Tikanga tupuranga

Ko te pūtake o te angitu o tetahi tupuranga - kanorau ira o ngā tikanga rauemi me te kōwhiringa. Ko te whakamahi o taua rauemi raw taea ki te whiwhi hybrids hou me ngā momo, ki te momo o ngā āhuatanga me ngā āhuatanga. Pūtake o kōwhiringa whakatakotoria nga pūtaiao tino rongonui o te ao:

- Mendel (whakatakotoria nga turanga o te iranga, kitea te parau tumu o te discreteness);

- Darwin (whakaturia ariā o te takenga mai, pau he rota o ngā i runga i te whakawhitinga);

- T. Fairchild (i roto i 1717 riro te cloves hybrids horihori tuatahi);

- I. Gerasimov (whakatuwheratia huri te maha o otaota me huringa tuku e pā ana ki irakētanga);

- M. F. Ivanov (whakaurua parau tumu ira i roto i te tupuranga o te kararehe) ;

- N. K. Koltsov (te hanga i tētahi pūtake mō ngā iranga muingota).

- NI Vavilov (kitea te ture o te raupapa huirua);

- I. V. Michurin (kawea maha hybrids hua).

Kua whanaketia e te tikanga taketake o ngā tipu me ngā kararehe tupuranga kua runga i te pūtake o ngā āhuatanga o mua katoa a ake ake mai. Tutu'a i roto i to ratou mahi mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga rerekē o te kōwhiringa: inbreeding, mutagenesis tāwhaiwhai, polyploidy, hybridization. Ko te whai ake ko te tikanga tino pinepine whakamahia o hua tipu, me te kararehe momo hou.

Ko te tikanga matua o te tipu tupuranga: hybridization me te kōwhiringa. Cross-pollinated tipu selektsioniruyut e kōwhiringa papatipu o te hunga takitahi e whai āhuatanga e minaminatia. Hoki te rārangi parakore tino, e ko, te homogeneity ira o ngā momo, te whakamahi i te kōwhiringa takitahi, i roto i nei tutuki whaiaro ruinga hae-e whiwhi i te uri o te takitahi kotahi, e kua te āhuatanga pai katoa. Ko te ngoikoretanga o tenei tikanga ko e i te wa ano pinepine kitea faaiteraa kino o ira ngoikore. Ko te take matua mō tenei ko ki te neke i te maha nui o ira i roto i te āhua iraruarite. Neke atu i te wa, te haaputuputuraa o ira mutant ngoikore, haere i roto i te āhua iraruarite, taea meinga huringa tuku kino. I roto i ngā āhuatanga tūturu, he e whakawhiti ira ngoikore ki te āhua o homozygotes me te tipu hohoro mate te otaota whaiaro-pollinated.

Ki te te maha iti te tikanga o te whaiaro ruingahae-loto. Hei whakapai ake i tona haerea ripeka-ruinga o rerekē tipu whaiaro-pollinating me ngā rārangi he hybrids nui-whai. E huaina tikanga kōwhiringa taua hybridization Maori. He te tukua teitei o te hybrids whakatupuranga tuatahi. I roto i tenei take, i reira he he pānga o te heterosis pai-mōhiotia, kia rite ki nei te hybrids kaha whiwhi e whiti aho 'parakore'. Ko ratou ātete ki ngā pānga kino, no te mea whakakorea ratou nga pānga kino o ira ngoikore, me te uniana kaha tino ira tipu matua whakarei ake te pānga.

E mea pinepine, te kōwhiringa o ngā tipu rerekē e whakamahia ana polyploidy whakamātautau. tipu te kupu whiwhi i te rahi nui, hoatu pai te kotinga, me te aranga tere. whiwhi polyploids Artificial raro i te mana o ngā matū matū e te whaiwhaiā i te pou muka hawhe. Ka rite ki te hua, noho pūira rererua i roto i te matua kotahi.

momo New o putanga, me te whakamahi i mutagenesis tāwhaiwhai. Ko te rauropi, i rite ki te hua o ngā irakētanga i ngā āhuatanga hou, he ora ngoikore, kia ki te kōwhiringa tūturu whakakorea te. Hoki te whiriwhiri me te kukuwhatanga o ngā momo hou, me ahu hiahiatia nga mau taata onge e whai he irakētanga kūpapa pai ranei.

e kore e tikanga tupuranga kararehe rerekē i te tikanga taketake o te tipu tupuranga. Te mahi ki a ratou - o ratou uri moepuku, me te uri iti. kawea Tīpakonga o ngā mātua, me te momo o te crossbreeding i ki etahi whāinga whakaturia e te kaitiaki. E maiohatia kararehe katoa i o ratou āhuatanga o waho e kore anake, engari ano hoki i runga i te kounga me te takenga o te uri. Na reira, ko te mea nui ki te mohio ratou tupuna. Ko te tikanga tupuranga whiriwhiri tino whakamahia nuitia 2:

- inbreeding (tata) - whiti mātua, tuahine, teina. e kore e taea te pupuri i tēnei whakawhitinga ta'engata. Kei te whakamahia te reira, pera me te tikanga, ki te whakapai ake i te āhuatanga o te kamaka;

- outbreeding (he kotiti) - hybridization o tetahi māngai o ahu rerekē, me te kōwhiringa tino o te uri ki te āhuatanga pai ranei.

Ko nui iti pai atu i ngā tipu hybridization kararehe Hybridization. He horomata maha hybrids interspecific peheé.