Ko te whakaoranga o Moscow i te amo i roto i 1612

Ko tētahi o nga ngā tahuri i roto i te aamu i te whenua o taea te pakari te huaina te whakaoranga o Moscow i te amo i roto i 1612. Ko reira ka ki te whakatau mehemea e kore ranei te āhua Russian. He uaua ki te pe si◊aki te faufaa o tenei rā mo whakatupuranga heke mai. Kia tango a tetahi atu titiro i tenei hui nui, i muri i te rau tau maha, me te kitea i roto i te mea i hanga te rangatira hōia i roto i te whakaoranga o Moscow i nga amo ki te angitu.

prehistory

Ko te tuatahi, kia kitea a i roto i te mea ngā mua te whakaoranga o Moscow i nga amo.

timata aroraa o te Commonwealth, i te mea mau i te Kotahitanga o te rangatiratanga o Poland me te Duchy Grand o Lithuania, me te āhua Russian i roto i nga wa Ivana Groznogo. Na, i roto i te 1558, ka whawhati ai i te Livonian War rongonui, e whai ana i tona whāinga ki te riro te mana i runga i te whenua Paratiki. I roto i 1583 mutu te whawhai ki te hainatanga o te rangimarie, i whakamatauria ki te kia tino pai mō te Russia. Otiia i roto i te whānui, e kore e whakaaetia tenei ao o ngā whakahēnga i waenganui i te Russian me te kingitanga Commonwealth.

I muri i te matenga Ivana Groznogo i 1584. torona Russian i nohoia e tana tama - Fyodor. Ko te pai ngoikore, me te e mate ana te iwi, i roto i nei i tino ngoikore mana kingi. mate ia i roto i 1598, mahue kahore kainga. haere mai ia ki te mana, te teina o te wahine o Feodor - Boyar Boris Godunov. i tenei hui he ngaahi nunu'a kaua dire mo Russia, mai tapahia poto te whare Rurik, i kingi te āhua ki runga e whitu rau nga tau.

Roto i tipu pouri te rangatiratanga Russian ki te kaupapa here o Boris Godunov, e maha whakaaro he taata haavare, ärai ture o te mana, me i kotahi wa rangona ki te tono ki te whakamate i te kainga tika Ivana Groznogo.

Tenei āhuatanga kukū i roto i te whenua e taea e ngā whai wāhitanga tino whai hua ngä wawaotanga ke.

hunga maminga

E pai te mōhio e waho tona tāwhai matua ko te rangatiratanga Russian te whiriwhiri tikanga ana o te Commonwealth. Reira maturuturu Rurikovich whare i mahi rite te ahua o te tohu ki te tīmata i te faaineineraa no te whakaekenga.

Heoi, ki te whakatuwhera i te whawhai Rzeczpospolita iho kihai i rite, na whakamahia ratou whanoke taata faahua Grigoriya Otrepeva, tāwhai Dmitry - e mate i roto i te tamarikitanga, i te tama Ivana Groznogo (rite ki tetahi atu putanga, patua i runga i nga whakahau o Boris Godunov), hoki i roaa ia te īngoa - teka Dmitry.

haina Army Falsdmitry ki te tautoko o te Polish me kuao raiona Lithuanian, engari e kore e tautokona mana e Rzeczpospolita. whakaekea te reira i Russia i roto i 1604. I maoro mate Tsar Boris Godunov me tana tama ma ono tau tawhito Fedor kihai i taea e ki te whakarite i te korero. ope Polish Grigoriya Otrepeva i 1605 horo Moscow, a ka karangatia e ia ia ahau Kingi Dmitry Heoi, te tau e whai ake nei i patua e ia i roto i te tahuritanga. Na ka ka patua reira atu te wahi nui o nga amo, e tae ki a ia.

ka New Russian Tsar Vasiliy Shuysky, nei ko te māngai o te peka lateral o te Rurik. Otiia kihai i he wahi nui o te taupori o Russia mohio ai e te rangatira nei.

