Ko te tohu o te piti hāora o te ateneke: te ateneke Āhuatanga Chemical

I mua i whakaaro te tohu o te piti hāora o te ateneke, ki te tāutu i tona tūranga i roto i te Taka Pūmotu me ngā āhuatanga. Ano, karanga nga āhuatanga ōkiko me te matū taketake o te huānga matū.

Te āhuatanga i roto i te SS

tohu Basic o piti hāora o te ateneke, ngā āhuatanga matū, tono - taea tenei katoa e kitea e titiro i te wāhi o te huānga i roto i te pūnaha wā. Kei te ateneke te i roto i te rima o te rōpū, ko te tino Huingaiti ko te hapu māngai o te hauota. E ia he papatipu ngota whanaunga o 74,9216. E hono Basic tohu te ateneke piti hāora ki te rōpū i roto i nei rongoa ai i roto i te MS. he tau rangatū tenei huānga 33 kua. Ko te maha o ngā taumata pūngao ōrite ki te maha o te wā i roto i i kei te tūemi te, ko reira wha.

A feruri i te whakaritenga o ngā irahiko i roto i ia kōpaki karihi. I runga i te tuatahi te taumata pūngao ko rua tika irahiko takirua, he matūriki anga te rua noho waru: 2 s me 6p. I te taumata tuatoru, i roto i a ratou, kua tū reira tekau d-irahiko, e ko te 18 anake matūriki. taumata pūngao waho ko te 2s-irahiko, ka toru irahiko p-unpaired. Ko te maha o ngā irahiko honohono, whakatau te tohu taea o te piti hāora o te ateneke.

whārangi o hītori

E pā ana te reira i te ateneke ki rima "alchemical" huānga, mohiotia mai te anotau Middle. He wāhi ngā Ko te meka e wha o ratou kei roto i te rima te rōpū o te SS. I aua ra i taea e kore tetahi whakatau i te tohu o te piti hāora o te ateneke, engari i pai whakamahia te hononga mo te hanga o te raau taero, te hanga tae.

I muri i te huringa o te kohatu Age ki te parahi Age, ako iwi ki te whakaputa i tenei koranu ki ngā āhuatanga motuhake. Huri i te reira i roto i taua ngā reira o runga ki te 7 ōrau o te ateneke me te 3 ōrau tine. Scientists whakapono e ka te tango, tuatahi o te parahi hei utu o malachite, he tae matomato, hape ka mau nga kohuke sulfide parahi-te ateneke matomato.

Ko te mahi mīharo o te koranu hua hanga rongonui ia i roto i nga rangatira onamata. E āta titiro ana ratou i roto i ngā kohuke āhua kei roto taonga mea.

Waeine o pūhui te ateneke i te piti hāora o te momo pai, e hāngai ana ki tona valency teitei. Ki te tāutu i sulfides kei roto te ateneke, hana kohuke. Ko te ahua o te kakara karika motuhake ko haamauraa o te aroaro i roto i te pūhui te ateneke. Ina e, i te tango, o te parahi i pai Arsenous. I roto i te take mo te whakamutunga o te hanga o te mea karanga pūtaiao te poisoning tūturu o rangatira i mahi.

kohuke māori

I roto i te puka o te taonga kohuke i raro i te whakaaro e mohiotia ai i nga wa onamata. Hei tauira, te tau pitihāoratanga o 3 i roto i te pūhui o ngā whakaaturanga te ateneke mohiotia i roto i Ancient China rite "puehu Stannaries". whakaahuatia Aristotle sandarac kohuke e tohu sulfide te ateneke. Iritihia i te reo Latin tangi tona ingoa rite "peita koura". faaohipa i tatou i te reira i roto i aua ra kia rite ki te tae kōwhai.

I roto i te alchemists rau tau tekau ma tahi o tāutu toru momo rerekē o matū. Ko te tohu o te hāora o te ateneke i roto i te pūhui māngai e enei momo hāngai ki te tau rōpū. Karangatia reira te ateneke ma hexavalent waikura, sulfide huaina kōwhai me te whero - As4S4 (pararealgar).

i whiwhi poke ahua White i whāhau i roto i te tukanga puhipuhi o tokahuke parahi, i roto i nei te hanganga o te ateneke ngā. Ka rite ki te tōtā i te āhua haurehu waihā puta waipara o te ateneke waikura rite te tohu ma. kua ia mai kua whakamahia rite te tikanga o te mana riha onamata.

