Mikhail Tugan-Baranovsky: biography, mahi, tirohanga ohaoha

Mikhail Ivanovich Tugan-Baranowski - he ohanga Russian-Ukrainian, koa tonu i mahi mātauranga i haere mai i te timatanga o te rau tau XX. Ko ano e ia he kaitōrangapū pai-mohiotia, me te Statesman. Tugan-Baranowski ko te māngai o te Marxism ture pera-ka karanga i roto i Tsarist Russia. whakaaro ia te ohanga Russian tino rongonui o tona wa Yozef Shumpeter. I roto i tona ora i tuhituhi e ia he maha o nga mahi i oti rawa ki te ariā o te uara, te tohatoha o te moni pāpori, hītori o te whakahaere , me te hāngai i runga i te whakahaere tahi.

Tugan-Baranowski: biography

whanau Future toa Nobel i runga i Hānuere 8, 1865 i roto i ki. Tote, e tata ana Kharkov. I teie mahana, Ko reira te rohe o Ukraine, engari i taua wa no te whenua ki te Russian Empire. haere mai Tugan-Baranowski - aho te taha - ahua o Lipka Tatars. Pūtaiao whaea ko Ukrainian mātāwaka i Poltava rohe. haere Tugan-Baranowski ki te kura i roto i Kiev me Kharkov. Mai tamarikitanga, aroha o te kaupapa, ako ia nga mahi o Emmanuila Kanta. I te 1884 ka tomo ia ki te University o Kharkov, te wahi tonu e ia tona ako o te pūtaiao māori. E whā tau i muri mai, ka Tugan-Baranowski he PhD. Ko e tenei wa i ahau kua hiahia i roto i te ōhanga tōrangapū, na faaoti ia ki te haere tonu ratou mātauranga. I roto i te 1890, ka Mikhail Ivanovich Tugan-Baranowski tetahi tohu. He tau i mua, ka tango ia ia te tamahine o te kaiwhakahaere o te St Petersburg Conservatory, Lidii Davydovoy. I whai wāhi ia i roto i ngā mahi hapori, me te kua hanga he mahi mātauranga angitu. I roto i te tīmatanga o 1919, i tonoa Tugan-Baranowski ki te amuiraa i roto i Paris rite te matenga o te tira Ukrainian. I roto i te tere, i tukua e ia e rua whakaeke o pectoris angina, ka mate i runga i te tereina e tata ana Odessa i te tuatoru.

Te huru orurehau

I ako i te University o Tugan-Baranowski timata ki te āta whai wāhi i roto i te kaupapa pāhoro ki te tikanga tsarist i Russia. I maheni ki teina Vladimir Lenin o, ia Aleksandr Ulyanov, nei i mahi i roto i te 1887 mō te tango wahi i roto i te nganatanga i runga i te ora o Alexander III. Friendship haukotia e te hopu o Tugan-Baranowski mo te wahi whakamutunga i roto i te whakaaturanga ākonga i roto i St. Petersburg, whakatapua ki te 25 tau o te mate o te kaituhi Nikolai Dobrolyubov.

Ko te tuhinga angitu tuatahi

He mahi angitu mātauranga Tugan-Baranowski timata i roto i te 1890. whakaputaina tona tuhinga tuatahi, e tika ana "Ko te parau haapiiraa o te whaipainga haurokuroku o hua ōhanga" i roto i Oketopa i te buka aamu "Ture Gazette". I roto i tenei mahi convincingly ia tohe e te mahi ariā o te uara kore me ana ohaoha marginalist hou kei roto i te aroraa faahapahapa, engari kīnaki tahi i te tahi.

