Ko te konganuku rōpū konukawata: he arotake o te rārangi, ngā āhuatanga me tono

konganuku rōpū Platinum - ko e ono āhuatanga matū utu nui pai i e juxtaposed i roto i te ripanga pūmotu. He konganuku whakawhiti o ngā rōpū 5-6, 8-10 wā katoa.

Platinum Group Metals: Rārangi

Kei te rōpū o te huānga matū e ono e whai ake whakaritea i roto i te tikanga o te whakanui ake i taimaha ngota:

• Ru - ruthenium.
• Rh - Rhodium.
• PD - palladium.
• Os - Os.
• Ir - iridium.
• Ira - konukawata.

konganuku rōpū Platinum i te hue he hiriwa-ma, ki te haunga o te osmium, i te mea kikorangi-ma te tae. Ratou whanonga ihoa matū i roto i taua he ratou tino ātete ki te nuinga o tauhohenga, engari kei te whakamahia rite kaiwhakakökï tere ohie whakahaere i te auau o te piti hāora, whakaiti me te hydrogenation tauhohe ranei.

E ö Ruthenium me osmium i roto i te pūnaha tata-Kikī hexagonal, ētahi i whai i te pūtoru hanganga mata-faatumuhia. Ka kitea tēnei i roto i te pakeke nui o ruthenium me osmium.

History o whakahura

Ahakoa i tuhia i te mau tao'ao konukawata-koura ki 700 BC. e., o te aroaro o te whakarewa he reira kaua kōpeka atu i auautanga. Ko te kau Sēsutí i roto i te rau tau XVI, whakahuatia pōhatu hina mātotoru e pā ana ki putunga koura momona. e kore e taea te rewa ēnei kohatu, engari hanga e ratou he koranu ki te koura, riro pakarukaru te mua, a ko reira taea ki te horoi. Kohatu haamata karanga platina del Pinto - pire o rauemi hiriwa i te awa Pinto, he takoha o te awa San Juan i Colombia.

konukawata ngohengohe, e taea te whiwhi i muri noa i te horoi whakarewa oti, motuhia i roto i te French ahupūngao Shaba i 1789. Mai i i hanga reira he kapu, aroaro ki Pope Pius VI. I runga i te whakatuwheratanga o te palladium i 1802, ka mea te kēmihi English William Wollaston, e huaina matū. konukawata-rōpū huānga whakarewa i muri i te asteroid. whakapuakina muri Wollaston te kitea o tetahi taonga reira i roto i te konukawata ore. Te reira i karangatia e ia rhodium tika ki te tae māwhero o te tai whakarewa. Whakatuwhera iridium (te ingoa i muri i te atua o te aniwaniwa Iris no o te ngira ona tai) me osmium (i te Kariki kupu "kakara" no te mea o te haunga māota o tona waikura ahua) i hanga e te kēmihi Ingarangi Smithson Tennant i 1803. kaipūtaiao French Hippolyte Victor Collet-Deskoti, Antoine-Fransua Furkrua, ko Nikora-Lui Voklen tāutuhia e rua konganuku wā kotahi. Ruthenium, taratahi me tāutuhia e te huānga whakamutunga ka tona ingoa i te ingoa Latin o te Russian te kēmihi Russian Karl Karlovich Klaus i 1844.

