Ko te taonga i roto i te matū - he aha te mea tenei? Āhuatanga o matū. akomanga o matū

Ko te pātai matua e hiahia ana ki te mohio te tangata whakahoki mo te māramatanga tika o te pikitia o te ao - e te taonga taua i roto i te matū. i hanga tēnei ariā noa i tau kura, me te arata'i nei te tamaiti ki te kia atu whanaketia. Whiwhi ki te ako o te matū he nui ki te te kitea whenua noa ki taua mea i runga i te taumata rā, taea reira ki a koutou sioloto me wātea ki te whakamārama i te ngā tukanga, ngā whakamāramatanga, ngā āhuatanga, me ētahi atu

Kia aroha mai, e tika ana ki te pūnaha kore-pai o te mātauranga, he tokomaha e ngaro etahi taketake taketake. Ko te ariā o "taonga i roto i te mātauranga matū" - he ahua o kokonga, te absorption wā o tenei whakamāramatanga homai he tangata te tīmatanga tika i roto i te whanaketanga o muri i roto i te mara o te pūtaiao māori.

hanganga o te ariā

I mua i te neke i runga i ki te ariā o te taonga, he mea e tika ana ki te whakatau he aha te mea te tumu parau o te matū. Mea - ko e tika tirohia te matū o ratou panoni tahi, hanganga me ngā āhuatanga. I roto i te māramatanga whānui te taonga - ko te tikanga te tinana tinana tenei.

Na, he aha kei te taonga i roto i te matū? Ka hanga e matou he faaotiraa i te whakawhitinga i te ariā whānui o te matū pono. Ko te taonga - ko te momo ngā o mea, tika he he puranga e taea ana te ruri. Tenei āhuatanga rere kē te taonga i ētahi atu momo o te mea - he mara e kua kore papatipu (hiko, autō, mara koiora, me ētahi atu). Mea, i roto i te tahuri - ko reira te tahi mea hanga i nei tatou me nga mea katoa e haaati nei ia tatou.

He maha ngā atu āhuatanga o te mea, te mea i whakaritea, i te mea te reira āta - ko reira kua te tumu parau o te matū. Matū i hanga e te ngota me ngā rāpoi ngota (etahi katote), me te tikanga o tetahi taonga tënei o enei wae tātai me te taonga.

mea Simple me matatini

I muri aravihi tautuhinga turanga e taea haere ki tona whīwhiwhi. haere mai nga matū i roto i ngā taumata o te whakahaere, i te mea e rua ohie, me te uaua (ranei hononga) - ko te wehenga tuatahi ki ngā akomanga o matū tenei, matū kua he rota o wehenga muri, kiko, me te matatini atu. Tenei whakarōpūtanga, pērā te tokomaha noa atu, kua he rohe tino tautuhi, e taea te mārama pēnei ia hononga ki tetahi o nga momo tāuke.

taonga Simple i roto i te Chemistry - he pūhui arā, o ngā ngota o tetahi anake huānga i te ripanga pūmotu. Tikanga, tenei rāpoi-rua, i.e. tito o rua matūriki, hono e kotuari hononga nonpolar - hanganga whānui rua irahiko tirikore. Ko te kupu, ko te ngota o te huānga matū taua i te taua electronegativity, arā, te kaha ki te pupuri i te kiato irahiko whānui, na e kore e te reira rītaha ki tetahi o nga kaiuru i roto i te kōrero. Tauira o matū ohie (nonmetals) - hauwai me te hāora, māota, iodine, köwhai, hauota, whanariki, me ētahi atu Kei a ia ko e toru ngota o te rāpoi ngota o te taonga pērā i te pekerangi, a kotahi - hau rangatira katoa (hauhauhā, hautūāpōkere, haumāmā, me ētahi atu). I roto i te konganuku (konupora, konupūmā, parahi, me ētahi atu) i reira he ona ake momo hononga - whakarewa, kawea atu e tika ana ki te whakawhanaunga o nga irahiko noa roto te whakarewa me te hanganga o ngā rāpoi ngota rite kore te taua kitea. A, no te kei te taonga o te record whakarewa he tohu tika o te huānga matū, kahore tetahi taupū.

taonga Simple i roto i te matū, tauira o nei i hoatu i runga, he mea rerekē i te hanganga kounga o te matatini. Matū ngota o ētahi momo pūmotu e hanga e i rua, neke atu rānei. Taua matū i te kotuari neke momo hononga katote ranei. Mai rerekē ngota i electronegativity rerekē, ka te hanganga o te rua irahiko whānui puta i roto i tona nekehanga ki te huānga ake electronegative, e arata'i ki te katoa te vahiraa o te rāpoi ngota. momo katote - ko te take tino o te neke, irahiko takirua ka tahuri rawa ki tetahi o nga kaiuru here tenei, na kua tahuri nga ngota (ngā rōpū ranei) ki ngā katote. Mārama rohe, i reira he i waenganui i enei momo, e taea te te tikanga here katote rite te kotuari neke nui. Tauira o pūhui matatini - wai, onepu, karaihe, Mariao, waikura, me ētahi atu

matū akatuke'anga

Ko te matū tuku ki rite ohie, i roto i te meka, i te āhuatanga ahurei e kore he e takoto ana i roto i te matatini. kia hanga i ētahi āhuatanga etahi ahua o te taonga ohie. Tūāpapa katoa rite he huānga kotahi, engari ine hanganga, hanganga me ngā āhuatanga tino wehewehe taua ngā. huaina ana tēnei āhuatanga ko ngā pū-.

