Te tikanga o te pūnaha io. Taumahi o te pūnaha io

Ia okana pūnaha ranei i roto i te tinana tākaro i te tūranga. I te wa ano e kōtuitui o katoa ratou. Te tikanga pūnaha io te amuitahiraa. Ko reira haepapa mo te ine i waenga i tinana me ngā pūnaha katoa, a mo te mahi o te kaiao rite te katoa. I roto i te kura wawe tīmata mohio ki te taua ariā maha-faceted, rite te pūnaha io. Grade 4 - ko tonu tamariki iti e kore e taea e te tangata e matau hohonu maha ariā pūtaiao matatini.

wae hanganga

Ko te kōwae matua hanganga me te mahi o te pūnaha io (NS) - neurons. Ko ratou pūtau ka hikaka matatini secreting tukanga me kite jitters, kua tukatuka reira, ka tuku ki ētahi atu pūtau. kia hoki whai neurons ki ngā pūtau modulating ngā pānga inhibitory ranei. Ko wāhanga o te bio me te tinana hemoregulyatsii ratou. Mai i te wāhi mahi o te tirohanga, neurons e tetahi o nga turanga o te whakahaere o te pūnaha io. ngā ratou e rave rahi atu taumata (rāpoi, iti-pūtau, synaptic, nadkletochny).

Neurons ngā o te tinana (Soma), te ringa roa (axon) me ngā tukanga iti wana (dendrites). I roto i ngā wāhanga rerekē o te pūnaha io, to ratou he āhua rerekē, me te rahi. I roto i etahi o ratou kia tae te roa axon 1.5 m. Whakarere ana i te kotahi neuron ki 1000 dendrites. E ai ki a ia atu te oaoa i te mau farii ohipa ki te tinana pūtau. Te taha te axon e tuku ponana ki ngā pūtau effector atu neurons ranei.

I roto i te pūtaiao, i reira ko te ariā o "synapse". Ko te axons o neurons, haere ki ētahi atu pūtau kamata wana, me te hanga i maha katinga ki a ratou. Enei wahi e huaina synapses. Axons ahua ai ratou e kore e anake i runga i ngā pūtau io. He Synapses i runga i nga muka uaua. He hakari ara i runga i ngā pūtau o te repe endocrine me tōiti toto enei whekau o te pūnaha io. hipoki muka io e ki anga tukanga glial o neurons. mahi ratou i te mahi whakahaerenga.

kūmuri io

Tenei mātauranga motuhake, kei i te matamata o ngā tukanga o muka karere. whakarato rātou i te tuku o ngā mōhiohio i roto i te puka o te pini. E whai wāhi ana te mutunga karere i roto i te hanganga o te mutunga whakawhitihia me ngā pūrere iteraa o rerekē whakahaere hanganga. Na roto i te taumahinga mavahe te:

• synapses e tuku ponana karere i waenganui i ngā pūtau io;

• receptors (afferent katinga), ārahi ngā mōhiohio i te taiao ā-waho ranei tauwehe scene;

• tuku effectors pini i ngā pūtau io ki ētahi atu te kopa.

Ko te pūnaha io

Ko te pūnaha io (NS) - he huinga integrated o te maha ngā hanganga kōtuitui o. whakatairanga te reira i te ture ruruku o whēkau katoa me whakarato te whakautu ki ngā āhuatanga rerekē haere. Ko te pūnaha io te tangata, fakafofonga'i nei e te whakaahua i roto i te here tuhinga tahi te mahi pūkaha, tūtohutanga me te mahi o ētahi atu pūnaha whakaritenga (ārai, endocrine). e pā ana mahi NA te ki:

• penetration anatomic ki nga okana katoa me te kopa;

• te whakatūnga me te arotautanga o te hononga i waenganui i te tinana, me te taiao e karapoti ana (taiao, me te pāpori);

• rurukutanga o tukanga pūkoro katoa;

• pūnaha kāwanatanga.

hanganga

Ko te tino matatini Anatomy o te pūnaha io. Ko reira he rota o ngā hanganga, rerekē i roto i te hanganga me te whakaaro. Te pūnaha io, he whakaahua o e whakaatu ki tona, kătahi ki nga okana katoa me te kopa o te tinana, e whai wāhi nui rite te akiaki roto, o waho kaiwhiwhi. Hoki tenei whakaaro he hanganga motuhake rongo e te hunga i roto i te analyzers pera-ka karanga. Ēnei ngā whakaaro neural motuhake e e taea ki te kite ngā mōhiohio taumai. Ko ētahi o ēnei te whai ake:

• proprioceptors kohi kōrero e pā ana ki te āhua o te uaua, fascia, hononga, wheua;

• exteroreceptors, kei roto i te kiri, kiriuhi mucous me te haapao ra ahei ki te kite whiwhi i te nanamu taiao o waho;

• interoreceptors kei roto i nga whekau, me te kopa, me te kawenga mō te hanga huringa matüora.