I roto i te tekau ma toru o nga rau, i whiwhi Albert te nui taonga metalloobraznoe. te tahu ia ki hopi, me te ateneke kōwhai. Ko te rawa whiwhi e te pāhekoheko kihai whakaae "kōrero ngaro" whitu aorangi ki konganuku. Mahalo ko e tika ana ki te ngā whakahēnga whakakitea e te alchemists tawhito te ateneke whakaaro "poriro" huānga tenei. Ko roto i aua ra i whakakitea mai ai te kaha ki te horo'ai ma parahi, na ka reira mohiotia rite te tikanga o "WHITENING Venus."

Ka rite ki te taonga takitahi te huānga matū kua tāutuhia, kua anake i roto i te waenganui o te rautau tekau mā whitu. muri rongoā Tiamana Johann Schroeder i te faatea i te reira, he te whakaiti matū o waikura waro. I muri i te tahi mau wa, i muri i te reira i roto i te faatea ia Nikole Lemeri whakarewa whakawera kuleioni hopi, waikura te ateneke. I roto i te rau tau 18, kua mohiotia tenei whakarewa hei "āhua" rerekē.

I roto i te mutunga o te kēmihi Swedish rau 18 i whiwhi K. V. Sheele waikawa te ateneke, e faaite i te faito teitei roa o te piti hāora o te ateneke +5. I roto i te rautau tekau mā iwa e tautuhia matū organic e roto i te ateneke.

Te riroraa i roto i te āhua

Teitei me raro tohu o te piti hāora o te ateneke puta i roto i ona pūhui tūturu. I roto i te kukū kirinuku ōrau o te huānga homai e kore e nui ake 5 karamu ia ton. I roto i te kohuke maha, kei reira tahi ki nika, konukurahina, parahi, rino.

I tēnei wā, i reira e pā ana ki e rua rau rerekē kohuke māori, e ngā te huānga matū whakaaro e tatou. Hoatu e faaite mai ratou i te faito teitei roa me i raro o te piti hāora o te ateneke, kua ratou tono rerekē. Hei tauira, i roto i te taha ki te kakano te ateneke whakaatu te āhua tōraro hāora. Whakaaro i te meka e tenei whakarewa he electronegativity iti, he tohu o raro o te piti hāora o te ateneke he -3. he angamaheni hoki arsenides, me te mo te kohuke allemontita tenei ahua.

Te nuinga o pūhui ki konganuku te ateneke, homai te pū o te hanganga, ko te pūhui intermetallic, āhuatanga e rerekē te hanganga o te huānga matū.

āhuatanga arsenide

Hoki arsenide āhuatanga e te ihirangi o te maha konganuku he rite te hanganga o matapihi karaihe. Kei te āhuatanga e te umeraa konganuku enei kohuke, he puatakore, i te pakeke iti.

Ka rite ki tauira o arsenide tūturu taea whakaaro i te pūhui e whai ake nei:

• loellingite rite ki te pyrite;
• nickeline huaina whero pyrite nika;
• langisit;
• Oregon;
• sperrylite.

O te akoranga, e kore te mea he rārangi ngaio o taua kohuke tenei - emit tēnei wā e pā ana ki e rua tekau-rima o enei pūhui. I roto i te tino noa i roto i te natura e whakahuatia arsenopyrite huaina pyrites ateneke. Ko te hua i whiwhi mā te hoatu i te ngota whanariki i roto i te ateneke pyrite. huaina pūhui o te mahere taua, e kore e nei i whakaaturia i roto i te faito teitei roa o te piti hāora o te ateneke te sulphosalts.

Ratou ritenga whakapono konukurahina tiaho gersdorffite, enargite me Proust. Ko te whakamutunga, ko te he ore hiriwa nui, kei roto i te kahu o runga o ora utu nui. kia ngā te sulfosalts hanganga pai konganuku o te rōpū konukawata. I roto ia ratou moni irarsite me orsit. Ratou hanganga Ko konganuku onge whakamahia rite kaiwhakakökï pai i roto i whāiti organic me inorganic.

whakaaturia te tohu mōrahi o piti hāora o te ateneke te i roto i ona sulphides tūturu. Hei tauira, te dimorph karaka-kōwhai e tohu ana i te pūngāwhā te ateneke (5). I roto i te thirties o te rau tau whakamutunga, i kitea putunga tūturu o orpiment, tae atu i roto i tona pūngāwhā mema, trivalent te ateneke, i roto i te tonga o te Range Verkhoyansk. Te rahi o te tioata kitea i āhua 60 henimita te roa, me te taimaha tata i te 30 kg.

