Te Duke o Alba: haurongo

Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, Tiuka o Alba, parau te rota o ngā meka e pā ana ki tona ora, me te mahi nei haurongo, i whanau i roto i te 1507. Ko te whānui pai-mohiotia Spanish, me te he Statesman rongonui. No te mea o tona nanakia i tapaina a "Iron Duke".

Childhood me tamarikitanga o te toto Duke heke mai

I whanau Fernando De Toledo i runga i Oketopa 29, 1508 i roto i tetahi o nga hapu rangatira matamua a tino o Spain. mate tona papa, ka ko Alvarez de Toledo tau taitamariki tonu, ka ka kawea ake te koroua tino. i hanga e ia kaha katoa ki te tupu i te tamaiti ki te kahui ka Katorika, te pononga pono o te kingi, me te hoia titiaifaro. I te tau ono nga tau o kua mahi Duke o Alba hei āpiha i roto i te kaupapa o te emepera Charles V ki te French.

Mai 1531 Kua kairau a Fernando he tūranga ārahi i roto i ngā mahi ki te Turkey. Ano, ka whakatairangatia ana ia ki whānui i muri i rua nga tau, a whakanuia ia i roto i te whakapae o Tunis i 1535. I muri parururaa i Perpignan i whawhai French i roto i 1542-m, i whakaritea e ia e Charles te kaitohutohu hōia Tuarima ki tona mono, Philippe.

Nga whawhai o te rā tino pai-mohiotia

Te Duke o Alba whakahau te kaieke hoiho, i te nuinga o wāhi ki te wikitoria emepaea o Mühlberg i 1547. A i muri i rima nga tau, ka mau a Fernando Alvarez runga te kupu whānui o te ope Spanish i roto i Itari. Otiia, e kore i taea e te Duke ārai te hinga o nga ope emepaea, rite te putanga o tenei kua arahina ki te Tuhinga o te emepera i roto i 1556.

Piripi II, ka Kingi o Spain, Fernando de Toledo, kawana whakaritea o Milan, me te te rangatira o nga ope hōia o Itari. He ko te Duke o Alba whawhai he whawhai ki te ope Rome o Paora te Faá, nei ko te hoa o te French, i te matenga o ma rua mano hoia Spanish. I te tupato i te whakaeke tika i runga i Roma, e reira he kahore te tāruarua o 1527.

Ko te taea o te Pope, te wikitoria oti o Fernando ranei

ahua Papa e akiaki ana hoariri ki te rangaawatea, tumanako e ka hopu tenei wa ake ki nga hōia French, engari ka mau ratou ki nga Spaniards ka patua i te Battle o San Quentin. A i waho i te tautoko o te ope tūmanakohia i patua hōia Rome. meinga Fernando Alvarez te Pope ki farii i te ao i roto i te 1557, i whakaratohia te faatîtîraa Spanish i roto i Itari mo neke atu i te kotahi rau tau.

I roto i te taua tau i waenganui i nga piriniha o Spain me France hainatia he rangaawatea i roto i Cateau-Cambrésis. I roa tenei kirimana, ko te kūrae Italian i roto i te āhua auroa o te okiokinga. Na nui te wā i muri i roto i te haurongo o te Fernando rongonui - he pakanga o te Duke o Alba i 1567 me tona tikanga muri i roto i te Netherlands, i mahue nei kua he tohu hohonu i roto i te aamu no te mea o ngā nanakia, me te toto.

mahi toto o te Duke rongonui

I roto i August 1566 ko te Netherlands maunu iconoclastic, i roto i nei i pahuatia ara whakangaromia te maha e kore anake o monasteries, engari ano hahi me whakapakoko Katorika ranei. Hei whakaoti i te raruraru o ngā take ā-iwi, me te karakia tonoa Korol Filipp II Fernando arahina te ope tīpako i roto i te Netherlands. He mahue te Duke o Alba, whakawhānui i runga i tenei wā nei haurongo, he mau haamana'oraa tino toto.

tomo Fernando te rohe o te Brussels August 22, 1567, a ka whakaritea kawana-whānui. A he torutoru ra i muri mai i whakaturia e ia te "Kaunihera Toto" ki te pehi titorehanga, me te tutu. Kei te mahi tenei Kaunihera ki te austerity pakeke. Ahakoa e rua o nga rangatira tino nui, me te rongonui o te whenua, kauwhata, vahe o te rangatira Ara, Egmont ko Horn, i hopukina ka hoatu ki runga ki te tamataraa. i muri e mahi ana ratou.

