Waikura, Mariao, turanga, waikawa. Āhuatanga waikura, turanga, waikawa, Mariao

Ko te whānui o ngā āpure momo pūtaiao matū Modern, me ia o ratou, i roto i te tua ki te anga ariā, he faufaa nui mahi o, mahi. Ko nga mea katoa e pa koe, nga mea katoa a tawhio noa - hua o te production matū. Ko te wāhanga matua - ko te matū pararopi me te waro. Fakakaukau ki he me'a te akomanga matua o pūhui tuku ki rite pararopi, me he aha ngā āhuatanga whai ratou.

Ko te kāwai matua o te pūhui pararopi

Ki te hunga whakaae ki te whai ake:

1. Waikura.
2. Tote.
3. Base.
4. Waikawa.

māngai ia o nga akomanga e te momo nui o pūhui pararopi, me te kua tata te uara i roto i tetahi hanganga ngā mahi ōhanga, me te ahumahi o te tangata. āhuatanga nui katoa āhuatanga o enei pūhui, he i roto i te āhua me te pae ako i roto i te akoranga matū kura he āki i roto i ngā auroro 8-11.

He he he tepu whānui o waikura, Mariao, turanga, waikawa, e he tauira o ia o nga matū me ratou ahua o te whakawhāititanga, he i roto i te natura. E whakaatu ana hoki te te pāhekoheko o whakaahua āhuatanga matū. Heoi, ka whakaaro matou ia o nga akomanga motuhake me i taipitopito atu.

He rōpū o pūhui - waikura

Waikura - he piha o pūhui pararopi arā, o ngā āhuatanga e rua (-rua), tetahi o te mea tonu e (hāora) i te raro āhua piti hāora -2, e tu ana i roto i te wahi tuarua i roto i te pūhui tātai tëtehi. Tauira: N ₂ E _5, cao me pera i runga i.

Whakaröpütia te waikura e whai ake.

I. Nesoleobrazuyuschie - e kore te mea ahei o hanga Mariao.

II. Tote-hanga - he nehenehe o hanga tai (ki te turanga, pūhui amphoteric ki ia atu waikawa).

1. Waikawa - ka hoatu ki te wai ki te hanga i waikawa. maha i hanga Nonmetals konganuku ki te CO tiketike (hāora) ranei.
2. Key - puka turanga i te wai tomo. huānga whakarewa i hanga.
3. Amphoteric - e whakaatu ana waikawa-turanga āhua rua, whakaritea nei e te tikanga tauhohenga. whakarewa whakawhiti i hanga.
4. Mixed - maha kōrero ki tai, me ngā āhuatanga i hanga i roto i te maha o ngā āhua piti hāora.

waikura teitei - ko te waikura, ko ai te mema hanga i roto i te āhua pitihāoratanga mōrahi. TAUIRA: Te ^_+6. Hoki tellurium hāora mōrahi āhua +6, te auraa Teo ₃ - waikura teitei mo tenei huānga. Ko te pūnaha wā o ngā huānga mō ia rōpū hainatia tātai whānui tëtehi e whakaatu ana i te waikura o runga mō ngā āhuatanga katoa i roto i te rōpū, engari te Huingaiti matua anake. Hei tauira, he rōpū tuatahi o ngā huānga (konganuku alkali) ko te tātai o te puka R ₂ E, e tohu e pai ai kia nga āhuatanga katoa o te Huingaiti matua o tenei rōpū taua tātai he waikura teitei. TAUIRA: RB ₂ E, Cs ₂ E a na i runga i.

whiwhi tatou i te waihā hāngai I waikura teitei rewa i roto i te wai (alkali, waikawa waihā amphoteric ranei).

āhuatanga waikura

Ka taea e waikura te tīariari i roto i tetahi āhua o te whakawhāititanga i ngā āhuatanga noa. Ko te nuinga o ratou i roto i te tioata paura ranei puka mārō (cao, SiO ₂₎ etahi CO (waikura waikawa) kitea i roto i te puka o wai (Mn ₂ E ₇₎ me te hau (KORE, NO _2). Ko e tika ana ki te hanganga karaihe wini tenei. No reira, te rerekētanga i roto i te kohua ngā me ira whakakoero e rerekē i roto i ngā māngai rerekē i -272 ⁰ C ki 70-80 ⁰ C (a ētahi wā teitei). Te memehatanga i roto i te wai rerekē.