"Life o tangata tairanga"

I muri whakaritea e te angitu tuatahi i roto i te mara o te pūtaiao ariā Tugan-Baranowski ki te tuhituhi i te haurongo poto me te tirohanga whānui o te whakaaro ohaoha o Pierre-Dzhozefa Prudona, ko John Stuart Mill, mo te raupapa o ngā pukapuka, i whakaputaina nei i whakaputa whare Pavlenkova. tahuri ia he mahi iti, 80 anake ngā whārangi. Te reira i whakahē Mikhail Tugan-Baranowski Proudhon mo tona kore o te ōrite ā-i roto i te whakamātautau whakamutunga, tona whakama stylistic, kore o te whakaaro, me te tautoko ngutukau o te tikanga o Napoleon. Ko te tirohanga i runga i Mill hinga ki Mikhail Ivanovich mo te wairua, no te mea kua whakaaturia e ia te māramatanga tika o te wairua o te pūtaiao hou, e hāngai ana i runga i te ako o te natura.

wheako takanga ki waho

Ka rite ki Karl Marx ko Friedrich Engels, kite Tugan-Baranovsky Ingarangi hei tauira mo whenua whakawhanake, i roto i ngā Russia. Na reira, i te puna me te raumati o 1891 te pūtaiao puritia i roto i te Whare Taonga o Ingarangi, ako te kohinga o ngā pukapuka onge, me te mahi tauanga. Na ka hoki ia ki a St Petersburg. Ko te rua tau i muri mai pau ia i roto i te ako o huringa pakihi ariā. I roto i tenei wa i tuhituhi e ia he mahi nui-tauine "haumi i Industrial i roto i Modern Ingarangi: take me te pānga i runga i te oraraa o te iwi." Hoki i reira i roto i 1894, tohu o te ariki i roto i te ōhanga tōrangapū i te Whare Wānanga o Moscow. I muri i taua, ka hoki ia ki a St. Petersburg, i taea ki te tiki i ki te whare wānanga mo te pou o te tauturu orometua. mahi Tugan-Baranowski reira tae noa ki 1899, ka i tonoa atu ai ia mo unreliability tōrangapū.

tōrangapū

I roto i te 1895, M. Tugan-Baranowski, me ki tahi-kaituhi piri P. B. Struve te Free Economic Association. I te 1896 ka e ia tona tiamana, ka tuhituhi tetahi o tona rongonui tino o ana tuhinga "Ko te faufaa o te take ōhanga i roto i te hītori." Ahakoa te meka i he Marxist i āhua i te ōhanga o Tugan-Baranowski, e kore kua te pūtaiao he rōpū ki te kaupapa pāpori-manapori raro, kua puta nei rite te wa i roto i tenei wā i roto i Russia. I te 1898 ka kite ia i te marama o tona mahi rahi, "wheketere Russian i roto i tona mua, me te hakari." Hoki ia, riro ia tona tākutatanga i Moscow State University. Mai i 1901 ki te 1905 whai wāhi kaha Tugan-Baranowski i roto i te ora tūmatanui o te rohe Poltava. ka anga ia e mahi ana i roto i te zemstvo rohe. I muri i taua, ka hoki te pūtaiao ki St Petersburg. Here mahi ia kia rite ki te kaiwhakaako, me te orometua i roto i te economics tari o te huinga o ngā pūtahi kuratini me te arumoni, me te he whare wānanga tūmataiti Shanyavsky i Moscow.

Neokantianism me tōrangapū

Āta, moni i roto i Marxism ture i roto i Tugan-Baranowski tineia. he hiahia i roto i te neo-e puta i roto i te tokomaha o ana mahi o te rau tau wawe XX, whakatapua ki te kaupapa mahi ngātahi ia. I roto i te 1901 whakaputaina e ia "Notes i te hītori o te ōhanga tōrangapū" i roto i te "taonga motu" makasini. Tenei mahi, me te tona Pāoa, kua whakamāoritia ki German i 1915. I 1919 i reira ko te mahi tuatahi o te pūtaiao i roto i te reo Ukrainian i huaina "mahi tahi i, tona āhua me te whakaaro." Mai 1906 Kua mahi tahi ia ki a Mihailom Grushevskim. Ki te ia tuhituhia ana e ia te mātāpunenga "te iwi Iukereiniana i roto i tona mua, me te heke mai." Tugan-Baranowski ko te mema o te Ukrainian Social-Federalist Party, a rihaina i te General Uepu o Noema 20, 1917 ki te whakahē i ki te karanga o te tuatoru Ao o te Central Rada, i korero o te hiahia ki te whakarato mana motuhake nui ki Ukraine.