Ko te pūnaha tāke hou

Hoki i waiho i raro executions ki neke atu i te kotahi mano nga tangata o rarangi katoa, a he tokomaha rere ki waho mo ngā take haumaru. te hunga katoa mau, mahi ana Pipiri 5, 1568 i te Town Hall Square i Brussels. Te Duke o Alba ki te pūāhua uaua, kihai i ia tino i roto i te tika Ara. ka kite ia i te reira rite te aroha mo nga defendants. Na reira, Fernando Alvarez meinga mahi ka kaiwhakaatu maha.

Tiaki o ngā hōia i roto i te Flanders uta e utu ōhanga nui. Na whakaritea te Duke toto o Alba ki te whakauru i tētahi puka hou o taake i roto i nga whenua Benelux, e hāngai ana te nuinga i runga i te pūnaha tāke Spanish i te tere o te tekau ōrau i runga i ia whakawhitinga o taonga. E rave rahi o te kawanatanga i taua wa hokona tona ara ki runga ki te utu kotahi-wā, ka anga āwangawanga hohonu i roto i tenei whakaaro, e turakina te te pai o nga whenua Benelux te.

Motika o te utu o te takoha, tutu whakatikanga ake ranei

Ētahi kainoho e pai ki te utu i te "whakatekau" rite Nō tenei pupirikana, ka tīmata te ngangau hohoro horahia puta noa i te Netherlands. tapaina a te Piriniha o Orange, ngā William te Silent te Huguenots i France, kia kia whakarato ratou te tautoko e tika ana, a ka anga ka ki te tautoko i te hunga tutu. Ia, me ki ngā hōia i France ka mau ahau i tetahi rota o ngā wāhi.

āhuatanga te whakapaenga o Haarlem e mahi tutu o ngā taha e rua. puta ia i te tukunga o te pa, me te mate o e pā ana ki e rua mano tangata. Nā ki te pakanga roa, me te tāmitanga nanakia o tangata tutu nei pau te Duke o Alba, noaa te Hōrana ia te īngoa "Iron Duke".

Kua tona ingoa kua whakamahia hoki whakatö-i roto i te kawe a ki atu pānga i runga i te mana'oo anti-Spanish. noho rongonui Fernando i te ope Spanish, e kihai i feaa e ia he meneti kotahi, tonu i taea e tika imi i te huru o te iwi.

Ko te hokinga ki Spain, te tau whakamutunga o tona ora ranei

Ahakoa o te whawhai haere tonu, e kore ko te āhuatanga i roto i te Netherlands i manakohia o Spain. I muri maha tāmitanga, i roa hoki rima tau, e pā ana ki executions me amuamu tamau rima mano faaoti Piripi II ki te noho i te āhuatanga mā te tuku Fernando de Toledo, ki te hoki ki Spain.

rere Duke i Holland, haea tonu i whakakeke, Hakihea 18, 1573. I tona hokinga mai ki a Spain, kitea Fernando ia i roto i o manakohia ki te kingi. Heoi, e whitu nga tau i muri mai, ua faaue Piripi II te raupatu o Potukali ki a ia.

Ka moe a Fernando Alvarez i te 1527 tona whanaunga Maria Enrique de Toledo. Garcia, Fadrique, Diego ko Beatriz: Mai i tenei faaipoiporaa wha kainga mahue ia. He he ano hoki taunakitanga pakipūmeka, e whanau tona tamaiti matamua i te poriro ki roto, i whanau nei i te tamahine o te Miller.

Te Duke o Alba, he whakaahua o e, o te akoranga, iti te mohiotia he tangata noa, engari mōhio ki tetahi tumu kōrero e tuatapapa i te haurongo o tuakiri rongonui, mate i roto i Lisbon i 11 Hakihea 1582. i whakawhiti kōiwi Fernando ki Alba de Tormes, a tanumia i roto i te ohu o San Leonardo.