Ko te hanganga o te pepa, te waho, me te roto

Leaf - wana vegetative lateral mana. nui te reira i te wāhi nui i roto i te ora o te tipu katoa, whakarite hanganga rau e na e ko reira e taea ki te urutau ki te tikanga taiao mo te mahi o ona mahi - ahotakakame, te whakaetonga me te hau whakawhiti, Guttation. Ka taea te whakarerekē i te whārangi, me te kia te ngira (rite conifers) tataramoa ranei (cacti me barberry, me ētahi atu). Taua huringa o te taha pihi mana tauturu i tipu ora i roto i ngā rohe makariri.

Ko te hanganga waho o te whārangi, tei runga i te momo tipu. Na, te wehe ohie me te matatini, E whaia ana, rau sessile me takaia a tawhio noa. Pihi Tata ki te katoa taha kua whakawhānui mana wahi - mata rau, e ai kia totoka, he tapahia, he mata motuhake ranei. Ko te tātārau, i awhitia, te tinana matua e piri ki te kakau, ka ngaro ai i toe, ka mea ai i te rārangi "sedentary" ranei beschereshkovy. Ki te te tino taiawhio ra i te lamina rite te kakau, entwine reira wana taha mana. I roto i te angiosperms ki petioles rau, me whai stipules e tiaki rau taitamariki me te puku axillary.

E whakaatu ana hoki te hanganga morphological o te pepa te aroaro o āhua māmā, me te uaua. Noa tuku ki rite te tinana matua o awhitia, tipu, ki kua reira he kakau me te mata rau, e hinga katoa (pereni, lilac, whiro). rau pūhui i te tātārau 1 me te maha matatahi rau e taea taka atu takitahi (wōnati, pereni, pungarehu).

he ōrite i roto i te otaota katoa te hanganga ā-o te pepa. Leaf mata runga me raro hipoki ki te apa o te kiriwaho, e ngā te kiri. Ka taea e kia ētahi o otaota i runga i te kiri o runga o makawe, kiriata-cuticle paninga parikoriko ranei. He whakaaro haumaru katoa e ārai i pukā, weranga, nui whakaetonga wai enei. Te uhi papanga i roto i te nuinga o te tipu, me te taha ki raro o te pepa kua kōrā tatau - stomata, e whai rua pūtau kaitiaki. I muri taputapu stomatal haurehu whakamatauria me kohu wai, pera i roto i te mawhiti lateral o tinana iho, a waho.

Ko te hanganga pūtau o te pepa tohu te aroaro o te papanga - te mesophyll, kua wehea nei ki tu'ūlutui me palisadnuyu (hanga tīwae) parenchyma. Nga wae hanganga o te kiko hanga tīwae he maha nui o chloroplasts, e e taea ki te neke ki tua atu i te rā i roto i. He whakapā rawa tata ki ia atu nga pūtau, he mea i roto i to ratou ahotakakame. i hanga kiko tu'ūlutui e matūriki timatanga o te ora, e whai he āhua kōhikohiko, he nui nui o te taonga intercellular me rawa ūpoko tāpae ratou. E te reira te wahi, engari e kore e rite ki hohe rite te parenchyma e awhitia ana, whakawhenumi, me te roto i puta tona utu hau wāhi rangi. i roto i te whārangi ano he uaua e mahi rite kuhunga, whai wāhi i roto i pākia. tukua Ko reira hoki ratou he wai ki te matū kohuke te ki te rere lateral o ngā pūtau tinana, me nga putanga o te pepa iho pūhui organic i hanga i roto i te tukanga o te ahotakakame. A e karapotia uaua nui e paihere muka i hanga e te kiko mīhini , me te homai i te rau o te kaha.

Ko te kupu, Ko te tino matatini te hanganga o te pepa, me te e meinga e nga mahi whakamana e tenei te tinana - whakawhenumi, utu hau, Guttation me te whakaetonga. Ano, haunga te matua, te whārangi e taea hoki te mahi mahi atu - tiaki (tarakina), te take o ngā rauemi (unahi o topuku) me whakatö vegetative.