I roto i 1607 i runga i te rohe o te Commonwealth, he tinihanga hou, ko tona tūturu ingoa ko mohiotia. haere ana ia ki raro, i roto i te aamu rite te teka Dmitry II. I tautokona ia e te tycoons nei tīmata mua he tutu ki te Polish Kingi Sigismund III, engari ngaro. ka Auau taata faahua Tushin pa, no te mea o te mea i tapaina a te teka Dmitry II tahae Tushino. patua tana ope te ope Shumsky, a whakapaea ana Moscow.

tamata Vasiliy Shuysky ki te whiriwhiri ki Sigismund III, e haere atu ia i tona kaupapa. Otiia i ia kahore tūturu huanga, a kihai i pai ki te mahi i taua. Na ka hanga e te mua Russian he haumi ki te Swedes. tikanga tenei haumi te ki te āwhina i Sweden ki teka Dmitry II i raro i nga ngā o te whakawhiti o te maha o nga pa Russian i Sweden, me te he tikanga kino ki Poland.

Hiahiatanga ki te whakatuwhera i te wawaotanga Polish

Ko te take matua mō te timatanga o te wawaotanga Polish ka he haumi Russian-Swedish. hoatu tenei he take ōkawa o te Commonwealth ki whakapuaki whawhai i runga i Russia, rite tetahi o nga whāinga o te haumi ko tika te pato'iraa o Poland.

I roto i te nuinga o te Commonwealth i taua wa i reira ko tetahi whakapakari o te mana kingi. i tika ki te meka e Korol tenei Sigizmund III i roto i 1609 tāmia kino te whakatikanga ake te rangatira, i roa e toru nga tau. Na ko reira taea hoki roha waho.

I tua atu, pakanga Russian-Polish mai te Livonian War, kua kore haere atu, a ka huna wawaotanga Polish i te puka o te tautoko ōpaki te hua e tūmanakohia ana kihai i tukua e te feia haavare.

whakaratohia ēnei āhuatanga te hiringa mo te whakatau ki te timata i te ope whakaekenga o te Commonwealth i te rohe Russian o te kāwanatanga i roto i te tikanga ki te kawe i te reira tona mana tonu i raro i. tīmata ratou he mekameka o ngā, e hono ana te whakapaipai o Russia ko te ärai o te ope Polish-Lithuanian, a ka te whakaoranga o Moscow i nga amo.

Tuhinga o Moscow amo

I roto i te ngahuru o 1609 ka whakaekea te ope Polish arahina e Hetman Stanislava Zholkevskogo te rohe o Russia me te whakapaenga o Smolensk. I roto i te raumati o 1610 patua ratou i roto i te pakanga whakatakotoria o Klushino Russian-Swedish ope, ka haere mai ki a Moscow. I te tahi atu te ringa whakakikoruatia Moscow ope Falsdmitry II.

Na, nga boyars Vasiliya Shuyskogo i turakina, ka herehere ia ia i roto i te ohu whakapono. whakapumautia ratou he tikanga e mohiotia ana i raro i te ingoa o te kaunihera o e whitu. Otiia i ta'emanakoa i roto i te iwi i nga rangatira poka noa te mana. mau i taea e ratou te whakahaere anake Moscow. Wehi e taea te kāwanatanga hopu atu rongonui teka Dmitry II o, ka haere rangatira ki te awhi ki nga amo.

Na roto i te whakaaetanga, te tama a te Polish Kingi Sigismund III, ka Władysław tsar Russian, engari te faafariuraa ki he 'Ofotokisií. I roto i te ngahuru o 1610 tomo te ope Polish Moscow.

hōia tuatahi

Ko te kupu, ko te whakapaipai Rus riro amo. I runga i nga ra tuatahi timata ratou ki kakai, e fakanatula mura te riri o te taupori rohe. ka haere atu Getman Zolkiewski i Moscou, a ki te arahi i te hoia pupuri Polish i roto i te pa i mahue Aleksandra Gonsevskogo.

I te timatanga o 1611 i raro i te ārahitanga o Prince Dmitry Trubetskoy, P. ko J. Zarutsky Lyapunov hoki kua hanga i reira te nuu faehau tuatahi pera-ka karanga. Ko tona whāinga - ki te timata i te whakaoranga o Moscow i nga amo. ko te kaha matua o nga mano Ryazan tangata nunui Tushino me nga mua.

whakatata Troops Moscow. I te wa ano i roto i te whakatikanga ake ki te ope noho, he wāhi nui i takaro Dmitry Pozharsky, te rangatira hōia heke mai i roto i te whakaoranga o Moscow i nga amo.