1. Wairewa - waikura taketake konganuku, e mohiotia ana ko kawakore, te whenua kawakore, me te waikawa atu katoa atu i silicon waikura (IV).
2. Rewakore - waikura amphoteric, atu taketake me SiO _{2 katoa.}

He aha waikura huru?

Waikura, Mariao, turanga, waikawa whakaatu āhuatanga rite. āhuatanga whānui o tata katoa waikura (anake nesoleobrazuyuschih) - i tenei kaha rite ki te hua o ngā taunekeneke motuhake ki te hanga i ngā tai. Heoi, no te rōpū ia o waikura angamaheni ratou āhuatanga matū motuhake whakaata āhuatanga.

Ko te āhuatanga o te rōpū rerekē waikura

waikura Basic - TOE	waikura waikawa - CO	Tärua (amphoteric) waikura - AO	E kore e nga waikura hanga tai
1. tauhohenga ki te wai: hanganga o kawakore (waikura o konganuku whenua alkali me te kawakore) Fr 2 E + wai = 2FrOH 2. tauhohenga ki te waikawa: hanganga o Mariao, me te wai waikawa + Ahau + n e = H 2 E + tote 3. Reaction ki CO, te hanganga o te tai, me te wai lithium waikura + hauota waikura (V) = 2LiNO 3 4. Ko te tauhohe hua i roto i te huānga huri CO Ahau + n = e + C ahau + CO 0	1. kaiwhakahohe wai: hanganga waikawa (SiO 2 okotahi) CO + wai = waikawa 2. tauhohenga ki turanga: CO 2 + 2CsOH = Cs 2 CO 3 + H 2 E 3. tauhohenga ki waikura taketake: hanganga tote P 2 E 5 + 3MnO = Mn 3 (PO 3) 2 4. tauhohenga TUHIR: CO 2 + 2Ca = C + 2CaO,	Whakaatu āhuatanga rua taunekeneke i runga i te pūtake o te tikanga waikawa-turanga (ki te waikawa, kawakore, waikura taketake me waikura waikawa). Mai te wai e kore e tae mai ki whakapā. 1. Ki te he waikawa: hanganga o Mariao, me te wai AO + waikawa = tote + H 2 E 2. turanga (alkali): hanganga o hydroxo Al 2 E 3 + LiOH + wai = Li [Al (OH) 4] 3. Reaction ki waikura waikawa: takanga o Mariao FeO + SO 2 = FeSO 3 4. Reaction ki GA: hanganga o Mariao hononga MnO + RB 2 E = RB 2 rua tote MnO 2 5. tauhohenga fusion ki kawakore me pākawa waro whakarewa alkali rite Mariao hanganga Al 2 E 3 + 2LiOH = 2LiAlO 2 + H 2 e	Puka kore waikawa ranei kawakore. Whakaatu āhuatanga motuhake matatau.

Ia waikura runga i hanga kia rite ki te whakarewa me te nonmetal, rewa i roto i te wai, homai he waikawa kaha alkali ranei.

waikawa Organic me te pararopi

I roto i te tangi puāwaitanga (e hāngai ana i runga i ngā tūranga ED - dissociation -hiko - Svante waikawa Arrhenius) - tenei pūhui i roto i te reo wai ki te dissociate te H ⁺ tīhiko me ng ngota waikawa ngā toenga He ^-. I teie mahana, Heoi, āta ako waikawa me i raro i ngā āhuatanga anhydrous, na reira he maha ariā rerekē rite ki waihā.

waikura tātai tëtehi, turanga, waikawa, tāpiri Mariao anake o nga ngā huānga me taupū tohu tohu o to ratou tokomaha i roto i te taonga. Hei tauira, whakahuatia waikawa pararopi i te H tātai ^{+ N-} toenga ^waikawa. matū Organic i rerekē whakamahere ariā. Haunga tëtehi, e taea te tuhituhi ki a ratou tātai hanganga tonu, me te CONDENSED, e e whakaata kore anake te hanganga me te rahinga o te rāpoi ngota, engari te tikanga o te whakaritenga o ngota, ratou hononga ki tahi i te tahi, me te rōpū mahi matua mō ngā waikawa -COOH.

