Pūtaiao Classical o teie tau

– одна из важнейших эпох в истории. atamira Classic i roto i te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao - tetahi o nga wā tino nui i roto i te aamu. Pūkete reira hoki 17-19 rau. Ko te wā o tenei nga āhuatanga tino nui, me te hanga. . Te nuinga whakawhetai ki te whakatutukitanga o pūtaiao e whai whakaaro mai te reira rite te wā matarohia o te pūtaiao. I roto i tenei tau o te matauranga o te tauira i whakatakotoria ai. . Kia whai whakaaro ano tatou atu he aha ko te pūtaiao o te wā puāwaitanga.

atamira

началось с формирования механистической картины мира. timata Hanganga o te pūtaiao puāwaitanga ki te hanganga o te pikitia mechanistic o te ao. whakatakotoria te whakaaro i roto i te pūtake o taua mea e nga ture o te ahupūngao, te tono rehe ki te taiao e kore anake, engari ano i roto i te tahi atu ao, tae atu ki ngā mahi i te kamupene o. формировалась постепенно. i hanga e āta pūtaiao Classical. Ko te wāhanga tuatahi kua ki 17-18 tenetere. Kei te hono te reira ki te kitea o te ture o te Newton tōpapa me te whanaketanga o tana whakatutukitanga i pūtaiao Pākehā. I roto i te wā tuarua - i roto i te mutunga o 18, me te tīmatanga o te rau tau 19. - tīmata te pārōnaki o pūtaiao. I makatuunga reira e takaí ahumahi.

āhuatanga

обладает следующими специфическими чертами: He nga āhuatanga motuhake e whai ake nei pūtaiao Classical:

1. Ka rite ki te wāhi matua o te matauranga taunaki ahupūngao. Ko o te whakaaro i te mea te reira i roto i tenei ako Scientists hāngai e te tahi atu nga tohutohu katoa, e kore anake tūturu engari fakaetangatá ano hoki. whakaaro ahupūngao Newtonian te ao rite te tikanga ki te whakahiato tinana rauemi, e faaterehia e te ture tūturu tino nei nekehanga. he māramatanga taua o te mea kei te tupu horahia ki ngā tukanga oraraa totiare.
2. I kitea e te ao i rite te huinga o ope o repulsion me attraction. представляла как перемещение элементов вещества, лишенных качественных особенностей. tukanga katoa, tae atu pāpori, te pūtaiao puāwaitanga o teie tau kanohi rite te kaupapa o te āhuatanga o te mea, kowaiwai o ngā āhuatanga kounga. Matua i roto i nga tikanga ka anga ki te whiwhi tātaitanga, kua arotahi inenga pau i runga i.
3. нового времени формировалась на собственной основе. tipu Puāwaitanga pūtaiao hou i runga i ona ake pūtake. Ehara i te mea i raro i te mana o waiaro fakalotú, ka okioki anake i runga i ona kitenga.
4. на сложившуюся в эпоху Средневековья систему образования. rapunga whakaaro Classical o pūtaiao pā te nāianei i roto i te pūnaha mātauranga Anotau. timata ngā whare wānanga ki te tāpiri institution mātauranga kuratini motuhake. I roto i tenei hōtaka mātauranga i hanga e e te kaupapa rerekē. Kei te hāngai te reira i roto i whakapae te wahi tuatahi i rehe, ka haere ahupūngao me te matū, te koiora, me te pāpori.

Ko te Age o Māmá

taka te reira i runga i te pito 17 o te rau tau 18. находилась под влиянием идей Ньютона. I tenei wā o te pūtaiao puāwaitanga i raro i te mana o ngā whakaaro a Newton. I roto i tona mahi, hua ia taunakitanga e kitea mahara i roto i ngā āhuatanga teretetiera, - ko reira te kaha ano e pupuri ana i te ao i roto i te āmionga me ētahi atu tinana tiretiera. Kua tae mai tokomaha mataotao ki te whakaaro o te timatanga ao, me te aroaro o Newton. Heoi, ko te kaiaka o te muri takoto i roto i te meka i taea ki te whakapuaki i te kaha taketake o mahara i roto i te pikitia o te ao ia. Tenei tauira ko te turanga noa te rau tau 19. i wero tauira e Einstein ko Bohr. Tuatahi, i roto i ngā, whakamatauria e ka te tere o te marama me te tawhiti nui āhuatanga megaworld, wāhi me te wā, me te tika, me te papatipu tinana kore e whakarongo ki te ture a Newton. Pūtiwha, kitea te ite ako microcosm e matūriki timatanga hoki e kore e tono i te ture ahu mua. Ka taea te tohu o ratou whanonga anake i roto i runga i te ariā o te tūponotanga.

