Waikura māota

Waikura waikura o ngā āhuatanga i huaina pūhui ki hāora ranei. Tata ki te katoa huānga hanga taua pūhui. Chloro, me ētahi atu kōnakonako, te āhuatanga i roto i taua pūhui kāwanatanga pitihāoratanga pai. waikura māota katoa he matū tino iu, i te mea ulungāanga mo te waikura o kōnakonako. Whā taonga mohiotia i roto i māota me te hāora nei rāpoi ngota.

1. pūhui haurehu waihā i kōwhai ki te kuratea tae ki te kakara āhuatanga (kakara haamana'oraa hau Cl2) - māota waikura (ahau). Chemical tātai Cl2O. Ko te ira whakakoero o haunga te 116 ° C, pāmahana kohua + 2 ° C. I raro i ngā āhuatanga noa, he rite ki te 3.22 kg / m³ tona kiato.
2. hau Yellow karaka-kōwhai ranei ki te kakara āhuatanga - māota waikura (IV). ClO2 tātai Chemical. Te ira whakakoero, haunga te 59 ° C, te wāhi e koropupu me 11 ° C.
3. Ko te wai whero-parauri - waikura māota (VI). Cl2O6 tātai Chemical. ira whakakoero me 3,5 ° C, te wāhi e koropupu me 203 ° C.
4. Taekore wai hinuhinu - waikura māota (VII). Cl2O7 tātai Chemical. ira whakakoero, haunga te 91,5 ° C, te wāhi e koropupu me 80 ° C.

Waikura māota kāwanatanga piti hāora +1 anhydride he ngoikore waikawa hypochlorous monobasic (HClO). Rite e te tikanga o ona Peluso waikura mercuric i te tauhohenga ki te hau māota rite ki tetahi o whārite tauhohenga: 2Cl2 + 2HgO → Cl2O + Hg2OCl2 2Cl2 + HgO → Cl2O + HgCl2 ranei. rere tikanga o enei tauhohe rerekē. whātatahia māota waikura (ahau) kei i te pāmahana o haunga te 60 ° C te mea i pāmahana teitei decomposes reira explosively, a i roto i te puka takiwa ko te taikaha. Cl2O wairewa whiwhi i te chlorination i roto i te wai alkali ranei pākawa waro, konganuku whenua kawakore. memeha waikura pai i roto i te wai, i hanga ai te te waikawa hypochlorous: Cl2O + H2O ↔ 2HClO. I tua atu, kua rewa ano te reira i roto i te waro tetrachloride.

Waikura māota piti hāora kāwanatanga +4 mohiotia te kore hāorarua. rewa tēnei rauemi i roto i te wai, pūngāwhā me waikawa ahetiki, acetonitrile, waro tetrachloride, me ētahi atu whakarewa organic ki te whakanui ake wehenga tawhiti i faarahi tona memehatanga. I roto i te taiwhanga e rite reira mā te tauhohe i te pāhare pāporo chlorate ki waikawa oxalic: 2KClO3 + H2C2O4 → K2CO3 + 2ClO2 + CO2 + H2O. Mai māota waikura (IV) he he taonga taikaha, e kore e taea te rongoa reira i roto i te otinga. Hoki tenei whakaaro, kua whakamahia takawai, i runga i taea te rongoa nei mata i roto i te puka ClO2 adsorbed mo te wa roa, ia taea ki te pehea e o poke ona poke māota, mai i kore te mea whenumi e te rā takawai. I roto i te ahumahi ClO2 tikanga rite e whakaiti ki pūngāwhā hāora rua i roto i te aroaro o te waikawa pungatara, te konutai chlorate: 2NaClO3 + SO2 + H2SO4 → 2NaHSO4 + 2ClO2. whakamahia te reira i rite te hātea, hei tauira, pepa cellulose ranei, me ētahi atu, me te hoki whakahoromata, me te ringihia ngā rauemi.

Waikura māota pitihāoratanga kāwanatanga +6, decomposes reira rite ki te whārite tauhohe ki runga ki rewa: Cl2O6 → 2ClO3. waikura Mateuteu māota (VI) oxidizing te hāorarua te pekerangi: 2O3 + 2ClO2 → 2O2 + Cl2O6. Ko te ahei o te tauhohe i ki rongoā, me te wai kawakore tenei waikura. I roto i tenei take puta i te tauhohenga disproportionation. Hei tauira, i te tauhohenga ki te konurehu waihā: 2KOH + Cl2O6 → KClO3 + KClO4 + H2O, te hua chlorate whiwhi me te konurehu perchlorate.

Higher waikura i huaina hoki māota dihlorogeptaoksid anhydride ranei māota ko te āpitihāora kaha. Ko reira, e nehenehe o te titi ranei pahū ka wera. Heoi, he nui atu kainga atu te waikura i roto i te āhua piti hāora +1 me +4 tenei taonga. whakatere mimiti reira ki māota me te hāora e te aroaro o waikura raro me nga ngau pāmahana i 60 ki te 70 ° C. Māota waikura (VII) ahei o āta wairewa i roto i te wai matao, te tauhohe hua hua waikawa chloric: H2O + → Cl2O7 2HClO4. Dihlorogeptaoksid rite e ata whakawera waikawa perchloric ki anhydride phosphoric: P4O10 + 2HClO4 → Cl2O7 + H2P4O11. Cl2O7 hoki e taea te whiwhi te whakamahi i oleum hei utu o ūkuikui pentoxide.

Wāhanga matū pararopi, e Akoranga waikura kōnakonako, tae atu ki ngā waikura, māota, ka anga ki te whakawhanake tere i roto i nga tau tata nei, mai i enei pūhui he pūngao kaha. E taea e ki te combustors ratou jet pūngao whakawhitinga hangatonu me i matū puna o nāianei kia whakahaeretia ai te tere o tona utu te. Tētahi atu take mo te moni - ko te taea o te synthesizing rōpū hou o pūhui pararopi, hei tauira, māota waikura (VII) ko te tupuna o perchlorates.