Catherine kaupapa here kāinga 2 waho me ā Politika Ekateriny 2. Āhuatanga

Mai tamarikitanga, i taea e ki te kawe i roto i te revolution tūturu i roto i Russia motuhake, me te mahira Catherine II. Mai i 1744 i huaina ai te Empress Elizabeth i St Petersburg. I reira, ka mau a Catherine 'Ofotokisií, a ka te wahine marena hou o Prince Pita Fedorovich.

Ko te pakanga mo te torona

Future Empress tamata i roto i nga ara ki te riro i te manakohia o tana tahu, tona whaea, me te iwi. pau Catherine nui te wā ako pukapuka i runga i te ohaoha, ture, hītori, i i te pānga i runga i tona outlook. A, no te haere mai a Pita III ki te torona, ka kino ake tona hononga ki tana wahine ki mauahara tahi. I tenei wa, timata Catherine ki te faaineine i te wahi. I tona taha ko ekara, KG Razumovsky. NI Panin me ētahi atu. I roto i te Pipiri 1762, ka kore i te emepera i St. Petersburg, tomo Catherine nga pa i kauwhautia Izmailovsky Regiment rangatira Ngātuere,. I muri i te rota o tono mō a'oraa ahuatanga tana tuhituhi tane. Ā-, ka anga waho Politika Ekateriny II tona whanaketanga.

Āhuatanga o te poari

i taea e ki te karapoti i ahau takitahi pūmanawa, me te rawa Catherine II. tautoko kaha ia nga whakaaro ngā e taea e pai ki te whakamahi mo to ratou ake take. Ki te kaupapa te ngarahu a Empress fakapotopoto me mohio, i te mea homai noa o te whakarongo ki te interlocutor. Otiia pai Catherine II mana me i ahei te haere ki tetahi tino, tika ki te pupuri i a ia.

tautoko Empress te Ekalesia Siu, engari kihai i whakakahore i te whakamahi o te haapaoraa i roto i ngā mahi tōrangapū. Kua whakaaetia te reira ki te hanga i nga hahi Palotisani me Katorika, me te ara pereoo. Ko whiua tonu e te whakawhitinga i te keresetiano ki tetahi atu karakia.

Domestic Katherine 2 (poto)

whiriwhiria Empress nga mau marôraa e toru, i hāngai ona ngā mahi: raupapa, māmālie me te kaute o te mana'oo tūmatanui. Catherine ngutu ko he kaitautoko o te whakakāhoretanga o serfdom, engari arahina te rangatira ki te tautoko i te kaupapa here. whakaturia e ia te maha o te taupori i roto i ia kawanatanga (kore e noho e neke atu i te 400 mano), me te mataeinaa (ki runga, ki te 30,000). I roto i te hononga ki te wehenga o nga pa maha i hanga. I roto i ia pokapū porowini o te maha o ngā pūtahi kāwanatanga i whakaritea ai. Enei e, rite te institution porowini matua - whakahaere - ki te kawana i roto i te tiaki, Kirimina, me te Civil Whare, Pūtea Whakahaere Mana (whare o te Treasury). Kua hoki i reira i whakapumautia: High Kooti Provincial, Kai-Provincial me te tutu Kura. Whakatangi noa ratou i te tūranga o te marae mo nga akomanga rerekē me ngā o te tiamana me kaiaromatawai. I hanga tinana mo te taumira rangimarie o pakanga, ka karanga marae ihupuku. Reira whakarongo hoki take criminally porangi. Wero kura pūrere, wharau me almshouses whai wāhi Order o te aroha tūmatanui.

hanganga Tōrangapū i roto i te vahefonua

pāngia Inner Catherine 2 kaupapa here te pa. Here, rawa, he maha o papa. Ko te kupu te marae rohe raro kawenga mo nga mahi o te pirihimana me te whakahaere. Ko te marae mataeinaa i whakaaro kaimahi High Kooti Porowini me rangatira te take. He wahi i reira i whakawakia nga tangata, ko te kaiwhakawā pa. Hei whakaoti i te raruraru o nga peasants hanga kohuru Lower.