tirohanga rationalist

. Tenei Ko tetahi o nga āhuatanga matua, e kua pūtaiao puāwaitanga. I roto i Māmá i te feruriraa o pūtaiao kī ao faatano rite te ātete ki fakalotu (e hāngai ana i runga i mārika). I whakapono te reira e puta te whanaketanga ao rite ki te ture tūturu ki reira anake. Ko te whakaaro o taua whaiaro e whiwhi-kua mohiotia kua i roto i te "rehe tiretiera" o Rāpāra. Ka whakakapi Bible "Encyclopedia o Crafts, Toi me Sciences", hanga e Rousseau, Voltaire ko Diderot.

"Knowledge - kaha"

I roto i te Māmá, kua whakaaro pūtaiao te mahi tino whaimana. Bacon ko te kaituhi o te rongonui pepeha "matauranga - kaha". whakapumautia te reira i te tirohanga i roto i te feruriraa o te iwi e te matauranga tangata, me te ahunga whakamua pāpori whai pūmanawa nui. Kua riro tenei mentality te ingoa o mariu pāpori, me te hinengaro. I tenei kaupapa, i hanga maha utopias pāpori. i muri tata tonu i te whakaputanga o T. Mora, ia te pukapuka o T. Campanella, Francis Bacon. I roto i te mahi whakamutunga, "te Atlantis New" i tuatahi whakaturia i roto i te kaupapa mo te whakahaere kāwanatanga. – Петти - сформулировал исходные принципы познания в сфере хозяйственной деятельности. Ko te kaiwhakarewa o ohaoha puāwaitanga - Petty - whakatakoto nga mau parau tumu o te matauranga i roto i te ao o te mahi ohaoha. whakaarohia e ia tikanga mō te tātai moni motu. рассматривала богатство, как гибкую категорию. whakaaro ohaoha Puāwaitanga te taonga, rite te kāwai hangore. I roto i ngā, ka mea a Petty e te moni o te rangatira, tei runga i te nui o te painga o nga tangata katoa. Nä, ko te atu e hei taonga io ratou, te atu koe e taea te kohikohi takoha i ratou.

institutionalization

ko ia i roto i te Māmá kaua kaha. Ko reira i timata tenei wāhi ki te tango i te hanga i te whakahaere puāwaitanga o te pūnaha pūtaiao, e te vai tonu tenei ra. I roto i te Māmá whakatika pūtahi motuhake whakakotahi pūtaiao ngaio. i huaina ratou pukenga o Sciences. I 1603 i reira ko te whare taua tuatahi. Ko te Academy Roma. Ka rite ki tetahi o ona mema o tuatahi Galileo whakamana. Kei te mea te reira e hohoro ko reira awhina Academy te whakaako o te whakaeke hahi. I te 1622 i hanga he whare rite i roto i Ingarangi. I roto i 1703 ka te matenga o te Royal Academy Newton. I roto i te 1714 ka reira he mema ke o Prince Menshikov, whakatata Pita te nui. I te 1666 ka whakaturia reira Academy o Sciences i France. E whiriwhiria anake ona mema o e kawenata ki te Kingi. I roto i tenei take, te ariki (i te wa i reira Louis XIV) whakakitea he anaanatae i roto i te mahi o te Academy. pōtitia Foreign-mema i roto i 1714, Pita ia i te tuatahi. Ki te tona tautoko, i te 1725, i hanga te faanahoraa rite i roto i Russia. Ka rite ki te tuatahi o ona ngā mema i pōtitia e te Bernoulli (he kaikoiora me mathematician) ko Hēura (mathematician). I muri mai, kua te Academy kua manakohia a Lomonosov. I te wa ano tīmata ahau ki te whakapiki ake i te taumata o te rangahau i roto i ngā whare wānanga. timata whare wānanga Motuhake ki te puta. Hei tauira, i roto i te 1747 i whakatuwheratia te kura Mining i Paris. puta te whare rite i roto i Russia i 1773

whāiti

Ka rite ki te atu taunakitanga o te whakapai ake i te whakahaere o te pūnaha pūtaiao i roto i te takanga manakohia o ngā wāhanga motuhake o te matauranga. Ko ratou he hōtaka rangahau motuhake. whakaaro ia I. Latkatos, i roto i i hanga tenei tau nga wāhi matua 6. E ai ki a ia kawea i roto i te ako:

1. momo rerekē o te pūngao.
2. production Metallurgical.
3. Electricity.
4. tukanga matū.
5. Biology.
6. Astronomy.