Ko te faufaa matua o te pūnaha io

NA rite te mahi kei te tata hono ki te ao, me te ki te mahi o te rauropi. Ki te reira i reira ko te perception o ngā mōhiohio, me te tātari. Ngā mihi ki tenei rapunga puta whakaohooho me whekau haere mai i tohu waho. Ko te pūnaha io te kawenga mō te whakautu a te tinana ki te kōrero riro. Ko reira e tika ana ki tona ngā ki urutau tangata whakarato tikanga ture humoral ki te ao.

Ko te uara o te pūnaha io ko ki te whakarato ruruku o ngā wāhanga tinana, me te te pupuri ona homeostasis (āhua taurite). Nā ki tona mahi puta kaiao urutaunga ki tetahi huringa i huaina whanonga urutau (kāwanatanga).

Ko te mahi taketake o te National Assembly

He tino maha io. Ko te hunga matua ko te whai ake:

• ture o te kopa faufaa, whēkau me ngā pūnaha i roto i te aratau noa;

• Integration (tuitui) o te tinana;

• tiaki o te hononga tangata ki te taiao;

• mana o te kāwanatanga o whekau takitahi me te rauropi rite he katoa;

• te whakarato me te whakaū i te āhua whakahohenga (kāwanatanga mahi);

• whakamāramatanga o te mahi o te iwi, me o ratou hauora hinengaro, e ko te pūtake o te ora pāpori.

Ko te pūnaha io te tangata, e whakaahua aroaro i runga whakarato tukanga whakaaro taua:

• perception, ako me te tukatuka mōhiohio;

• tātari me te kōtuitanga;

• hanganga o hihiri;

• rite ki wheako tīariari;

• i ngā whāinga, me te whakamahere;

• te ako mahi (hapa ako);

• aro mātai o mahi;

• hanga whakaritenga, kitenga me whakatau noa (waitara) ariā.

Te pūnaha io roto i tua ki te tohu me te waha ana ake mahi arataukai. Ngā mihi ki te rauropi tohaina biologically matū kaha whakarato mahi faufaa innervated whēkau. Mana, e kua tangohia o taua recharge, faifai atrophy me te mate. Ko te tino nui hoki te tangata i te pūnaha io. A, no te whakakē i tētahi āhuatanga taiao tīariari ki a ratou mai te tinana urutau ki te huru hou.

Ngā tukanga e tupu i roto i te NA

Ko te pūnaha io tangata, he tino māmā, me te māmā te kaupapa, he kawenga hoki te pāhekoheko o te rauropi me te taiao. Hei whakarite e waha ana i te reira i roto i taua tukanga:

• transduction, huringa e tohu jitters ritenga;

• huringa, e puta i roto i te faafariuraa o te excitation hou ki etahi āhuatanga i roto i te ngaa i te tahi atu āhuatanga;

• tohatoha o excitation haere tohutohu rerekē;

• whakatauira, i te mea he ara o hanga ritenga, whakakapi tona pūtake rawa;

• puoro, e taui te pūnaha io, ranei ona mahi.

Te tikanga o te pūnaha io tangata ngā ano o pāhekoheko o te tinana ki te taiao. Ko te kupu i reira e rerekē ngā urupare ki tetahi momo o whakaohooho. Ko te momo matua o te puoro:

• whakaongaonga (whakahohenga), ko ki te whakarei ake i te mahi o te hanganga karere (he tino tenei āhua);

• inhibition, pehanga (inhibition) arā, i roto i te whakaiti i te mahi o nga hanganga io;

• hononga manavasii rangitahi, i te mea he whanaketanga o ara tuku hou o excitation;

• whakarereke kirihou, māngai nei te sensitization (whakapai ake o te whakawhiti o te excitation) me Habituation (auau ino);

• te faaitoitoraa o te tinana, te whakarato i te tauhohenga pūpū o te tinana tangata.

whāinga NA

Ko te mahi matua o te pūnaha io:

• Reception - huringa hopu i roto i te taiao ā-waho ranei. Kei te kawea te reira i roto i na tikanga o pūoko pūnaha receptor me tohu te perception o aunoa, waiariki, matū, hiko, me te tahi atu momo o whakaohooho.

• Transduction - tahuri (whakawaehere) te tohu taumai ki jitters, i te mea he awa o ngātere ki te āhuatanga ritenga tūturu.

• whakatinanatanga o, arā, i roto i te tuku o te excitation o huarahi karere i roto i te tika wahi, me te NA ki effectors (tinana whakahaere).

• Tirohanga - te hanganga o te tauira whakaongaonga neural (he whanaketanga o te whakapakoko rongo). hanga ana tēnei tukanga te pikitia tuakiri o te ao.