I tenei wa i taea ki te tango i China Town te faehau, engari arahina nga rerekētanga i roto i te reira ki te patu o tetahi o nga kau taki - Procopius Lyapunov. No te mea o tenei meka, whawhati ake te hōia. E kore te whakaaro o te pakanga i tutuki, a kihai te whakaoranga o Moscow i nga amo i te tango i te wahi.

Hanganga o te Miriha Tuarua

haere mai te reira i roto i te 1612. ka te whakaoranga o Moscow i nga amo te whakaaro o te nuu faehau Tuarua i hanga e. ka haere mai te kaupapa o tona hanganga i hokohoko me mahi toi te piha haapiiraa o Nizhny Novgorod, kua tukua nei e tukino nui me parekura i roto i te mahi Polish. kihai i Nizhny Novgorod mohio ki tetahi mana o teka Dmitry II, e kore Vladislav Zhigmontovicha - Polish Prince.

He wāhi nui i roto i te hanga o nga tangata o Tuarua Militia takaro Kuzma Minin, e mahi Zemsky headman. tohe ia te iwi ki te whakakotahi i te whawhai ki nga whakaeke. I roto i te heke mai, ka ia rongonui rite te rangatira hōia i roto i te whakaoranga o Moscow i nga amo, me te rite te hero iwi. A, ia Kuzma Minin ko te kaimahi ohie nei i taea e ki te whakakotahi i te tini o te iwi kūare ki tona karanga ki Nizhny Novgorod i te tahi atu wahi o Russia.

I roto i te Taenga mai o te ko Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, tetahi tangata, nana nei i riro rongo rite te rangatira hōia i roto i te whakaoranga o Moscow i te amo i roto i 1612. ka karanga te reira i runga i te faehau ki te whakaminenga whānui, te ani Prince Pozharsky arahi te iwi i roto i te whawhai ki nga whakaeke. E kore taea te rangatira te paopao ki tenei tono, a ka uru atu te ope, ka anga ki te tango āhua i raro i te ārahitanga o Minin, me ana tangata.

Ko te tapahanga o te nuu faehau ngā o Nizhny Novgorod hoia tito o 750 iwi, engari ka haere mai te karanga i te iwi ratonga Arzamas, Vyazma, Dorogobuzh me era atu pa. Me kï hoki te kaha nui o Minin ko Pozharsky i roto i te hanganga ā-ringa o te ope, me i roto i te ruruku ki era atu pa o Russia. I roto i te meka, i hanga e ratou he tinana e rave te tūranga o te kāwanatanga.

I muri mai, hōia tuarua o te iwi i roto i te whakaoranga o Moscow i nga amo, ka haere mai te reira ki te pane, i kō atu e etahi rōpū o te nuu faehau tuatahi hinga.

Ko te kupu, i raro i te ārahitanga o Minin me Pozharsky kaha nui i hanga e, taea ki te tu atu pai te whakaeke. Ko te kupu ka timata te whakaoranga o Moscow i te amo i roto i 1612.

Personality Dmitriya Pozharskogo

Na, kia aparau i te i roto i te taipitopito ake i runga i te tuakiri o te tangata nei ka rongonui rite te rangatira hōia i roto i te whakaoranga o Moscow i nga amo. Reira ko Dmitry Pozharsky te iwi i te wō o te tino rangatira o te nuu faehau, a reira deservedly no ki te wahi nui o te takoha ki tenei wikitoria kororia. Ko wai ko ia?

no Dmitry Pozharsky ki te whānau rangatira tawhito, i ko te peka taha o te raina Rurik Starodubskaya. I whanau ia i roto i 1578, arā, i te wa o te hanganga o militias i te ngahuru o 1611 ko ia e pā ana ki 33 tau tau. ko Matua Prince Mikhail Fedorovich Pozharsky me whaea - Maria Fedorovna Berseneva-Beklemisheva e ingoa, ka hoatu e ia i roto i te tapakuha, i whanau Dmitry.

Te ratonga tūmatanui Dmitry Pozharsky haere hoki i roto i te rangatiratanga Borisa Godunova. rangatira hōia Future, te rangatira o te whakaoranga o Moscow i nga amo, i raro i Tsar Vasilii Shuyskom arahina tetahi o nga rōpū e whakakeke te ope o teka Dmitry II. Na ka ka whakaritea e ia Zaraiskiy kawana.

