Te ōrite papatipu titiwha

E ai ki nga kupu o te hanganga o te tamau o te ture, tonu tetahi pūhui parakore matū i roto i te hanganga ine taua i roto i kore ara ti'aturi i runga i te tikanga o tona production, rite tuatahi ka korerotia te pūtaiao ao J. Proust i 1801-1808 gg. Kua puta tenei ture rite ki te hua o te tautohe nga Utaina Wīwī Proust ko Jean K. Berthollet. whakapono te tuatahi o ratou e te hononga i waenganui i te ngā āhuatanga o te pūhui hua i te āhua tūturu, ka kite i te rua o te rerekētanga o ngā hononga. Kotahi rau tau i muri mai, a tawhio noa 1912-1913. NS whakapumautia Kurnakov te oraraa o hononga ki te āhua tāupe o te hanganga, i karangatia e ia "berthollides". tuku ana tēnei rōpū te pūhui, tioata: phosphides, waikura, carbides, me ētahi atu. hanganga o te pūhui ki te pūāhua tūturu i runga i te NS tono kaipūtaiao ka mohiotia Kurnakova rite "daltonides". Ko te ture tika tonu i roto i te faatura o matū haurehu waihā me te wai.

O te ture hanganga tamau whakatakoto whai reira arorau e hono nga matū nga mea timatanga ki tetahi ki tetahi i roto i te tino whāiti te hanganga. I roto i tenei whakaaro, i reira he he ariā i roto i te matū ōrite, i whakamaoritia i Latin tikanga "rite." I roto i te kupu, te ōrite - he matū matūriki here nei i te maha etahi o ngā wā iti iho i te ratou wae tātai hāngai. hāngai Tetahi tau ōrite ki te āhua o te matū hohe, tohu me te momo o te faaineineraa o te tauhohenga matū. Ko reira hoki te maha o ōrite wehewehe te huānga ngā i roto i te hanganga o te pūhui - mō ngā rōpū o ngā katote rāpoi ranei mōhiotia. I roto i te tauhohe o te momo utu, hei tauira, te papatipu titiwha o takoto taonga ōrite e haere i te stoichiometry tauhohenga.

Tikanga, he tokomaha o nga āhuatanga e taea o hanga hononga maha i waenganui ia ratou. Na reira, kia whai i te ōrite o te pūmotu, rite pai rite te taimaha ōrite titiwha, uara rerekē, titiro atu i te hanganga o te pūhui whakamātautau i tāutuhia. Heoi, i roto i ngā take pērā, ka taea te fakafekau'aki ngā ritenga o te huānga taua ki ia atu rite te tau tōpu āhua iti. Hei tauira, i kitea te papatipu titiwha o te ōrite waro i roto i te hanganga te hauhā me te waro waikura rerekē me ko e pā ana ki te 3 karamu / kamiriona, me 6 g / mol, a he rite ki te ōwehenga o te 1 te ōwehenga o te uara kitea: 2. Tikanga, te nuinga o nga pūhui Kei roto te papatipu titiwha o ritenga hauwai rite ki tetahi, me te hāora - waru karamu ia kamiriona. Ōrite - ko te nui o te taonga kopakia ana te wahi kotahi kamiriona o irahiko honohono.

He maha ngā tikanga ki experimentally whakatau pēhea te nui ōrite papatipu titiwha o mea katoa huānga:

• tikanga Direct. Kei te hāngai te reira i runga i te raraunga i whiwhi i te ariā o te hauwai me te hāora pūhui o te huānga e hiahiatia ana.
• tikanga autaki. Engari whakamahi reira hauwai me te hāora ki ētahi atu āhuatanga o te ōrite mohiotia.
• tikanga displacement. Ko tā te reira i tango o te hauwai i te otinga waikawa mā te whakamahi i etahi tauira whakarewa.
• Ko te tikanga tātari. I runga anō i te tātaitanga o te wahi papatipu o te taonga i roto i tetahi o ona pūhui.
• tikanga iahiko mā te whakamahi i ngā raraunga iahiko.

whakamahia titiwha ōrite papatipu te ki te mahi tātai ine i roto i ngā taunekeneke matū i roto i matū mohiotia. He painga nui konei ko e ki te whakaoti i te raruraru ki reira te kahore he take ki te whakamahi i te whārite o te tauhohenga matū, i te mea ano hoki uaua ki te tuhituhi. E mea titauhia anake ki mohio e nga matū whai wāhi pāhekoheko, te taonga ranei - he hua o te tauhohenga matū.