I roto i te inorganics katoa e wehea waikawa ki e rua ngā rōpū:

• anoxic - HBr, HCN, HCl me etahi atu;
• hāora (waikawa OXO) - HClO ₃ me te wahi i reira he hāora katoa.

Hoki waikawa pararopi whakarōpūtia e te pūmautanga (pūmau ranei pūmau - katoa anake carbonic me pungatara, ahua ranei iu - waro me te pungatara). Na roto i te kia te kaha o te waikawa kaha: pungatara, pūmāota, hauota, perchloric, me etahi, me te ngoikore: hauwai sulfide, te hypochlorous me etahi atu.

Ehara i te te momo taua o tuku matū waro. Ko te waikawa i he organic i roto i te natura, he waikawa. Ratou āhuatanga noa - i te aroaro o te rōpū mahi COOH. Hei tauira, HCOOH (formic), _CH3 COOH (waikawameha ahetiki), C ₁₇ H ₃₅ COOH (waikawa nenehake) me ētahi atu.

He he maha o ngā waikawa, e hāngai ana tino tupato ka whakaaro i tenei kaupapa i roto i te akoranga matū kura.

1. Tote.
2. Hauota.
3. Phosphoric.
4. Hydrobromic.
5. Coal.
6. Hydroiodic.
7. Pungatara.
8. waikawa ahetiki ewaro ranei.
9. Pūwaro hinu ranei.
10. Mangeo.

10 enei waikawa he matū matū taketake e ōrite ana te piha haapiiraa i roto i te akoranga kura, me i whānui, i roto i te ahumahi me te whāiti.

Āhuatanga o waikawa pararopi

Me pēnei te āhuatanga tinana matua tuatahi, me te tuatahi he āhua rerekē o te whakawhāititanga. Oia mau, i reira e he maha o ngā waikawa he te ahua o tioata ranei puehu (boric, phosphoric) i raro i ngā āhuatanga tikanga. Ko te nuinga o te pai-mohiotia waikawa pararopi nui ko te wai rerekē. rerekē hoki kohua, me te rewa pāmahana.

Ka taea e Waikawa meinga weranga kino, mai to ratou he kaha whakangaro kiko organic me te kiri. whakamahia hoki te rapunga o ngā waikawa tohu:

• karaka methyl (i roto i te taiao mua - karaka i roto i te waikawa - whero)
• Tohu waikawa (i roto i te kūpapa - puru i roto i te waikawa - whero) ētahi atu ranei.

Ko te āhuatanga matū tino nui ngā te kaha ki te taunekeneke ki e rua pūhui ohie, me te uaua.

Ko te āhuatanga matū o te waikawa pararopi

He aha te pāhekoheko	Tauira o te tauhohenga
1. Ki te konganuku ohie-taonga. Ai öna: whakarewa me tu EHRNM ki hauwai, kia rite ki konganuku, hauwai i muri i tu, e kore e ahei ki te teke'i reira i te waikawa. Kei te hanga e tonu te tauhohenga i te puka o te korohū hauwai me te tote.	HCl + AL = konumohe pūhaumāota + H 2
2. turanga. Ko te hua o te tauhohenga he tote, me te wai. E huaina taua tauhohe o ngā waikawa kaha ki kawakore tauhohe neutralization.	Tetahi waikawa (kaha) = + wairewa tote me te wai turanga
3. waihā amphoteric. Tapekeroto: tote me te wai.	2 + 2HNO teriuma waihā = Kia (KORE 2) 2 (tote toharite) + 2H 2 E
4. Ki te waikura taketake. Tapekeroto: te wai, te tote.	2HCL + FeO = pūhaumāota rino (II) + H 2 E
5. waikura amphoteric. pānga Tapeke: tote me te wai.	2HI + ZnO = ZnI 2 + H 2 e
i hanga 6. tai waikawa ngoikore. pānga Tapeke: tote me te waikawa ngoikore.	2HBr + MgCO 3 = konupora pūkeha + H 2 E + CO 2

A, no te pāhekoheko ki konganuku huru atoa e kore waikawa katoa. Matū (māka 9) i roto i te kura tā ako rawa pāpaku o taua tauhohe, Heoi, me i te taumata i taua whakaaro āhuatanga motuhake o te hauota kukū me te waikawa pungatara, i te tauhohenga ki te konganuku.