whakaaro ohaoha

Ka taea te wehea mahi katoa e Tugan-Baranowski ki te maha ngā rōpū rite ki te kaupapa ki ai pā ratou:

1. I runga i nga taketake o te hapori.
2. E ai ki te ariā tohatoha.
3. E ai ki te ariā o te whaipainga haurokuroku.
4. I runga i te pūtake o te mahi.
5. E ai ki te ariā o huringa ahumahi.

I runga i nga turanga o te hapori

hanga Tugan-Baranowski he wāhi nui ki te ako o te mahi. whakarāpopoto ia te wheako Russian, me te ke. I roto i tona pukapuka "Te Foundations Social o mahi tahi", tukua i roto i te 1916, ngā te pūtaiao te ariā o te kaupapa paheko me te ahua o te hinonga ōhanga rite te ohu. Ideal tuatahi ko te hanga o te korerorero hapori, te tangata hou, me te tuarua - te painga ohaoha e ko te pai i roto i te haputanga capitalist o pāmu. Heoi, e kore te te whakaaro matua o tenei ahua o te kamupene hanga he pai, me te hua i roto i te mahi moni o te iwi e mahi ana i runga taua mea, me te whakaiti ratou ki kiritaki moni. He ngā momo o ētahi: peasants, iti-bourgeois me proletarian. Ko te momo motuhake o te hinonga tei runga i te whāinga o te piha haapiiraa, e hanga ai. Hoki Tugan-Baranowski mahi tahi - ko reira he pakanga ki te moni, engari e kore e patu me parepare, engari na te tikanga rangimarie.

ariā tohatoha

Ko te ariā o Tugan-Baranowski ngā te wāhanga motuhake i runga i te tiri tika o te hua pāpori. tohu te pūtaiao i roto i te raruraru o te huarahi tohatoha ngā, i reira rangatira o te āhuatanga he akomanga mahi-kore. whiwhi kaimahi utu wahi rawa iti o te hua pāpori. Ko reira ki runga ki te ko ënei rite te piha haapiiraa tei runga i te hanga o te hapori, no te mea e anake e taea e ia te wewete i te ōhanga i te capitalists me aristocrats. riro Tata moni ahu, reira, me whawhai ki a ratou.

Ko te ariā o te whaipainga haurokuroku

kihai i Tugan-Baranovsky whakaae ki te ariā o te uara mahi o Marx. Ko te whaipainga haurokuroku hoki reira - ko te take te uara o taonga ōhanga tenei. e kore e kia whakaturia te reira ki te utu o te mahi, engari he mea i te ngä tika. E ai ki a Tugan-Baranowski, te raruraru ko e te maha ia taahia te ariā o te whaipainga haurokuroku. arotahi whakaako o Ricardo i whāinga āhuatanga uara, ko Menger - tuakiri. Na reira, e kore e fakafili i roto i te natura ratou. I roto i te rerekē, i te ariā mahi o te uara o Ricardo ko Marx kīnaki i te ariā o te whaipainga haurokuroku, kua whakakitea i roto i Menger. Ko nga mea katoa i roto i te au maite tino. whakamatauria te pūtaiao e he tonu hautanga ki to ratou uara mahi te whaipainga haurokuroku o taonga reproducible noa. Kei te maha tenei tūranga tuku ki rite te ture tauwehe o Tugan-Baranowski. kihai i Lenin faaite i tenei tirohanga ohanga Ukrainian. whakapono Tugan-Baranovsky e hapori i roto i te taiao rokohanga - ko te ara tika ki te pononga, me te rawakore whānui o te taupori. awhina Scientist te tūranga motuhake o te piha haapiiraa waenganui rite te hono i waenganui i nga kaimahi me te intelligentsia. Heoi, i roto i te Soviet Union i raruraru nui ki tona mātauranga. Neke atu i te wa, ara Lenin mōhio e te whare o te hapori - ko te heke mai tenei.