Rerekē taua ngāwari taratahi i roto i te āhua parakore ngā e āpiha ahi para ohie pērā i te koura, hiriwa, me konganuku o te rōpū konukawata rapu matatini maimoatanga matū wai. kihai i enei tikanga e wātea ana tae noa ki te mutunga o te rau tau 19, na lagged te tāututanga me te noho wehe o te rōpū konukawata muri te hiriwa me te koura mo nga mano o nga tau. I tua atu, kua iti te ira whakakoero tiketike o enei konganuku ratou whakamahi noa kairangahau i roto i te Britain, France, Germany me Russia kihai i whakawhanakehia tikanga mō te faafariuraa konukawata ki te puka e tika ana mō te tukatuka. Ka rite ki timata nga konganuku utu nui o te rōpū konukawata ki te whakamahi i roto i te whakapaipai mai i 1900. Ahakoa tenei whakamahi ko tonu e hāngai ana i tenei ra, nui o tona ahumahi nui. kua meinga palladium he rauemi tino hira mō hoapā i roto i ngā pūnaha tānga waea, me te tahi atu kōrero ahokore, te whakarite i te ora roa ratonga me te tika tiketike, me te konukawata, no te mea o tona ātete ki te faatupu i te horo, i roto i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao ka anga ki te kia whakamahia i roto i te mura hiko whawhai rererangi.

I muri i te whawhai i hanga nga tikanga toronga faafariuraa rāpoi i roto i te hinu para i te tono nui mō ngā āhuatanga catalytic nohoia e konganuku i te rōpū konukawata. Na roto i te tau 1970, kua nui haere kohi noa atu ina kua arahina pira motokā paerewa i roto i te US me ētahi atu whenua ki te whakamahi o ēnei matū i roto i te faafariuraa catalytic o hau whakapau.

ore

Ki te kahore hoki putunga iti momona rawa o konukawata, palladium me osmiridium (te koranu o te iridium me osmium), tata kore ore, e kua he huānga wāhanga matū matua - he whakarewa rōpū konukawata. Kei te nuinga o te wā kohuke i roto i roto i tokahuke pūngāwhā, ngā pentlandite (Ni, Fe) ₉ S _8. Ko te laurite tino noa Rus _2, irarsite, (pa, Ru, rH, Pt) kaihe, osmiridium (pa, Os), cooperite, (PTS) me Bragg (Pt, PD) S.

tāpui nui rawa o te ao o konganuku rōpū konukawata - Bushveld matatini i roto i Āwherika ki te Tonga. E hāngai rakau nui o ngā rauemi mata i roto i putunga o Sudbury i Canada ko Norilsk-Talnakh i Siberia. I roto i te US, e kei te putunga nui o kohuke rōpū konukawata i Sitiliuata, Montana, engari i konei he nui iti ake i roto i Āwherika ki te Tonga, me te Russia ratou. nui kaihanga konukawata o te ao e Awherika ki te Tonga, Russia, Zimbabwe me Canada.

Mining me para

Meiha toku Tonga Awherika, me te Canadian whakahaeretia e te tikanga maina. Tata katoa o nga konganuku rōpū konukawata e tangohia i parahi nika sulfide ranei kohuke whakamahi tēnei waka wehenga. Rewa kareti hua he ranunga horoia e te roto o parahi, me te konukōreko sulphides i roto i te autoclave. Te wīra i te toenga totoka kei i 15 ki te 20% konganuku rōpū konukawata.

I te tahi taime ki runga ki te waka te whakamahi i mahara wehenga. Ko te hua ko te kareti kei roto 50% o konukawata whakarewa, e faaore te akiaki o te tango,.

āhuatanga aunoa

E tino te konganuku rōpū konukawata rerekē āhuatanga hangarau. Platinum me te palladium e rawa ngohengohe, me te rawa ngohengohe. Ki te taea te whakahaere enei konganuku me ratou alloys e rua wera, me te matao. Kei te tuatahi tukinotia Rhodium ki te wera, a ka taea te tukinotia reira ki kōpeke ana makariri tika auau. kia hana Iridium me ruthenium, mahi makariri, e kore e hoatu e ratou i roto i.