Waihā: alkali, me nga turanga amphoteric rewakore

Waikura, Mariao, turanga, waikawa - i katoa o enei akomanga taonga he natula noa matū o te hanganga karaihe wini whakakahokaho te faataa, me te mana tahi o nga ngota i roto i te rāpoi ngota. Heoi, ki te ko e taea ki te hoatu i te whakamāramatanga rawa motuhake mo te waikura, na te waikawa me te turanga ki te mahi i te reira uaua.

Just rite te waikawa, turanga i runga i te ariā o ED he matū e taea o vavahiraa i roto i te wairewa ki tīhiko whakarewa ahau ^{n +} me ng ngota gidroksogrupp OH ^-.

Wehea e te kāwai turanga e whai ake:

• (Tohu turanga kaha te huri te tae) wairewa alkali ranei. Ahau whakarewa i hanga, ngā rōpū II. Tauira: KOH, NaOH, LiOH (kua oti te tuhituhi i.e. anake huānga rōpū matua);
• Painga wairewa rewakore ranei (reo kaha, e kore e huri i te tae o tohu). Tauira: konupora waihā, rino (II), (III), me ētahi atu.
• Rāpoi (turanga ngoikore i roto i te reo wai reversibly dissociate ki ngā katote rāpoi ngota). Tauira: N ₂ H _4, amines, haukini.
• waihā Amphoteric (faaiteiteraa rua āhuatanga turanga-waikawa). Tauira: konumohe waihā, teriuma, konutea, me te pera i runga i.

tapaea ako ia rōpū i roto i te akoranga kura o matū i roto i te "Grounds". Matū Class 8-9 tā ako taipitopito o pūhui paku wairewa me alkalies.

Ko te āhuatanga āhuatanga matua o whenua

kitea pūhui alkali me wairewa katoa i roto i te natura i roto i te āhua tioata totoka. Ko te pāmahana rewa o ratou waihā te tikanga iti, a painga wairewa hanehane ka wera. Tae whenua rerekē. Ki te kia tioata ma alkali o nga turanga painga wairewa, me te rāpoi o tae rawa rerekē. Ka taea te kite i te memehatanga o te nuinga o tenei piha pūhui i roto i te tepu, i he hakari te tātai waikura, turanga, waikawa, Mariao, whakaaturia ratou memehatanga te.

Ka taea e kawakore te huri i te tae o tohu e whai ake: waipūhuitohukonu - whero, methyl karaka - kōwhai. whakarite ana tēnei e te gidroksogrupp noa i roto i te otinga aroaro. reira i te mea painga wairewa turanga e kore e hoatu e taua tauhohe.

Ko te āhuatanga matū o te rōpū ia o rerekē turanga.

āhuatanga matū
kawakore	turanga paku wairewa	waihā amphoteric
ähua I. ki CO (katoa -hydrochloric me te wai): 2LiOH + SO 3 = Li 2 SO 4 + wai II. Ähua ki te waikawa (tote me te wai): tikanga tauhohenga neutralization (kite waikawa) III. Taunekeneke ki AO ki te hanga i te tote me te wai hydroxo: 2NaOH + ahau + n e = Na 2 ahau + n e 2 + H 2 E, ranei Na 2 [ahau + n (OH) 4] IV. Taunekeneke ki ngā waihā amphoteric ki te hanga i tai gidroksokompleksnyh: Ko te rite ki te AD, engari kahore he wai ähua V. ki tai wairewa ki te hanga i ngā waihā rewakore me tai: 3CsOH + rino pūhaumāota (III) = Fe (OH) 3 + 3CsCl VI. Taunekeneke ki te konutea me te konumohe i roto i te wairewa ki te hanga i tai, me te hauwai: 2RbOH + 2Al + wai = complexed ki waihā katote 2Rb [Al (OH) 4] + 3H 2	I. I te degradability wera: = Waikura waihā rewakore + wai II. Tauhohenga ki te waikawa (katoa: tote me te wai): Fe (OH) 2 + 2HBr = FeBr 2 + wai III. Taunekeneke ki te CO: Ahau + n (OH) n + G = CO + H 2 E	I. tauhohe ratou ki te waikawa ki te hanga i tai, me te wai: Waihā, parahi (II) + 2HBr = CuBr 2 + wai II. tauhohe te reira ki te kawakore: katoa - Salt me te wai (huru: hononga) Zn (OH) 2 + 2CsOH = G + 2H 2 E III. Tauhohe ki waihā kaha: hua - te tote, ki te puta te tauhohenga i roto i te wairewa: Kr (OH) 3 + 3RbOH = RB 3 [Cr (OH) 6]

Ko tenei te nuinga o nga āhuatanga matū o taua turanga whakaatu. Ko te kuware turanga matū me pupuri nga ture whānui o pūhui pararopi.