Ko te ariā matua

Ahakoa te pārōnaki hohe tika i roto i te oraraa no te tino etahi pūnaha pūtaiao matarohia, te reira tonu tonu tetahi haapa'o ki etahi ngā huarahi whānui me ngā puka o rationality. e, i roto i te meka, te awe ratou te mana wä. I roto i enei āhuatanga ko te whakaaro e whai ake nei:

1. Ko te faaiteraa whakamutunga o te pono i roto i te puka whakamutunga tino, e kore e whakawhirinaki i runga i te huru o te matauranga. Kei te rite te whakaritenga huarahi i roto i te whakamārama, me te whakaahua i te kāwai ariā Päkehä (kaha, wāhi rauemi, a kia ki runga ki) e i tikanga ki te whakakapi ngā tūturu me ratou whanaungatanga te tikanga taua whakatikaia.
2. Tāutatanga i runga i te whakaahuatanga causal unambiguous o nga ngā, me ngā tukanga. waho e hāngai ana te reira i runga i te tūponotanga me ngā āhuatanga matapōkere, i kite nei i rite te hua o te matauranga oti, me te mauria mai tuakiri i roto i te te ihirangi.
3. Ko te wehe i te horopaki pūtaiao he āhuatanga tuakiri, me te whaiaro i rawe ki ki tona tikanga, me modalities o te whakatinanatanga o ngā mahi rangahau.
4. Tikanga o ngā o te matauranga kia rite ki ngā pūnaha ohie, whakarongo ki nga whakaritenga o te pumau pateko, me ona āhuatanga matua.

pūtaiao Classical me kore-puāwaitanga

I roto i te mutunga o te 19 - wawe senituli hono 20, kua mohio whānuitia te whakaaro o te runga ake. I hanga i runga i to ratou kaupapa i te puka puāwaitanga o rationality pūtaiao. I riro te reira e hanga te pikitia o te ao kei te me tino tika. I roto i te heke mai, ka hiahia anake koe ki te whakamahine me te kikokiko i roto i etahi o ona wāhanga. Heoi, kua pai hītori ahua rerekē. I tohua tēnei wā i te maha o ngā āhuatanga e i roto i kore ara pai ki te pikitia o te vairaa mau vai. Bor, Thompson, tēnei wā, Dirac, Einstein, Broglie, Panēke, Heisenberg, me te maha o te tahi atu pūtaiao revolutionized ahupūngao. Kua whakamatauria ratou te unsoundness taketake o te pūtaiao mechanistic whakapumautia. kua whakatakotoria i roto i te mau tautooraa o enei pūtaiao te turanga mo te mo'oni aronui-relativistic hou. Na kua oho te pūtaiao ki te wā kore-puāwaitanga hou. roa tenei wā tae noa ki te 60raa o te rau tau 20. I roto i tenei wā, i reira ko tetahi raupapa o huringa hou i roto i ngā wāhi rerekē o te matauranga. I roto i te ahupūngao i hanga aronui me ariā relativistic i roto i te arorangi - te ariā o te ao kore-pahoho. Kua whakaratohia e te putanga o te iranga te huringa tuwhena i roto i te matauranga koiora. Systems ariā, kua hanga cybernetics he wāhi nui ki te hanganga o peita kore-puāwaitanga. Kua arahina tenei katoa ki te whanaketanga o te whakaaro frontal i roto i te hangarau ahumahi me te mahi pāpori.

Ko te ngako o te revolution

– естественные явления, возникшие в ходе становления и расширения системы. pūtaiao Classical me kore-puāwaitanga - ari tūturu puta i roto i te hanganga me te roha o te pūnaha. Te whakawhiti i tetahi era ki tetahi necessitates te hanganga o te puka hou o rationality. I roto i tenei tikanga, te kōmihana kiia o te revolution i runga i te tauine ao. takoto Ko tōna ngako i roto i te meka e te ihirangi o te "tinana" o hinengaro whakahaere ki te kaupapa. matau Puāwaitanga rangahau pūtaiao mooni ko rite te ahanoa. I roto i te anga o ngā ariā tīariari o te matauranga e kore e whakawhirinaki i runga i te tumu parau ki nga tikanga me te tikanga o tona mahi. Ko te tauira nonclassical rite te whakaritenga matua ki te whiwhi i te whakaahuatanga pono o te mo'oni mahi kaute, me te explication taunekeneke i waenganui i te ahanoa me nga tikanga i nei kawea reira hinengaro. Ka rite ki te hua, ke reira te tauira o te pūtaiao. Kaupapa matauranga kore whakaaro rite mooni whāinga tino, a rite tona wāhanga motuhake i roto i te tikanga poro tomu'a, puka, te tikanga ako.

