i taua wa tiakina rangatiratanga Danubian, haere ki te whakatau i te hoariri. whakahaere ia ki te tango i te Sofia tuatahi - te whakapaipai o Bulgaria. No te mea o tenei, i mahue Mustafa ki kahore, ka a ki te totohe ki tino kaha, ki te riro i te tunga i roto i Bulgaria. faaoti ia ki reira, a ka marere atu hoki ki Albania. Russian-Turkish whawhai o 1828-1829, i poto, ka atu a ake angitu mō te Russia.

mua Caucasian

I roto i te whakarara ki te whanaketanga o te moana, me te whawhai Balkans wherahia i te Caucasus. corps Russian i roto i te rohe i ki te urutomo i Turkey i te muri. I roto i te Pipiri 1828 i taea e ki te tango i te pa o Kars ia. Ko te akoranga o te Russian-Turkish whawhai o 1828-1829. konei hoki he reira i roto i te manakohia o Russia.

He hahaereraa atu Ivana Paskevicha ope i uaua e te ara maunga maha me whakawhitinga uaua. I te pae hopea, i runga i Hōngongoi 22, puta ia i te taiepa o te pa o Akhalkalaki. Wehe, ka mau ia ia, na'e kau anake o te mano iwi. I tua atu, ko nga taiepa, me taiepa o te pa i roto i pakaru. Ahakoa tenei katoa kihai te hoia ki te tuku.

I roto i te whakautu, i te pu Russian tīmata matā kaha. hinga te pa i roto i tika e toru haora. Hōia i raro i uhi o te pū hohoro taukei nga taiepa katoa, me te kaha matua. Ko tetahi atu angitu, ka e kia mahara War Russian-Turkish (1828-1829). ka mau te pakanga matua wahi i tenei wa i roto i nga Balkans. I roto i te Caucasus, te ope Russian i whawhai ki ngohi iti, te upooti'araa tauārai tūturu.

August 5, whiti ia te Kura. I tona whiwhinga i te pa nui Akhaltsikh. 8 o te pū ahi i whakatuwheratia i runga i te reira. mahi tenei i roto i te tikanga ki te whakapohehe i te ope 30000th o te hoariri, tu tata. A pera tonu te meatanga. faaoti Turkey e Paskevich teuteu ki he paroro te te pa.

Na, titaha te ope Russian ake ki te hoariri, me te ohorere ka whakaekea. ngaro Paskevich 80 tangata patua, i kua mahue nga Turkey te parekura e rua mano tinana. rere toenga. I muri mai i reira ko te ātete kitea i roto i Georgia.

I roto i te Caucasus, te Pakanga Russian-Turkish (1828-1829), i roto i te poto, mutu i roto i te tokomaha mo te Ottoman Empire. noho Paskevich katoa o Georgia hou.

meka whakairo e te rohi pehe nui Alexander Pushkin i tenei wa haere ki te whenua. Kua ite e ia te hinga o Erzerum. I whakaahuatia tenei wāhanga i te kaituhi i roto i te mahi "Journey ki Arzerum".

He tau torutoru i mua i tenei, pai campaigned Paskevich ki Pahia, hoki i meinga e ia te Tatau. I muri whakaora i runga i te Turkey, riro ia te Order o St. George o te tohu tuatahi.

Te rangimarie me te hua

A, no te i whakaritea ai ki te Turkey, i roto i St Petersburg te tahu tautohetohe e pā ana ki ranei ki te mutu te whawhai, ko te ki reira whiwhi ki Istanbul ranei. Nicholas, ko wai tata ka mau te torona, ruarua. kihai ia i hiahia ki te tomo ki pakanga ki, Austria i ātete te whakapakari o Russia.

I roto i te tikanga ki te whakaoti i tenei raruraru, whakapumautia te Hiha he komiti motuhake. Kei roto te reira maha bureaucrats nei i kuare i nga take i nga ratou i mua. whāngai ratou he taumira rite ki ai, i whakaritea e te reira ki te wareware e pā ana ki Constantinople.

kua hanga rōpū ki te pakanga rangimarie 2 Mahuru 1829. hainatia te tuhinga i roto i mua. Kua riro Russia pa maha i runga i te rohe ki te rawhiti o te moana Black. I tua atu, kua haere te reira i te Tanupi Delta. Ko te hua o te whawhai Russian-Turkish o 1828-1829. mutu ano hoki e ia ite i te Port te whakawhitinga ki te maha āhua Russia i te Caucasus. Ko nga kingitanga Georgian me mau. whakapumautia hoki te Ottoman Empire e ka ū ai ki te mana motuhake ki Serbia.

tatari te taua e pa nga rangatiratanga Danubian - Morotōria me Wallachia. I to ratou rohe i ngā hōia Russian. Ko reira tika ki te ripeneta ratou. Enei nga hua nui o te whawhai Russian-Turkish o 1828-1829. riro Kariki te motuhake (me te tau i muri mai - motuhake). I te pae hopea, i ki te utu i te herenga nui te Port.

ka utu mo te kaipuke kaihokohoko Russian kuiti. I roto i tenei take e kore e te whakaritea te kirimana ratou mana i roto i te whawhai. Tenei meinga papû ore i roto i te heke mai.

War Russian-Turkish (1828-1829), te take me ngā hua o te ngā matua e kua whakaahuatia i roto i tenei rauemi, kihai i tutuki ona whāinga matua. hiahia tonu Empire ki te hopu Constantinople, i whakakeke i Europe. Ahakoa tenei, kua tonu to matou whenua tona roha i roto i te tonga.

Russian-Turkish War, 1806-1812, 1828-1829 ,. whakapumautia matou tenei au. tahuri ka huripokitia e i roto i te tahi tau ahuru matahiti mea katoa. i mua i Taimi nounou te mate o Nicholas ahau timata te Crimean War, i roto i nei te whenua Pākehā tautoko nuitia Turkey, a patua Russia. I muri reira a Alexander II ki te hanga ātetenga i roto i tenei rohe, me te ki te mahi i hanganga i roto i te āhua.