Class tai pararopi. Classification, ngā āhuatanga ōkiko

I runga i te tūranga ED, kia tai pararopi kia whakahuatia pūhui i roto i te wairewa ki dissociate tīhiko whakarewa ahau ^{+ n} ng ngota me ng ngota te ^N-. Na ka taea e whakaaro e koe te tote. Whakatau i o Matū kore whakarato kotahi, engari ko te tika tino tenei.

I roto i tenei take, kia rite ki o ratou natura matū, kua wehea tai katoa ki:

• Waikawa (he tīhiko arā, o te hauwai). TAUIRA: NaHSO _4.
  
• Key (e wātea ana hei wāhanga o te gidroksogrupp). TAUIRA: MgOHNO _3, FeOHCL _2.
• Toharite (titoa anake o te māraa ļa whakarewa me te toenga waikawa). TAUIRA: NaCl, caso _4.
• Tärua (ngā ato'ae whakarewa rerekē e rua). TAUIRA: NaAl (SO _{4) 3.}
• Matatini (hydroxo, complexes aqua me ētahi atu). Tauira: K ₂ [Fe (CN) _4].

whakaata tai Tātai ratou natura matū, me te korero e pā ana ki te hanganga kounga, me te ine o te rāpoi ngota.

Waikura, Mariao, turanga, waikawa whai kaha rerekē ki te memehatanga, e taea te tiro i roto i te ripanga tēnā.

Ki te kōrero tatou e pā ana ki te āhua o te whakawhāititanga o Mariao, he mea e tika ana ki te mau ratou taeoliia. tīariari ratou anake i roto i te totoka, tioata ranei puka paura. Ko te tino kanorau te awhe tae. Ko te rongoā o tai matatini te tikanga i tae kanapa kukū.

Matū taunekeneke tai piha haapiiraa reo

Whai āhuatanga matū rite o te turanga, tai waikawa. Waikura, rite ta tatou i aparau, e ahua rerekē i ratou i runga i tenei take.

Ka taea te tāutuhia katoa 4 ngā momo taketake o taunekeneke mō tai reo.

I. taunekeneke ki waikawa (kaha anake i roto i ngā o ED) ki te hanga i tetahi atu tote me te waikawa ngoikore:

KCNS + HCl = KCL + HCNS

II. Tauhohenga ki waihā ki te ahua o tai wairewa me turanga rewakore:

CuSO ₄ + 2LiOH = 2LiSO _{wairewa tote 4} + Cu (OH) _{2 turanga rewakore}

III. Ngā pāhekoheko ki ētahi atu tote wairewa ki te hanga i te tai rewakore me wairewa:

PbCL ₂ + Na ₂ S = PbS + 2NaCL

IV. Tauhohenga ki whakarewa, anga i roto i te EHRNM mahue e hanga he tote. I roto i tenei take e kore e me ariu te whakarewa hou i ngā āhuatanga noa o te tauhohe i ki te wai:

Mg + 2AgCL = MgCL ₂ + 2Ag

Ko nga momo matua o taunekeneke e he āhuatanga o tai noa enei. Tātai tai matatini, taketake, waikawa me te rua korero mo ratou e pā ana ki te āhuatanga matū pū faaite.

waikura tātai, turanga, waikawa, whakaata tai te āhua matū o ngā māngai katoa o enei akomanga o pūhui pararopi, me ano, homai he whakaaro o te rauemi taitara me ona āhuatanga ōkiko. Na reira, kia utua ratou tuhituhi aro ngā. He momo nui o pūhui te tikanga tuku ia tatou he pūtaiao mīharo - matū. Waikura, waikawa, tai - he wahi anake o nui kanorau.