āhuatanga arsenates

Ka taea te whakaaro tohu pea o te piti hāora o tai te ateneke mō te tauira. Ko te kupu, tuku pūhui waikawa te ateneke faaiteiteraa arsenate te auau mōrahi mō te whakarewa: 5. Ka rite ki tauira o taua pūhui erythrite hakari he tae kanapa māwhero. tuku te tote tae konukurahina, kua reira te Co3 tātai (AsO4) he taea hoki 2 * 8H ₂ O. reira ki te mōhio Gasparo hue parauri-whero rite (Ce, La, nd) Aro _4.

I roto i te pokapū o Sweden kitea langbanovskie ferromanganese mahi, te wahi i kitea ai, ka āhuatanga e pā ana ki e rima tekau rerekē arsenates. Ēnei pūhui e hanga e mā te tauhohe i te waikawa arsenous ki waihā konupora, (2) i te pāmahana iti.

He aha puta ki te arsenate tohu o piti hāora o te ateneke? Āhuatanga o enei tai haapapu te aroaro o te whanariki i roto ia ratou. Ahakoa te kore o ngā tono ahumahi, hanga tika ratou mo te hanga ngā kohinga mineralogical ratou ahua rerehua.

He kōrero ngā he kupfernikel e ōrite ana te Nichelino kohuke. Wharekarakia kaikeri German Konukōreko huaina te maunga o te wairua kino, ka "parahi rūpahu" i huaina "kupfernikelem". i whakakitea Masters ahua tioata parahi-whero o te tokahuke kohuke parahi. Whakamahia ratou i roto i te karaihe ki te hoatu i te hua whiwhi te matomato. Anake i roto i te pokapū o-waru rau tau mineralogist muri Axel Fredrik Cronstedt i te faatea ia i te nika kohuke.

Āhuatanga i roto i te āhua

Ko tino e mangere te ateneke, kia taea te kitea i te reira i roto i te āhua taketake. wahi whakarewa taua kua i rua ki te ono ōrau o poke, te nuinga he ratou hiriwa, he rino, konukurahina, sēniti. I roto i to tatou whenua i kitea ai e te tohunga pūtaiao te ateneke taketake i roto i te rohe Amur, Transbaikalia.

Ka taea te kitea te reira i roto i ngā toka me ngā kohuke, me te i roto i te tipu, na kei te tika maha tuku reira ki rite te huānga ohinga.

He aha te mea te mōrahi me te tohu iti o te piti hāora o te ateneke? hāngai te uara teitei ki te tau rōpū, kei ai te te huānga kaha, a ko te +5. Ko reira āhuatanga hoki te pūhui i roto i nei ngā whakaaturanga reira whakaiti āhuatanga. Pānuitia atu pūhui o tenei whakarewa ahurei ka whakaaro i muri.

tohaina te ateneke ao rawa kāore. Ko te take te hanganga o te lithosphere me i roto i te tukanga sorption me desorption tupu i roto i para me te oneone.

Nā ki te memehatanga pai o te whakarewa i roto i te wai i te reira ngā heke. Hei tauira, i roto i climates takawai puta reira wīra i te oneone, aru i te nekehanga tahi ki manawa whenua, awa.

pānga whaiaroaro

Ko te nui nui o te ateneke roto i roto i te wai kohuke. He etahi ture i runga i te ihirangi o te whakarewa. A, no te nui rawa i te uara whakaaetia i reira ko te riri nui o te kino ki te tinana tangata. I roto i te rangahau matū, i kitea ai e i roto i te ateneke tūturu wai kia hakari i roto i ngā puka. He aha kia te tohu o te piti hāora o te ateneke? Ko te āhuatanga o te pūhui kitea i roto i te wai ki te whakaū i te aroaro o te maitai i roto i te puka o te otinga waikawa arsenous.

Kei te ateneke i roto i te puka ora e pā ana ki 6 mg ia 1 kg. Ka taea e wāhanga o te ngä pükohu whakaemi he taonga tuku ki te whānuitanga taua e taea e te mea kino mo te tinana tangata. Ētahi o te momo kitea i roto i nga whenua Āhia taea ki te proliferate i roto i te otinga waikawa parakore, he. E whakamahia ratou rite te tikanga o kiore mana. I roto i te kiko roro tangata, me te nui rawaka o te whakarewa i roto i ona uaua. I tua atu, he mea i roto i te mau papaa parau titi e putu i roto i te huruhuru.

ngā whakaritenga tinana

Ahakoa te meka e te ateneke rite te whakarewa, reira hoki kua he tohu kore-konganuku. Hei tauira, e kore te mea reira, e nehenehe o te hanga tai ki te waikawa pungatara mahi huānga acidifying. Ka taea e te ateneke te tīariari i roto i ngā whakarerekētanga allotropic te haamana'oi te ūkuikui. Ko te tēpara tino he te ateneke hina, e sublimes ka wera rite iodine.

