Kukū rōnaki: te ariā o te tātai. Transport o matū i roto i te kiriuhi koiora

He aha te mea kukū? A paraparau i roto i te tikanga whanui, ko reira te ōwehenga o te rōrahi o rauemi me te maha o matūriki rewa i roto i reira. kitea ana tēnei whakamāramatanga i roto i te manga tino kanorau o te pūtaiao, i te ahupūngao me te pāngarau, mutu rapunga whakaaro. I roto i tenei take, te pātai o te whakamahi o te ariā o "kukū" i roto i te koiora me te matū.

rōnaki

Iritihia i Latin, te auraa "tipu" "E haere" ranei, na reira ko te "tuhu maihao", e tohu te aronga i roto i nei i tetahi piki uara. Ka rite ki te tauira, ka taea te whakamahi, hei tauira, te teitei i runga te taumata moana i ngā rerekē o te whenua. ka whakaatu Ko tōna (te teitei o) te rōnaki i roto i ia wāhi i runga i te mahere i te pere o te whakanui ake uara ki te whakatutuki i te ara etaeta.

I roto i te pāngarau, puta te wā anake i roto i te mutunga o te rautau tekau mā iwa. I whakaurua te reira e Maxwell, a whakaekea ana ratou ake tohu o tenei nui. whakamahi Physicists tenei ariā i roto i te tikanga ki te whakaahua i te mara hiko, me te tō, i te huringa o te pūngao moe.

ahupūngao Ehara i anake, engari ano hoki te whakamahi i te tahi atu mau ihi te wā "rōnaki". kia whakaata tēnei ariā e rua kiripuaki kounga, me te ine o matū, hei tauira, te kukū pāmahana ranei.

kukū rōnaki

He aha He te rōnaki tenei ano inaianei mōhiotia, me te aha kukū? Ko tenei he uara whanaunga, e tohu te rahi o te taonga i roto i roto i te otinga. Ka taea te tango ai rite ōrau i te taimaha, kiore ranei ngota i roto i te hau (otinga), te ōwehenga o te katoa. Tenei whanui kōwhiringa e āhei tatou ki faaite tata tetahi ōwehenga. A e kore anake i roto i te ahupūngao ranei te koiora, engari ano hoki i roto i te aahuatanga o ihi.

I roto i te whānui, i te kukū rōnaki kei te vector nui, i hoki faaite te nui, me te ahunga o te huringa o te taonga i roto i te reo.

whakamāramatanga

He reira taea ki te tātai i te rōnaki kukū? Tātai ko reira ngā waenganui i ngā rerekētanga timatanga o te taonga, me te ara roa o te kukū e ka whai ki te hinga i te taonga ki te whakatutuki i te toenga i waenganui i te rongoā e rua. Pāngarau, tenei faaite i te tātai C = DC / dl.

Ko te aroaro o te kukū rōnaki i waenganui i te rua ngā rauemi He te take mo ratou paraoa. Ki te neke i te matūriki i te rohe o te kukū teitei ki te raro, ka huaina te mea tūringiringi, a ki te roto ratou i reira he he tauārai semipermeable - rerewai.

waka hohe

whakaata waka Active, me te hāngū te kaupapa o matū puta noa kiriuhi paparanga o ngā pūtau o mea ora ranei: hātare, tipu, kararehe, me te tangata. Tenei tukanga e wahi te whakamahi i te ngāwhā pūngao, mai te whakawhiti te whakamana i matū ki te kukū rōnaki i iti ki nui. Nuinga o ngā wā mo te taua pāhekoheko te whakamahi i triphosphate adenosine ATP ranei - ko te muingota e ko te puna ao o te pūngao o 38 joule.

He momo rerekē o ATP, e kua kei i runga i te kiriuhi o ngā pūtau. Ko te pūngao i roto i a ratou kua mawheto ka te whakawhitinga o ngā matū i roto i te pera-ka karanga rāpoi papua. kōputaputa tenei i roto i te taiepa pūtau e tīpakongia mimiti ka mäminga katote kawehiko. I tua atu, i reira kei te tauira o ngā waka rite symport. I roto i tenei take, i te wa ano kawea reira e rua matū: kotahi mai i roto o te pūtau, me te tahi atu riro te reira. whakaora ana tēnei pūngao.

waka vesicular

waka Active me hāngū ngā kawe matū i roto i te puka o mirumiru vesicles ranei, na ka karanga te tukanga ko, aua, waka vesicular. E rua nga tu:

1. Endocytosis. I roto i tenei take, kua hangaia mirumiru i te membrane pūtau i roto i ona totoka tukanga absorption wai ranei. Vesicles kēne Kia maeneene te mea ranei i taha. Tenei tikanga o te kai he hua manu pūtau toto ma, me te epithelium tākihi.
2. Exocytosis. Ka rite ki te ingoa kōrero, ko te kōaro o te tetahi o mua tenei. He organelles roto te pūtau (hei tauira, Golgi taputapu), e kua "Kikī" taonga ki te vesicles, a ratou muri mai i roto i roto i te membrane.

waka hāngū: tūringiringi

Movement o te rōnaki kukū (tiketike ki iti) puta ki waho te whakamahi o te pūngao. E rua rerekē o waka hāngū - te rerewai me te tūringiringi. Ko te whakamutunga, ko te he kuware, me te ono tekau.

