Wahi Main o te pūmua biosynthesis. Hipanga o te pūmua biosynthesis

ariā Pūmua - he tukanga tino nui. Ko ia te tangata e tauturu to tatou tinana ki te tupu me te whakawhanake. whai wāhi te reira maha ngā hanganga pūtau. I muri i te katoa, ki te timata ki te matau ki ta e haere tatou ki te synthesize.

Ko tēhea pūmua he tika ki te hanga i te kau - he reira te kawenga mō te whākōkī. riro ratou tohu i te pūtau o te tikanga o te pūmua i muri nei tīmata reira kōtuitanga.

Hea te ariā pūmua

I roto i tetahi whare herehere matua biosynthesis wahi pūmua - ribosome. Ko te macromolecule nui ki te hanganga asymmetrical matatini. Kei a ia ko tuipūmua karere (waikawa ribonucleic) me pūmua. Ka taea te Kei Ribosomes motuhake. Ko atu pinepine e ngā ratou ki te EPS, e whakahaere te kōmaka me te waka pūmua muri. Ki te te kiriuwhi ribosome noho, e karangatia ana ko EPS taratara. A, no te puta inarā translation mō te kotahi kopu kia neke rave rahi ribosomes. Kei te haere ratou i muri i ia atu, me te e kore e pokanoa ki ētahi atu organelles.

He aha te mea e tika ana mō te kōtuitanga pūmua

Hoki te akoranga o te tukanga ko reira e tika ana e nga nga wāhanga nui katoa o te pūnaha pūmua-synthesizing i wahi:

1. Ko te hōtaka, i āta te tikanga o nga toenga waikawa amino i te mekameka, ara he mRNA e ka whakawhiti tenei mōhiohio i te DNA ki te ribosomes.
2. rauemi waikawa amino i nei ki te hanga i te rāpoi ngota hou.
3. tRNA, e e whakaora ia waikawa amino ki te ribosome, ka tango i tetahi wahi i roto i te deciphering o te waehere ira.
4. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase.
5. Ribosomes - Ko te pae matua o te pūmua biosynthesis.
6. Energy.
7. katote konupora.
8. āhuatanga Pūmua (mo ia wāhanga o koutou ake).

Na titiro i ia o ratou i roto i te taipitopito me te ako ki te hanga i pūmua. Ko te rawa ngā biosynthesis tikanga, he tino pai ngā wāhanga katoa.

hōtaka kōtuitanga, i te kopu rapu

roto ngā mōhiohio katoa e pā ana ki rite pūmua e taea hanga to tatou tinana i roto i te DNA. waikawa deoxyribonucleic te whakamahia mō te rokiroki o ngā mōhiohio ā-ira. Kei te humarie Kikī te reira i roto i ngā pūira me te kei i roto i te karihi pūtau (i roto i te take o eukaryotes) taritari i te cytoplasm (i roto i ngā prokaryotes) ranei.

I muri rangahau o DNA me te āhukahuka ira o tona tūranga, ka reira mārama e kore ko reira he tauira noa mo translation. arahina nga kitenga ki te whakapae i whai pānga te kōtuitui pūmua RNA. faaoti te pūtaiao e kia waiho ai hei takawaenga, ki te whakawhiti mōhiohio i te DNA ki te ribosomes, mahi rite te tātauira.

I te wa ano, ka uakina e ratou te RNA ribosome o ratou nuinga o RNA pūtau. Hei taki mēnā he reira he tauira mo te kōtuitanga pūmua, AN Belozersky ko A. S. Spirin i 1956-1957. whakahaere matou he tātaritanga whakatairite o te hanganga o waikawa karihi i roto i te maha nui o microorganisms.

I riro te reira e te mea he tika te whakaaro o te kaupapa "DNA-rRNA-pūmua", ka ka puta ke rite te pai te hanganga o te RNA katoa rite DNA. Otiia ahakoa te rerekētanga nui i roto i te waikawa deoxyribonucleic i roto i ngā momo rerekē, i rite i roto i te huakita te uiui e katoa te hanganga o te katoa waikawa ribonucleic. No reira, kua mutu aivanaa e te tuipūmua pūtau matua (arā, ribosomal) - e kore te mea he takawaenga tika i waenganui i te kawe o te mōhiohio ā-ira, me te pūmua tenei.

te whakatuwhera mRNA

Muri mai i kitea i te reira e te hautanga iti o tāruaruatanga RNA o DNA me te taea te mahi hei takawaenga. I roto i te 1956 e E. me F. Volkin Astrachan RNA kōtuitui i ako i roto i te huakita, e kua huaketo ki T2 bacteriophage. I muri tomo te reira i te pūtau, e whakawhiti ai ki te ariā o te pūmua Petapaki. Ko te nuinga o te RNA kihai i huri. Heoi, timata nga pūtau te ariā o te hautanga iti o te RNA metabolically iu, te raupapa o nucleotides i ai i rite ki te DNA Petapaki te hanganga.