Osmium - te totoka, me te rōpū e te pāmahana rewa rawa, engari tona hehema ki hāora haamau ona ake whāititanga. Iridium Ko te nuinga o waikura-ātete o te konganuku konukawata, rhodium me maiohatia hoki te tiaki o ratou āhuatanga i pāmahana teitei.

tono hanganga

Ka rite ki ma konukawata annealed ko te tino ngohengohe, he reira hema ki rapirapi me kino. Hei whakanui i tauta tona pakeke e ki te plurality o te tahi atu āhuatanga. Ko te tino paingia konukawata whakapaipai i roto i Hapani, i reira i huaina ai ko "Hackin" me "koura ma". Alloys mō te whakapaipai kei roto 90% Pt me te 10% PD, i te mea ngāwari ki te hapai i me te whakapiringa. Addition o ruthenium whakapiki i te pakeke o te koranu, i te tiaki i te ātete pitihāoratanga. Ko te alloys o konukawata, palladium me te parahi kua whakamahia i roto i te hua titoa, mai he ratou uaua konukawata-palladium me iti utu.

Crucibles whakamahia mō te whakaputa tioata kotahi i roto i te ahumahi Semiconductor, e rapu te waikura resistance me te pūmautanga i pāmahana teitei. Hoki tenei tono, ko reira pai hāngai konukawata, konukawata-rhodium, me iridium. Platinum-rhodium koranu e whakamahia ana i roto i te hanga o thermocouples e e whakamahia mō te ine pāmahana tiketike ki runga ki te 1800 ° C. whakamahia palladium te rānei i parakore ranei i roto i te puka whakauru i roto i ngā pūrere hiko (50% kohi), i roto i alloys niho (30%). Rhodium, ruthenium me osmium e uaua whakamahia i roto i tona puka parakore - mahi ratou rite dopant ki te tahi atu konganuku rōpū konukawata.

kaiwhakakökï

Mō 42% o te konukawata hua i roto i te Te Hau-ā-uru, whakamahia te rite whakakōkī. O enei, whakamahia 90% i roto i ngā pūnaha whakapau pereoo, te pire whakangutungutu honeycombs ranei pani ki konukawata (me te palladium, me rhodium) whakatairanga ai faafariuraa o waiwaro unburned, te waro haukura me waikura hauota ki te wai, te hauhā me te hauota.

He koranu o te konukawata me te 10% rhodium i te puka o te mātiti whakarewa whero-wera tavini rite te whākōkī i roto i te tauhohenga i waenganui i te haukini me te rangi ki te whakaputa i waikura hauota me te waikawa hauota. A, no te te whangai o haukini ki ranunga mewaro taea te rite waikawa hydrocyanic. A, no te whakamahine konukawata i runga i te mata o te granules alumina i roto i te piere, ko te whakakōkī mo te faafariuraa o te mekameka roa rāpoi branched o hinu i roto i isoparaffins e kua hiahiatia i roto i te ranunga o tiketike-wāwaro penehīni.

-hiko

Ka taea te tono konganuku katoa rōpū konukawata galvanically. No te mea o te pakeke, me te mōhinuhinu o te paninga te tino maha tono rhodium. Ahakoa tona uara i thicknesses rite ki runga ake i konukawata kiato raro taea te whakamahi o iti taimaha o rauemi.

Palladium - rōpū konukawata maitai, e te mea māmā ki te whakamahi mo te paninga. Nā ki te kaha o nga piki rauemi tino. Kua kitea Ruthenium tono i roto i mea tikanga mo te maimoatanga o te waku i te pēhanga iti.

pūhui matū

complexes Organic o konganuku rōpū konukawata pērā i alkilplatiny complexes whakamahia rite kaiwhakakökï i te polymerization o olefins, te hanga o te polypropylene me polyethylene, rite pai rite te hāora o te ethylene ki acetaldehyde.

Kei te piki tai konukawata whakamahia i roto i te hahau mate pukupuku. Hei tauira, he ratou wahi o te tarukino pērā i "Carboplatin" me "Cisplatin". Ruthenium waikura pani electrodes whakamahia i roto i te hanga o te māota me te konutai chlorate. Rhodium pūkawa me rhodium Phosphate whakamahia i roto i te -hiko pati.