Na roto i tenei whakarerekētanga o kawe ia hiko iho ki te parahi, engari ki runga ake i konuoi. Ki runga ki te meangiti kohu te ateneke taea te tiki ngohengohe mārama taonga tae kōwhai rite ki te ūkuikui kōwhai. I roto i te whakawera, kua tahuri ai ki te whakarereke allotropic rerekē o te huānga matū.

A, no te taea waipara kohu te ateneke i runga i te karaihe mau i te ahua o te kiriata whakaata.

pūhui te ateneke

Ko te tohu o te hāora o te ateneke i roto i te waikura runga ko 5, e he rite ki tona honohono teitei. Ko whāhau o kohu whakarewa i roto i te rangi takawai i hanga mangu kiriata ateneke tona anhydride As2O _3. Ko reira i roto i te vai waiwai te puka taua me te ōkai o te huānga. Tenei waikura whakaaturia ngā āhuatanga matū amphoteric.

I roto i te tukanga piti hāora e tahuri ai ki te waikura teitei, e whakaatu ana te faufaa o te ateneke pitihāoratanga kāwanatanga +5.

oxidized te whakarewa parakore te ki te waikawa hauota memeha ki te ortomyshyakovistoy waikawa H ₃ Aso _3, kua ai reira he honohono, o 3. I roto i te āhuatanga ratou matū e whakaaro reira he waikawa kaha reo analogously waikawa boric. whakaaro tai arsenite whakaahua āhuatanga kanapa whakahou.

Ko te pūhaumāota whakarewa kua te kāwanatanga piti hāora +3, mahi rite te huānga whakarewa angamaheni. arsenides Saltlike, i hanga e te tauhohenga ki te konganuku hohe mamae paparetanga wai. Hei tauira, arsine (Ash ₃₎ ko te hau te huitahi paitini, kowaiwai o te kakara.

pūhui organometallic

Ko te ahei o te hanga ngā pūhui organometallic te ateneke. Hei tauira, i roto i te mutunga o te rau tau waikura distillative 18 o te ateneke (3) pāhare pāporo tāpia, i whiwhi horekau he wai te mea he kakara kino. I te ingoa i te hua hua alarsinom. whakakitea rangahau muri e i roto i tona wahi o te ateneke he reira.

I roto i te mutunga o te rautau tekau mā iwa, kua synthesized arsines kakara. kawea tauhohenga i roto i raro i te mahi o te ranunga o te trichloride te ateneke me te kōnakonako aryl ki te konutai konganuku. Kua whakaatu ētahi o enei hua āhuatanga antimicrobial. Ki te rā, te ariā o o mano tekau o ngā matū waro te ateneke.

Ko te whakamahi o te ateneke

whakamahia Neke atu i te hawhe o te whakarewa hua i roto i te puka o ngā pūhui. I roto i tona ahua parakore, kei te tata te reira kore whakamahia. I roto i te rahinga iti kua whakaurua ai ki te alloys whanau. Taua tāpiritanga i te whai pānga pai ki runga ki te pakeke o te hua oti, na e hiahiatia ana e ratou i roto i te hanga o taura hiko me pūhiko.

Ko te horopeta iti o te ateneke whai wāhi ki te whakapai ake i te waikura ātete, te whakapai ake i te waiariki tohu, parahi, me te parahi. Ki te kore e roto i tenei huānga poke atu, i roto i nei take e kī ai i roto i te hanga o ngā pūrere Semiconductor. Hei waihanga ratou, kongatia te ateneke te ki germanium silicon ranei.

I tua atu, ko ia he dopant pai ki te waihanga maitai. Ka rite ki tino hiahia tohutohu te ateneke me te metallurgy kore-ferrous. Ahakoa me tona ihirangi iti i roto i te koranu nui e taea te whakapai ake i te kaha o nga hua hangaia. faarahi te ateneke te fluidity i roto i te makanga a te parahi, kia māmā ki te whiwhi i te waea.

He he ano hoki tetahi pānga kino o tenei hanga whakawhitinga whakarewa. Ko tōna aroaro i roto i te tukanga ore tahuri ki te ahumahi mōrearea.

I roto i ngā pūhui te ateneke o moni ko tona waikura trivalent. Kei te whakamahia i tēnei wā ia i roto i te ahumahi karaihe. Tai ki te tohu tono 5 rite antiseptics. Tenei huānga whakawhitinga ko tetahi o te rongonui tino i roto i te ahumahi matū hou no te mea ngā āhuatanga rua whakaaturanga i runga i te rere tukanga o te reo rānei.