I 1961, i tutaki i te katoa RNA taimaha tenei hautau iti o RNA. i whiwhi tohu o tona mahi Operation i te ngā. I muri i mate ki te pūtau Petapaki T4 i hanga mRNA hou. hono te reira ki ribosomes o te ope tawhito (kore te te ribosome i muri i te mate hou kitea), nana nei i tīmata te Petapaki synthesized pūmua. Tenei "RNA DNA-rite" i tautoko ki tetahi o nga mekameka o te DNA Petapaki.

I roto i te 1961, ua faaite F. Hakopa ko J. Monod te whakaaro e te mauria tenei RNA mōhiohio i ira ki te ribosome me ko he tātauira mo te whakaritenga raupapa o waikawa amino i roto i te kōtuitanga pūmua.

Ko te whakawhiti o ngā kōrero ki te pae o te ariā pūmua whai wāhi i roto i te mRNA. Ko te tukanga o te tai'oraa i te mōhiohio i te DNA me te tātauira RNA hanga i huaina tuhi. RNA i muri i te whai wāhi i te reira ki te maha o ngā rerekētanga atu, i huaina tenei ko te "tukatuka". I roto i etahi wāhi e taea te hatepea atu o reira i roto i te waikawa ribonucleic karere. haere i muri mRNA ki te ribosome.

poraka hanga o pūmua: waikawa amino

I roto i te katoa i reira e 20 waikawa amino, he faufaa etahi o ratou, e ko, e kore e taea e te tinana synthesize ratou. Ki te kore te mea nui i tetahi waikawa i roto i te pūtau, e taea pōturi reira iho ranei ara haapurorohia te tukanga mutu tonu. Ko te aroaro o ia waikawa amino i roto i te rawaka rahinga - te whakaritenga matua ki tika haere pūmua biosynthesis.

mōhiohio General i runga i waikawa amino, pūtaiao i roto i te rau tau XIX. glycine, leucine, a - i te wa ano, i roto i te tau 1820, i tawhiti te rua ngā waikawa amino tuatahi.

Ko te raupapa o enei waetahi i roto i te pūmua (te hanganga tuatahi pera-ka karanga) rawa whakatau nga taumata e whai ake nei o te whakahaere, a reira ona āhuatanga tinana, me te matū.

waikawa amino Transportation: tRNA me aa-tRNA synthetase

Ko waikawa amino kore anake e taea te hanga ki te mekameka pūmua. I roto i te tikanga mo te ki a ratou te tiki ki te pae matua o te kōtuitanga pūmua, e hiahiatia ana RNA waka.

whakaae ia aa-tRNA synthetase anake tona waikawa amino me tRNA anake e ki nei he mea tika ki te tāpiri. Huri i te reira i roto i taua i roto i tenei hapu o whākōkī ngā 20 momo o synthetases. Reira anake tonu e ki te waikawa amino piri ki tRNA mea, atu ïa, ki tona acceptor hydroxyl "hiku". kia hāngai ia waikawa ki tona RNA whakawhiti. aru ana tēnei e te synthetase aminoacyl-tRNA. Reira e kore anake whakataurite ki te waka waikawa amino tika, reira regulates hoki te tauhohe hanganga o te here hākawa.

I muri i angitu āpitihanga tauhohenga tRNA ki Kia te pae o te kōtuitanga pūmua. I tenei mutu te tukanga faaineineraa me tīmata te haapurororaa. Ko te wāhanga matua o te pūmua biosynthesis:

• tomokanga;
• elongation;
• whakamutunga.

kōtuitanga taahiraa: tomokanga

Nahea te biosynthesis pūmua me tona ture? Kua tamata Scientists ki te kitea i roto i mo te wa roa. hoatu whakapae maha mua, engari ka meinga hei taputapu atu hou, te pai to tatou ki te mahino te mau parau tumu o te iritiraa.