• Transformation - te huringa o te excitation pa i effector. Ko tōna whakaaro, ko te ki te faaohipa whakautu a te tinana ki te huringa o te taiao. Ko te kupu i reira ko te tuku downlink o excitation i te teitei ki wahi o raro rawa-takoto o te CNS PNS ranei (whekau mahi, te kopa).

• Aromātai o ngā hua o te mahi o te National Assembly ki te awhina o urupare me te afferent (rongo mōhiohio tuku).

Ko te hanganga o te National Assembly

Ko te pūnaha io tangata, te ara iahiko o nei whakaaturia te runga ake, kua wehea ki te hanganga me te functionally. e kore e taea te mohio ki NA mahi tino, i waho ui nga āhuatanga matua o ona momo. Anake e ako ratou mahi, e taea te mohio te matatini o te huarahi katoa. Kei te wehea te pūnaha io ki:

• pokapū (CNS), e te mauria atu te tauhohenga i ngā taumata o te whīwhiwhi, i huaina reflexes. Ka kite ia i te whakaohooho riro i te taiao, me te i te okana. Kei roto te reira i te roro, me te ua.

• Tāpiri (PNS) honotanga te pūnaha io pokapū ki okana me wahi. He tawhiti atu i te roro, me te ua ona neurons. E kore te mea tiaki e wheua, kia pängia ana ki te kino aunoa. Anake e tika ana ki te mahi noa o PNS taea ruruku o nekehanga o te tangata. Tenei pūnaha te kawenga mō te whakautu o te tinana ki ngā āhuatanga taumaha me te ati. Ngā mihi ki a ia, i roto i taua āhuatanga, whakaora te pini, me whakaara ake te taumata o te Adrenaline. Diseases o te pūnaha io piringa e pa i te mahi io pokapū.

Kei te tito PNS o paihere o muka karere. haere tawhiti ratou tua atu i te roro, me te ua, me te tono tangata ki tinana rerekē. Ko ratou i huaina raru. Ki PNS He ganglia (kōpuku). He tautau o ngā pūtau io ratou.

E wehewehea Diseases o te pūnaha io piringa i runga i taua parau tumu: Matawhenua-kikokiko, etiological, pathogenesis, Pathomorphology. Ko ētahi o ēnei:

• radiculitis;

• plexites;

• funikulity;

• ki Pālesi, poly- me multinevrity.

Na roto i te etiology, kua wehea ratou ki hopuhopu (koiora, viral), paitini, pāwera, discirkulatornaya, dysmetabolic, ngaukino, tuku, idiopathic kompressiyno-rere pūroto, vertebral. kia PNS mate tuatahi (repera, leptospirosis, pakewakewa) me te tuarua (i muri i mate tamarikitanga, mononucleosis, ki periarteritis nodosa). E ai Pathomorphology pathogenesis me kua wehea ratou ki neuropathy (radiculopathy), neuritis (radiculitis), me te roro.

Ko te āhuatanga o te pūnaha io

Kei te nuinga o whakaritea mahi kahuki i te āhuatanga o pokapū karere, e te hunga i te huinga o ngā hanganga CNS. whakarite ratou mahi ruruku te ture o ngā mahi tinana mahi pūpū ranei. pokapū io i te maha o ngā āhuatanga noa tautuhia e te hanganga me te mahi o ngā synaptic (whakapā i waenganui i neurons me ētahi atu te kopa):

• tukanga excitation sidedness. Ka tohaina ki runga ki te pewa pūpū i roto i te kotahi aronga.

• irradiation o excitation takoto i roto i te meka e te hua nui i roto i te kaha o te tukanga roha whakahihiko mara whai wāhi i roto i neurons puta.

• Whakarāpopoto excitation. whakahaerehia ana tēnei tukanga e te aroaro o te tini o hoapā synaptic.

• ngenge High. Roa whakaongaonga toutou tupu paruparu pūpū tauhohenga.

• whakaroa Synaptic. Ko tino ti'aturi i runga i te tere, me te wa o te whakatö excitation puta noa te synapse wā urupare pūpū. I roto i te tangata, kotahi taua whakaroa ko e pā ana ki 1 ms.

• reo, e tohu ana te aroaro o te mahi papamuri.

• plasticity, ko te āhuatanga tino whakarerekē i te pikitia whānui o tauhohe pūpū.

• pūtahitanga o tohu karere, e whakatau ngā mōhiohio tikanga ara afferent whaiaroaro (awa tonu o ponana karere).

• Integration o ngā mahi o te pūtau i roto i te pokapū io.

• Āhuatanga tino karere ruma, āhuatanga e nui ake excitability, kaha ki te excitation me aofangatuku.

• pūnaha io cephalization, he ki te neke, te tinana tuitui i te mahi i roto i te wahi nui o te CNS me kukū i roto i to ratou mahi ture.