whakaritea Mana o te mahi tika o te ture e ki te rōia hāmene porowini me rua ngā rōia. aru te Kawana-Tianara i te mahi o te maha kawanatanga, a taea te tono tika ki te Empress. Domestic Politika Ekateriny 2, tepu whenua whakaahuatia i roto i te maha ngā pukapuka hītori.

whakahou ture

I roto i te 1775, ka u ai he pūnaha hou ki te whakatau tautohetohe. I roto i te piha haapiiraa ia faatiti'aifarohia te raruraru tona mana ture. marae katoa, ki te kahore te executions Lower i pōtitia. te uiui e High Porowini take kaipupuri whenua, me te kaiahuwhenua totohe (ki te ko te tangata ahu whenua te āhua) ni'ai te tutu o runga me raro. Tautohetohe maha serfs rangatira whare. Ka rite ki mo nga minita, anake i taea e ratou te whakawa i nga episekopo i roto i te consistories porowini. Ko te kaumatua, ko te mana ture nui rawa.

whakahou terenga

rapu Empress ki te whakatū rōpū rohe mō te piha ia ki tika ki kāwanatanga-whaiaro. I roto i te 1766 te aroaro Catherine II he Manifesto i runga i te hanganga o te Komihana ki te whakatutuki i ngā take ā-rohe. I raro i te arata'iraa o te Tiamana o nga rangatira, me te matenga pōtitia o te pa ka mau wahi te whiriwhiringa o kawana, me te whakawhiti ratou mana kökiri. Ka rite ki te hua, he maha o mahi-ture, i whakaritea etahi ture o te kāwanatanga ā-rohe. e hua ana te hanahana i ki te tika, ki te whiriwhiri rohe me tiamana porowini, hekeretari, mataeinaa whakawa me kaiaromatawai me ētahi atu kaiwhakahaere. whakahaere Urban e rua whakaaro: General ko Shestiglasnaya. He te tika ki te hanga whakahau i roto i tenei rohe i te mua. I heamana reira e te tavana. Kei te haere te whakaaro whānui ki te whānuitanga e tika ana. Shestiglasnaya haere i nga ra. Ko ia te tinana whakahaere a ngā o ono ngā māngai o te piha haapiiraa ia me te tavana. He ko tonu City Kaunihera, e whakatutuki ana i nga tau e toru. Tenei tinana e te tika ki te whiriwhiri Shestiglasnuyu whakaaro.

e kore te Domestic Politika Ekateriny 2 utua whakarongo ki te pirihimana. I roto i te 1782, i hanga e ia he tikanga e whakaritea te hanganga o ngā pokapū uruhi ture, te aronga o ratou mahi, kia rite ki te pai kia rite ki te pūnaha o tautea.

ora hanahana

Domestic Politika Ekateriny whakapumautia ture 2 maha o ngā tuhinga i te tūranga pai o tenei piha. Whakaritea te he rangatira nui tango atu anake taea tona taonga i muri i mahia e ia te kino nui ranei. Whakawa tika ōrite ki te Empress. kihai rangatira nui i taea te waiho i raro ki te whiu tinana. I tua atu ki te tukunga o o peasants me take whenua te whakarau, noa i taea e māngai whenua haere noa atu, tonoa hāngai ratou amuamu ki te Kawana-Tianara. Waho me ā Politika Ekateriny 2 e hāngai ana i runga i nga ngākau nuitanga o te piha haapiiraa.

takahia māngai o te iti rawakore tika. Na, tangohia tetahi wahi i roto i te hahi-rohe o te rangatira i taea te takitahi ki te tetahi tohu taonga. I whakaaetia ano hoki mo te tūranga, i roto i tenei take, e kore e te moni atu kia iti iho i te $ 100 ia tau.