Puāwaitanga, pūtaiao nonclassical me pou-nonclassical

No te timatanga te 60raa o rau whakamutunga te whakawhiti ki te atamira qualitatively hou. kua tae mai Pūtaiao ki te whiwhi i te motuhake postnonclassical (hou) ngā āhuatanga. I tenei wā o te revolution ka mau wahi tika i roto i te āhua o te mahi hinengaro. I makatuunga reira e huringa tuwhena i roto i nga tikanga, me te tikanga o te whiwhi, te tukatuka, te rokiroki, te tuku me te aro mātai te matauranga. Ki te whakaaro tatou pūtaiao postnonclassical i roto i ngā o te momo huringa o rationality, reira tino whakawhānui te hōkai o te whakaata huarahi i roto i te pā ana ki te tawhā matua me te wāhanga hanganga o nga mahi rangahau. I roto i te rerekē ki te pūnaha mua-ngā, e titau te reira i te aromatawai o taunekeneke me mediations o te matauranga e kore anake ki te ngā mahi motuhake me moni kaupapa rangahau, engari ano hoki ngā āhuatanga uara-whakawhirinaki, e ko, ki te whakamārama pāpori-ahurea o te taitahi hītori rite te taiao tūturu. tauira Non-puāwaitanga whai wāhi te whakamahi o tauwehe huarahi aroaro i roto i te puka o te ngä ki te tikanga o te mātakitaki, āhua tatauranga me te probabilistic o te matauranga kïnakitanga o ngā reo ngā whakaahuatanga. Ko te tauira hou o te pūnaha tataki te kairangahau ki te aromatawai i te hanganga o tītohu, whakapai ake o ngā tukanga whaiaro whakahaere-i roto i te mooni knowable. Ko tā te reira i te ako o ngā i roto i te tirohanga o mua, tango ki pūkete te mahi ngātahi, pānga synergistic o ratou taunekeneke me te coexistence. Ko te mahi matua o te kairangahau ko te hangaia anō ariā o ngā tae noa ki te whānui o ona mediations me hononga. E whakarato ana i te faaoaoaraa pūnahanaha, me te katoa o te tukanga whakapakoko i roto i te reo o te pūtaiao.

Ko te pau o te tauira hou

Kei te mea te reira e whakaahua katoa o nga tohu matua o te parae whāinga pūtaiao postnonclassical taea. Ko tenei e tika ana ki te meka e tohatoha reira ona rauemi mātauranga, me te mau tautooraa tata ao katoa o mooni, tae atu i te pūnaha pāpori-ahurea, āhua, vahi wairua, me te hinengaro. Akoranga pūtaiao Postnonclassical nga tukanga o te kukuwhatanga rangi, nga take tangata o pāhekoheko ki te ao koiora, te putanga o hangarau matatau me i nanoelectronics ki neuro-rorohiko, te whakaaro o te evolutionism ao, me te tahi-te kukuwhatanga, a nui atu. Hoki te tauira hou āhuatanga e te arotahi whitinga me te rapu raruraru-hāngai. Ka rite ki ngā o ako i tenei ra ko nga pūnaha pāpori, me te taiao ahurei, i roto i nei i te tangata, ko te hanganga reira.

mutunga

he urunga faahiahia pērā i roto i te ao o ngā pūnaha pūtaiao tangata hanga tikanga katoa hou. hanga ratou matatini take taumauri kaua matatini e pā ana ki te uara me te tikanga o te matauranga, ngā tirohanga o tona oraraa, me te roha o te pāhekoheko ki ētahi atu momo o te ahurea. I roto i te āhuatanga i taua he reira rawa tika ki te ui ki te utu tūturu o auaha, nga nunu'a pea o ratou whakataki ki te pūnaha o te kōrero te tangata, production wairua me te rauemi.