Rerewai rerekētanga matua ko e te tukanga o ngā rāpoi ngota neke e wahi i roto i te membrane semipermeable. He tūringiringi haere te rōnaki kukū puta i roto i te pūtau he membrane ki e rua ngā papa o ngā rāpoi ngota lipid. Tei aronga waka anake i runga i te maha o ngā matū i runga i ngā taha e rua o te membrane. I roto i tenei tikanga, te pūtau ô matū hydrophobic, rāpoi ngota neke, Urea, a kore e taea tomo pūmua, huka, katote, me te DNA.

I roto i te tūringiringi tukanga, te rāpoi ngota e ahu ki makona te katoa e wātea ana rōrahi, me te ki tiaro te kukū i rua taha o te membrane. Reira na tupu e he impermeable ranei painga permeable ki te taonga te membrane. I roto i tenei take, ai te pānga ki te osmotic ope e kēne e rua hanga he apiapi arai a totoro reira i piki haere te rahi o te köurarangi awa.

tūringiringi ngä

A, no te kore e ranei ma te waka o mea, ki te āwhina o pūmua motuhake te rōnaki kukū. Ratou e kei i runga i te pūtau membrane i te taua ara rite ATP rāpoi ngota. Ngā mihi ki a ia, e taea te rua mātātoa me hāngū waka.

I roto i tenei ara, i roto i te membrane he rāpoi nui (pūmua, DNA), matū neke, e ngā waikawa amino me te huka, katote. nui haere mihi ki te whai wāhitanga o te tere pūmua waka e rave rahi taime whakaritea ki te tūringiringi tikanga. Ko tei tenei whakatere i runga i te maha o ngā āhuatanga:

• taonga rōnaki roto me waho o te pūtau;
• nui o ngā rāpoi ngota kawe;
• auau here rawa me kaikawe;
• rōnaki mata i roto o te membrane pūtau.

Ahakoa tenei, kawea te waka i roto i te whakawhetai ki te mahi o nga pūmua kawe, a kore e ATP pūngao i roto i tenei take e whakamahia ana.

Ko te matua ngā āhuatanga e tohu ngä tūringiringi, ko:

1. whakawhiti Tere o matū.
2. waka selectivity.
3. Waiwai (ina e nohoia pūmua katoa).
4. Whakataetae i waenganui i matū (e tika ana ki te marena o te pūmua).
5. Tūtohutanga ki āpiha matū motuhake - inhibitors.

rerewai

Ka rite ki whakahuatia i runga ake, te rerewai - te kaupapa o matū me te rōnaki kukū puta noa te membrane semipermeable. whakaahua ana i te tukanga rerewai oti te nuinga o Le Chatelier-Braun parau tumu. ta te reira e te mea ko te pūnaha i taurite, mana i te waho, ka ahu te reira ki te hoki atu ki tona tu o mua. wā tuatahi ki te rerewai tītohunga tūpono i roto i te waenganui o te rau tau XVIII, engari ka kore ia i tāpiri nui faufaa. timata Ako o te tītohunga tau anake te rau i muri.

Ko te tuhaa tino nui i roto i te āhuatanga o te rerewai ko te membrane semipermeable e tika ana i iho anake rāpoi o te tetahi diameter āhuatanga ranei. Hei tauira, e rua rongoā ki nohanga rerekē, ka haere i te arai i roto i te whakarewa anake. ka haere tonu rite te roa rite te kukū i runga i ngā taha e rua o te membrane kore e waiho te taua tenei.

Rerewai whai wāhi nui i roto i te ora pūtau. hanga ana tēnei āhuatanga e taea ki te tomo ratou anake ki te hunga matū e e tika ana ki te paturu i te ora. Ko Whero membrane pūtau toto permeable ki te wai, te hāora, me ngā matūkai anake, engari nga pūmua e kua hanga e roto te pūtau toto whero, e kore e taea te tiki i roto i.

Ko te āhuatanga o te rerewai me te kitea tono mahi i roto i te ora ia rā. Ahakoa kahore ite i te reira, te iwi i roto i te tukanga o brining te kai whakamahia ko te parau tumu o te nekehanga o te rāpoi ngota me te rōnaki kukū. saline kukū "totoro" mo katoa o te wai i te hua, ai tuku ki te penapena ratou roa.