whakahou ōhanga

I roto i te 1775, ka lau ia te Faaiteraa, i roto i nei i whakaaetia katoa ki "noa hau ake katoa o mira, me te hua ia ratou nga mahi katoa hoki, kahore he ki hoatu kē whakaaetanga" ki e rua rohe me mana teitei. Mfu okotahi ko te take e roa te ahua o te mahi kāwanatanga tae noa ki 1861, me te kamupene te taviniraa i te ope. Kua whai wāhi ngā mua ki te tupu o te ōhanga o te piha haapiiraa kaihokohoko. ka mau tenei piha he wahi kaha i roto i te whanaketanga o te production hou me pakihi. ka anga ki te whakawhanake i te ahumahi rinena, puta ke i muri i roto i te wāhanga pueru Nā ki te mahi o nga kaihokohoko. Catherine II i 1775, whakatūria te Guild toru kaihokohoko, i wehea nei i ia atu i roto i te pane a ngā. Ki ia utu kiriata whakakotahi o te 1% o te whakapaipai, i nei kua whakaaturia me kahore e takina. I roto i te 1785, i te pānui i te tūtohinga, i kī e whai nga kaihokohoko te tika ki te whai wāhi i roto i te kāwanatanga ā-rohe, me te marae, i waho ratou i whiu kāpara. hiahiatia Haamaitairaa e pā ana anake ki te koka'anga tuatahi, me te tuarua, a i roto i te hoki i ki ake i te rahi o te whakapaipai whakaaturia.

pā Domestic Politika Ekateriny II ki noho tuawhenua. i tukua ratou kia haereere ratou hokohoko, me te hoko i te hua hua. hokona Farmers i te karakia, engari i iti i roto i te whakatinanatanga o te maha ngā mahi hokohoko. Rangatira taea te whakarite hokohokonga, a hoko ratou te hua, engari e kore e whai te tika ki te hanga wheketere i nga pa. i tenei piha ratou pai ki te pana me te hopu kaihokohoko papanga me te ahumahi distillery. A ratou āta muri, rite wawe rite te timatanga o te XIX rau tau 74 rangatira i ki ona wheketere te tikanga, kaihokohoko, me te tekau ma rua anake arahina nga hinonga.

whakatuwheratia Catherine II assignation Bank, i hanga nei mo te mahi angitu o te akomanga o runga. whakaae kautaha fakapa'anga putunga, hua tukunga whakahaere pire kaute. Ko te hua ko te hononga o te ngā, me te RUPO assignation hiriwa.

Reform o te Mātauranga, Culture me Pūtaiao

Ngā Āhuatanga 2 kaupapa here kāinga o Catherine i roto i ēnei wāhanga e whai ake nei:

1. I te mo o te kaiako Empress II whakawhanakehia Betskoi "General MoE mo te mātauranga o te iwi taitamariki o tane e rua." Society o Ladies Noble i whakatuwheratia i runga i te pūtake o taua (Smolny Institute), he kāreti arumoni me te kura i te Academy o Toi. I roto i 1782, te Komihana i runga i te whakatū o ngā kura i whakapumautia hoki whakahou kura. I whakawhanakehia e te FI kaiako Austria tona mahere Jankovic. I roto i te akoranga o hanganga i roto i te pa mo ki te katoa whakatuwhera kura tūmatanui - nui, me te iti. Institutions puritia e te kāwanatanga. Medical College, te kura Mining me ētahi atu kura i whakatuwheratia i raro i Catherine II.
2. Angitu Politika Ekateriny 2 tau ā-o 1762-1796 hoatu ara ki te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao. I 1765, i reira ko te whakahaere o te Free Economic Society, i hangaia ki te whakawhānui i te mōhiotanga o geography te whenua o. I roto i te wā i 1768 ki te 1774, whai wāhi pūtaiao o te Academy o Sciences i rima ngā haerenga. Na roto i taua pakanga i whänui matauranga i roto i te geography kore anake, engari ano i roto i te koiora me te tahi atu mau ihi tūturu. I roto i te 80, i hanga Russian Academy mo te ako o te reo, me te tuhinga. I roto i te kingitanga o Catherine II, i whakaputaina atu pukapuka atu i roto i te katoa o te rau tau XVIII. I roto i te St. Petersburg, whakatuwheratia te tuatahi i roto i te State Public Library. aroha o pānui pukapuka i roto i tata nga piha haapiiraa. I tenei wa, kua meinga mātauranga mauruuru.
3. e kore te Domestic Politika Ekateriny 2 i tohungia, me te ahua o te hapori tiketike. te ora pāpori Active i roto i te porowhita rawa o kotiro, me rangatira takoto ki te whai i te ahua. I roto i 1779, i roto i te buka aamu "Fashion tuhinga marama, he Puna kotiro wharepaku ranei" i whakaputaina tauira o kakahu hou. Tikanga 1782 whakahau te rangatira ki te kakahu kākahu ki ōrite te tae o te tohu o te kawanatanga. E rua tau i muri mai, i roto i te tikanga tenei ki te tāpiri i te whakaritenga - he tetahi kākahu kāhua.

kaupapa here ke

kihai i Catherine II wareware e pā ana ki te whakapai ake o whanaunga ki ētahi atu āhua. tutuki Empress nga hua e whai ake nei:

1. Nā ki te rironga o te rohe Kuban, te Crimea, nga kawanatanga Lithuanian, uru Russia, te Duchy o Courland rohe o te kāwanatanga tino whakawhānui.

i hainatia 2. pukapuka o George, i tohu te tūranga o te Protectorate Russian runga Georgia (Kartli-Kakheti).

3. He ko aroraa he whawhai mo te rohe ki Sweden. Otiia i muri i te hainatanga o te rongo mau i noho te taua rohe tiriti.

4. Whanaketanga o Alaska me te Motu Aleutian.

5. Ka rite ki te hua o te whawhai Russian-Turkish i wehewehea wahi o te rohe o Poland i waenganui Austria, Prussia ko Russia.

6. Ko te kaupapa Kariki. Ko te whakaaro o te parau haapiiraa i roto i te faaho'iraa mai o te Byzantine Empire, fakatefito i Constantinople. Ka rite ki hapu e te matenga o te kāwanatanga i ki hei te mokopuna o Catherine II, Prince Constantine.

7. I te mutunga o nga o 80 tīmata te whawhai Russian-Turkish me te pakanga ki Sweden. mutu te reira i roto i 1792 Iasi rangimarie mana pümau o te Russian Empire i roto i te Caucasus ko Bessarabia, a whakapumautia te mharahara o Crimea.

Catherine 2. Hua o te kaupapa here ke, me te kāinga

Nui Russian Empress mahue te tohu e ngaropoina ana i roto i te hītori o Russia. I muri ketia ake te torona o tana tahu, puritia ana e ia he maha o ngā, he tokomaha o nei i tino pai ake te ora o te iwi. Komititanga ake nga hua tōrangapū ā-o Catherine 2, kia tuhia te reira te āhuatanga ngā o te hanahana, me te tino i te marae. kaha tautoko Empress tenei piha haapiiraa, me o ratou mea aroha tata.

Domestic Politika Ekateriny 2, whakaahua poto, ki te he te reira i te āhuatanga matua e whai ake nei. Ngā mihi ki te mahi whakatakotoria o te Empress, nui haere te rohe o te kingitanga Russian tino. Ko te taupori i roto i te whenua ko ki tae te mātauranga. puta te reira i te kura tuatahi mō te peasants. pātai e pā ana ki te whakahaere o ngā rohe me te kawanatanga kua whakatau. Ua tauturu te Empress Russia hei tetahi o nga āhua nui Pākehā.