Fundamentals o iranga

I roto i te pūtaiao hou o iranga rite i nga turanga whakatakotoria e mau aivanaa i te Czech Republic Mendel. Ko ia te tangata e i roto i te tau 1865 i hanga he raupapa o ngā i runga i te crossbreeding o purapura pea me i te kaupapa o te hua whakatakoto te whakapae e te tukanga o te kainga ko e tika ana ki te aroaro me te nekehanga o etahi matūriki motuhake. I tua atu, Mendel me ahau i etahi āhuatanga timatanga o te tukanga ira, ara te meka e kore e whai te reira i te huru takawaenga.

I muri mai, i te timatanga o kua te rau tau rua tekau, i whakapumautia e whakamātau, e whakawhanakehia, ka whakatinanahia H. De Frizo ko K. Correns Mendel whakapae. puta te wā "iranga" i roto i te tikanga o te ingoa o te pūtaiao hou mo te wa tuatahi i roto i nga tuhituhi o te reo Ingarihi taiao William Betsona, a i roto i 1909, te tūhura i te taketake o iranga whakaurua Mendel, Dane B. Johansen ki tohanga pūtaiao kāwai "ira", ki tirohia ki te matūriki rawa motuhake, he aha te mea arahina reira Mendel.

Ko te ariā matua i roto i te mara o te iranga he whakapapa. Ko tōna māramatanga e hāngai ana i runga i nga āhuatanga āhukahuka o kaiao ora katoa haere i runga i kua riro ratou mau taipe. whakaratohia ana tēnei tukanga e ratou kaha ki te mau tonu ratou āhuatanga āhuatanga mō te wa roa. I roto i tenei take, me te te āhuatanga whakapapa e tika ana o te kaha e mōhiotia ana ki te huri i te tohuāhua me ngā āhuatanga tohuira. haere mai tenei taonga ki te kia mohiotia rerekētanga ka ko, i roto i te meka, e teie nei tatou ia ite rite te pūtake o te iranga, me te tupuranga.

Kaore he aweretanga, nga moni hou katoa i roto i te iranga nama ratou pūtake mo te putanga me te whanaketanga o te rangahau hangarau hou. Anake i runga i tenei kaupapa ka taea ki te tāuta me te whakamatau experimentally taua tikanga taketake o Mā te ko Applied Genetics, te hanganga, me te hanganga o nga waikawa karihi, e whakaaetia e ratou ki te whakakitea te waehere o te waehere ira, whakaatu whakamātau, me te whakamārama ki te taumata o takahanga ariā biosynthetic. I roto i te kupu, i te taketake o te iranga, whakatakotoria iho i roto i te mutunga o te 19 - wawe rau tau 20, ka te pūtake i runga i nei e whakawhanake i tenei ra maha ngā wāhi o te pūtaiao ira: te iranga muingota, me te kunenga, ira geography me immunogenetics, iranga hauora me ētahi atu.

Ko te tukanga o te roha tonu o te mara o te rangahau i roto i te iranga arahina ki te hua nui, me te ako o tona kaupapa rite te pūtaiao i roto i te tikanga hou, te kaupapa o te pūtaiao o iranga ko te ako o te ture tino noa, me te faufaa o te whakapapa me te rerekētanga. Ko te pūtake tëtehi mo te whakahaere o taua rangahau he raraunga tohuāhua.

I roto i te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao ira hoki kua hanga i taputapu categorical o tenei pūtaiao, me tenei ra tata nga tangata kuraina rawa noa mahi ki taua ariā rite, ira momokite, tohuira me etahi atu. Ano, etahi kāwai o Genetics "oho" me i roto i te tahi atu mau ihi, tae atu i roto i te pāpori. Tenei e whakamahia ratou ki te tohu ngā āhuatanga motuhake me ngā tikanga o te hapori, me ona hanganga, āhuatanga e te kaha ki te mau tonu tona pūmautanga, te whakapūmautanga, me ki whakapūmau te rere tonu i roto i te tuku o ngā āhuatanga pāpori me te ahurea.

hāngai taketake Modern o iranga te i runga i te āhukahuka o te maha o kai:

- Ko te tautika e tika ana, me te tawhā motuhake whakapapa, te whakarite i te noho tuwhera tonu o kaiao ora;

- e te tūmomo iranga ko te take pakiaka o te putanga me te whanaketanga o te momo katoa o ngā puka ora me ratou kunenga;

- ngā āhuatanga hereditarily programmed whakaurua ki rāpoi DNA me te RNA e mahi rite kawe nui o ngā mōhiohio tuku;

- faaiteraa o te individuality o ia momo whakaratohia te tauhohe matüora whai wāhi ira, me te tuku i te kōrero e hāngai ana e pā ana ki te tohu ngā;

- Kei te mōhiohio iranga ake te i roto i te karihi pūtau.

I runga i te pūtake o enei tikanga kua whakatakoto ako, e i teie mahana te hanga i te pūtake o iranga taketake. I roto ia ratou, nohoia te wahi tino nui e pērā i te ariā o te ripeka monohybrid, Nō e te ingoa o tona kaihanga - Gregor ture Mendel o o taunakitanga o te huinga, me ētahi atu ariā pūira.