Theory o production huringa

i whānui nui whakaaro Economic o Tugan-Baranowski. Ko te hou te nuinga ko tona ariā o huringa haumi. I rangahau Tugan-Baranowski mōrearea ahumahi i roto i Ingarangi. Ratou take kite ia i roto i te tohanga whakapaipai taikaha, whakapakaritia nei te ki ngā rauemi pēke iti. I roto i tona mahi "haumi i Industrial i roto i Modern Ingarangi", fakamamafa'i ia e te ōhanga capitalist iho taea te waihanga i te mākete, na te mea kahore fakangatangata mo tona whanaketanga me te tupu. Heoi, Tohe Tugan-Baranowski e kia arai whakataetae noa te roha o te hanga. Ko te take o te mōrearea whakaaro ia i raro i-kohi kore anake, engari ano nga raruraru i roto i te tohanga nama me te moni. Ka rite ki te pūtake o tona huringa haumi ariā pūtaiao ka mau whakaaro o Marx e rerekē ahumahi e pā ana ki te tikanga o te whakahou wā o te whakapaipai whakaritea. Ko te kupu, kia rite ki Tugan-Baranowski, te wāhanga ahumahi o te huringa tautuhia ture haumi. Rerekē puta tika ana ki te kore o parallelism i roto i nga wāhi rerekē o te ōhanga i roto i te pikitanga, he ōrite i waenganui i haumi me penapena, disproportion i roto i utu mō te kiritaki me te whakapaipai taonga. Tugan-te uiui me te tūranga o ngä päpätanga huamoni i te ōhanga. ka mea ia e tona hua ko te tohu e te whenua he iti rawa whakapaipai, me te muri, ko te take matua o te raruraru, kia rite ki te kaipūtaiao.

Tugan-Baranowski: mahi

1. "Ko te raruraru ahumahi i roto i hou Britain, ratou take me te pānga i runga i te oraraa o te iwi" (1894).
2. "Ko te Factory Russian i roto i te mua, me te hakari" (1898).
3. "Ko te parau haapiiraa o te whaipainga haurokuroku" (1890).
4. "Proudhon, tona ora, me te mahi" (1891).
5. "Tuhinga roa i runga i te History o Tōrangapū Economy" (1901).
6. He maha o mahi i roto i te German.
7. "Tuhi i te hītori tata o te ōhanga tōrangapū me te hapori" (1903).
8. "Putake Mā te o Marxism" (1905).
9. "Hapori rite te parau haapiiraa pai" (1918).

Mikhail Tugan-Baranovsky - he timatanga ohanga faahiahia o XX rautau. He wahi motuhake i roto i te whanaketanga o te ohaoha rite te pūtaiao e tona ariā o huringa ahumahi, i meinga te matamua o te ariā o te haumi tahi. kite te pūtaiao e kore ko te take o te raruraru anake i roto i te overproduction, engari te huru tia ore o te pūnaha o te moni me te nama tohanga. e kore te mea ia i te māngai tika o te Marxism ture, engari ano hoki tetahi o nga economists tino rongonui o te rau tau whakamutunga. E ia he mahi, e kua oti rawa ki te ariā o te uara, moni pāpori tohatoha ariā, te whanaketanga o te taketake o te whakahaere. tonu Legacy Mikhail Ivanovich ki faauru pūtaiao hou me whakatau e kore Tugan-Baranowski ngaro ratou pānga i tenei ra.