I muri, ka rite ki whakahuatia kua runga ake, whai wāhi Pozharsky i roto i te faanahonahoraa o te whakatikanga ake ki te amo i roto i Moscow i roto i te oraraa o te tangata a Tuatahi Militia.

Noatia, te iwi nei whawhai na pakeke ki wawaotanga ke, e kore i taea e pahono ki te karanga Kuzmy Minina. Ehara i te tūnga whakamutunga e arahina te Dmitry Pozharsky te faehau, ko te meka i ia he whenua e tata ana Nizhniy Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod arā, e whakatu te tapahanga o te ope, whakaaro reira ratou ake.

Ko te aha ko te tangata nana nei i arahina te nuu faehau i roto i te whakaoranga o Moscow i nga amo.

Maehe i runga i Moscow

puta ngā matou i nei whakahau te whakaoranga o Moscow i nga amo, i teie nei kia arotahi a ki runga ki te mau fifi o te pakanga.

oho Militia i te mutunga o Pepuere 1612 i roto i Nizhny Novgorod i runga i te Täingäwai ake ki Moscow. Ka rite ki i mua koe, piri iwi hou ia. Te nuinga o nga kainga tutaki faehau ki te hari, a te wahi kua tamata mana ā-rohe ki te hanga i te pato'iraa, i rite i te reira i roto i Kostroma, ka tukua raua e, ka whakakapi i ngā hōia Russian mateaki ki te iwi.

I roto i te April 1612, ka haere mai te faehau ki Yaroslavl, i roto i te mea tata te tauira Akuhata 1612. Ko te kupu, ka Yaroslavl te whakapaipai rangitahi. Tenei wā o te whanaketanga o te kaupapa whakaoranga ohi te ingoa "tu i roto i Yaroslavl."

Ki runga ki te ako e ki te huarahi ki Moscow hetman ope Chodkiewicz, whakarite ona korero, i roto i te mutunga o Hōngongoi tere tonoa Pozharsky maha ngā ngohi o Yaroslavl, e huakina ana tonu ki te pane, me i te waenganui o Akuhata, hāngai ope katoa faehau i roto i Moscow.

ope o nga rōpū

ka te reira mārama e i te whawhai whakatakotoria. He aha te ko te maha o ngā hōia i te rōpū e whawhai me ratou whakanohonga?

Ko te maha o ngā hoia nei i kaimahi kihai i Dmitry Pozharsky nui waru mano iwi, kia rite ki puna. Ko te tapahanga o te hoia ko Cossack ngohi maha o te 4000 iwi me kotahi mano kaikopere. Haunga Pozharsky ko Minin rangatira faehau ko Dmitry Pozharsky-koko (he whanaunga o nga rangatira nui) me Ivan Khovanskiy-nui. te whakamutunga o enei i tetahi wa anake whakahau wae hōia nui. Ko te toenga rānei rite Dmitriyu Pozharskomu, i ki te whakahau i te wae āhua iti wheako ārahitanga ranei mea rawa ngaro, ka rite ki i roto i Pozharsky, koko pungarehu.

Dmitry Troubetzkoy, tetahi o nga rangatira o te Miriha Tuatahi, arahina ki te ake i roto i 2500 mua. Ahakoa whakaae ia ki te āwhina i te take noa, engari i te wa ano i rongoa te tika e kore e ki te mahia whakahau Pozharsky. Ko te kupu, ko te tapeke o ngā hōia Russian 9500-10 000.

Ko te tokomaha o te ope Polish Hetman Chodkiewicz, kei te haere mai ki a Moscow i te taha uru, i reira i 12 000 te iwi. Ko te kaha matua i roto i reira ko Zaporozhye Cossacks maha o 8,000 hoia i raro i te whakahau o Aleksandra Zborovskogo. Ko te wahi tino pai o nga hoia i te ropu whaiaro Hetman tau 2,000.

Ko te rangatira o nga hoia Polish - Chodkiewicz me Zborowski - i wheako hōia nui. I roto i ngā whakanuia Chodkiewicz i pehi hanahana whakatikanga ake tata rite te pai rite i roto i te whawhai, Sweden. I roto i te tahi atu rangatira kia tuhia Nevyarovskogo, Grajewski ko Koretsky.