Ribosome - wahi tino o te pūmua biosynthesis - tīmata mRNA pānui i te wāhi i ai haamata te reira wahi whakawaehere he mekameka polypeptide. Kei tēnei wāhi i te tawhiti i te timatanga o te RNA anahera. Me kitea i te ribosome te pūwāhi i runga i te mRNA i nei ki te tīmata pānui, ka hono atu ki reira.

Tomokanga - he huinga o ngā e whakarato te timatanga o te haapurororaa. Ko tā te reira i pūmua (āhuatanga tomokanga), me te initiator tRNA initiator codon motuhake. I tenei wā, subunit iti ribosomal pūmua-honoa ki tomokanga. e kore e tukua e ratou ki te whakapā atu ki te subunit nui. Ko e whakaaetia ki te hono atu ki te initiator tRNA me GTP.

Na, tenei matatini "noho" i runga i te mRNA, ko reira i te wahi mohio e te e tetahi o āhuatanga tomokanga. e kore e taea e hapa e, a haamata i te ribosome tona haere i runga i te RNA karere, te tai'oraa i ona codons.

Kia tae mai te matatini ki te codon tomokanga (Aug), mutu subunit nekehanga me ki te awhina o te āhuatanga pūmua rerekē herea ki te subunit nui ribosomal.

kōtuitanga taahiraa: elongation

Pānui mRNA kōtuitanga tā mekameka polypeptide raupapa o te pūmua. Ko reira mā te tāpiri kotahi amino he toenga waikawa i roto i te riiwhitanga ki te rāpoi ngota i raro i hanga.

Ia toenga waikawa amino hou te tāpiri ki te terminus carboxyl o te peptide, kei te tipu haere te C-terminus.

kōtuitanga taahiraa: Whakamutunga

A, no te tae i te ribosome te mutu codon karere RNA, te ariā o mekameka polypeptide poroa. I roto i tona aroaro, e kore e taea e te organelle manako tetahi tRNA. Engari, ko te take o ngā āhuatanga whakamutunga tomo. tukua e ratou te pūmua oti i ribosomes kinakitia.

I muri i te mutunga o te iritiraa, ka taea e te ribosome rānei haere ki te mRNA, haere tonu ki te paheke haere reira, e kore e päpäho ranei.

Ko te hui o te ribosome ki te codon initiator hou (i runga i te ara iahiko taua i roto i te hokohoko atu o te kaupapa, ranei i runga i te mRNA hou) ka arahi ki te tomokanga hou.

Kia oti te rāpoi ngota rau te wahi tino o te pūmua biosynthesis, kua tohua i te reira, ka tonoa ki te ūnga. He aha ngā mahi ka mahi ai, i runga i tona hanganga rānei.

mana tukanga

Runga anō i tō hiahia, ka takitahi te pūtau whakahaere i te haapurororaa. Ko te ture o te pūmua biosynthesis - he mahi tino nui. Ka taea te mahi te reira i roto i ngā huarahi rerekē.

Ki te kore e hiahia te pūtau etahi ahua o te hononga, ka mutu te reira i te biosynthesis o te RNA - mutu hoki pūmua biosynthesis ki puta. I muri i te katoa, e kore e tīmata i te tukanga katoa, kahore he tātauira. Na te pirau mRNA tawhito tere.

He ko tetahi ture o te pūmua biosynthesis: hanga pūtau whākōkī e pokanoa ki te rere o te wāhanga tomokanga. pokanoa ratou ki te haapurororaa, ara, ki te te kopu mo te pānui, ko te wātea.

hiahiatia ana te tikanga tuarua e i roto i te take i reira ki te ariā pūmua tutakina iho matau i teie nei. Ko te tikanga tuatahi tā te hokohoko o te haapurororaa puhoi etahi wa i muri te mutunga o te mRNA kōtuitanga.

Ko te pūtau Ko te pūnaha rawa matatini i roto i nei puritia mea katoa kei runga i te whārangi toenga me te rere maeneene o ia rāpoi ngota. He mea nui ki te mohio te mau parau tumu o ia tukanga i roto i te pūtau. Na e taea mahino lelei ange tatou te mea kei te tupu i roto i nga kopa me te tinana kia rite ki te katoa.