I tua atu 12,000 hoia, i arahina ki te Chodkiewicz, i roto i te Moscow Kremlin i tonu e toru mano hoia Polish. arahina ratou nga Jets a Nicholas Iosif Budilo. Tenei, rawa, i ite whawhai, engari kahore tetahi taranata hōia.

Ko te kupu, tae te tapeke o taua Polish 15 000 iwi.

hōia Russian i kei tata nga taiepa o te White City, i waenganui i te hoia Polish pūmau i roto i te Kremlin, a ko nga hoia Chodkiewicz i waenganui i te kohatu, me te wahi pakeke. i iti atu i te hunga o nga amo ratou tau, a kihai i nga rangatira whai wheako hōia rite nui. E au ra te reira i e hiri te whakarau o te nuu faehau.

Battle mō Moscow

Na, i roto i August 1612 timata te whawhai, i hope i roto i te whakaoranga o Moscow i nga amo. Tau o tenei whawhai tomo ake te hītori o Russia.

Tuatahi whakarewahia te hōia whakaeke whiti Hetman Chodkiewicz te awa Moskva, ka haere mai ratou ki te kuwaha o te Novodevichy Convent, te wahi hōia takiwa. ka anga ia he hoiho te whawhai. ngana hoia Polish aroraa i tona whakapakari, i tatari Prince Troubetzkoy me kihai i rere ki te āwhina o Pozharsky. Me mea te reira e te hōia tino rangatira o te whakaoranga o Moscow i nga amo tino ma te paari, e kore e taea ki te tīmatanga kuru tūranga hoariri hōia. a Chodkiewicz ki whakamuri.

I muri iho ka puta ke Pozharsky te raruraru o ngā hōia oho i Zamoskvorechye. ka mau te whawhai whakatakotoria wahi i runga i August 24. maka Hetman Chodkiewicz ano ana hōia ki te whawhai, tumanako ki te kuru i te maha iti o faehau. Otiia tahuri reira i roto i rite i tumanako ia. i ata tu hōia Russian, i roto i te tua ki te whawhai, i te pae hopea piri ope Trubetskoy.

faaoti hoariri ruha ki te tango i te breather. Na roto i te ahiahi, ka haere te faehau ki te ino. takatakahia ana ratou i te tūranga hoariri, ka takoha ia ki whakamuri ki Mozhaisk pa. Te kitenga o tenei, i akina atu te hoia Polish i ki tuku hōia. Heoi mutu te whakaoranga o Moscow i whakaeke ke.

pānga

Whakaoranga o Moscow i te amo i roto i 1612 i pakaru te pakanga Russian-Polish katoa. Heoi, roa mahi hōia mō te wa roa ano.

I roto i te puna o 1613, i hoatu e ia ki runga ki te māngai o te rangatiratanga hou o te whare Romanov - Mikhail Fedorovich. Kua mahi te reira i rite te whakapakari nui o tufaa Russian.

I te mutunga o 1618, i te mutunga mutu reira Deulino rangaawatea i waenganui i Russian me Polish. E ai ki nga hua o tenei rangaawatea, i takoha Russia ki te hoatu wāhi nui o te Commonwealth, engari mau tino nui - tona tufaa. I roto i te heke mai, i āwhina ai ia ki te toe te whenua ngaro, a ara whai wāhi i roto i te wāhanga nuinga o te Commonwealth.

Ko te uara o te whakaoranga o Moscow

He uaua ki te pe si◊aki te faufaa o te tuku o te whakapaipai Russian mō te hītori o te whenua o. Tenei hui i āwhina ki te pupuri i te āhua Russian i roto i te pakanga uaua ki te whakaeke. Na reira, tuhituhi te pakanga o Moscow te i roto i te pukapuka katoa i runga i hītori Russian me ko tetahi o te rā tino nui.

Kia mahara tatou, me nga kau taki o te nuu faehau Tuarua - Prince Pozharsky ko Kuzma Minin, ko wai hoki te wa roa i te mana o marohirohi motu. horo'a ratou i te hararei, hoatu kohatu whakamaharatanga faahanahana.