Hāora, he whanariki, waro, me te tahi atu huānga i te maha o whakarerekētanga allotropic. Hāora - Ko reira o e ₂ ko e _3, waro whakarato wha momo o matū - carbyne, taimana, graphite me fullerenes muingota he rhombic whanariki, whakarerekē monoclinic me te kirihou. he mea ohie taua i roto i te matū, e kore e tauira o e whāiti ki te runga ake, ko reira o faufaa rahi. I roto i ngā, i te fullerenes whakamahia i roto i te toi rite Semiconductors, photoresists, tāpiritanga mo te tupu o kiriata taimana me ētahi atu take, me i roto i te rongoā, ko te antioxidant kaha.

Eaha te tupu ki te taonga?

puta katoa tuarua i roto i, me te huri i te huringa o ngā matū. tirohia Matū me te whakamārama i te tukanga e haere ki te kounga, me te / ranei ine huringa i roto i te hanganga o te rāpoi ngota te tauhohe i. I roto i te whakarara, tūhonohono maha puta me panoni tinana e kua āhuatanga e te huringa o te āhua, tae, rauemi ranei te āhua o te whakawhāititanga, me etahi atu āhuatanga.

ari Chemical - ko te tauhohenga o ngā momo, hei tauira, pūhui o whakauru, whakawhitiwhiti, roha, reversible, putawera, pitihāoratanga, me ētahi atu, i runga i ngā rerekētanga i roto i te tawhā o te moni. Hoki ari tinana ngā: whakaetonga, tōhau, whāhau, whakakorenga, mīti, kawe ia hiko, me ētahi atu maha haere tahi ratou tetahi ki tetahi, hei tauira, i te uira i roto i te tupuhi - ko reira he tukanga tinana, me kōwhiringa i raro i tona pekerangi - he matū.

ngā āhuatanga ōkiko

Ko te taonga i roto i te matū - tenei mea, e te hunga tūturu i roto i etahi āhuatanga ōkiko. I roto i to ratou aroaro, ngaro, tohu me te kaha e taea te tohu, rite te taonga e mahi i roto i ngā āhuatanga rerekē, me te whakamārama hoki etahi o nga āhuatanga matū o te pūhui. Hei tauira, te pāmahana e koropupu tiketike pūhui organic, i roto i nei, ko te hauwai, me heteroatom electronegative (hauota, te hāora, me ētahi atu) tohu e te taonga whakaaturia taunekeneke momo matū pērā i te hauwai hononga. Kei te hanga mihi ki te matauranga o te mea matū i te kaha pai ki te whakahaere hiko, cable me te waea pukupuku i etahi konganuku.

āhuatanga matū

whai wāhi Whakapūmau, rangahau me te ako o nga āhuatanga o te tahi atu taha o te moni i roto i ngā matū. Ko te āhuatanga o te mea i tona mata o te tirohanga - he reira ratou mahitahi tauhohenga. He kaha tino ētahi matū i roto i tenei tikanga, mo te tauira, konganuku ranei tetahi hāora me ētahi atu rangatira (e mangere) hau e i raro i ngā āhuatanga noa e kore e whakaritea tauhohe. Ka taea te whakahohe i ngā āhuatanga matū ranei passivated ki te tika, i te tahi taime e kore te reira e pā ana ki te mau fifi ngā me whai he wa pakeke i roto i ētahi wā. Scientists noho maha haora i roto i te taiwhanga, i te tamataraa, me te hapa, i ngā whāinga, me ētahi wā e kore e tae ratou. Na roto i te rerekē tawhā taiao (pāmahana, te pēhanga, me ētahi atu) te whakamahi i pūhui motuhake ranei - kaiwhakakökï inhibitors ranei - ka taea e pā te āhuatanga matū o matū, a reira te tauhohenga.

Whakarōpū o matū

Ko te pūtake o whakarōpūtanga katoa he wehenga ki ngā pūhui matū waro, me te inorganic. Ko te huānga organic matua - he waro, tūhono ki ia atu, me te hydrogenic, i whai ahua ai ngā ngota waro te kōhiwi pūwaro e muri tonu e te tahi atu ngota (hāora, hauota, ūkuikui, whanariki, kōnakonako, konganuku, me ētahi atu), kati i roto i huringa ranei branched, faaiteraa i reira whānui o ngā pūhui matū waro momo. Ki te rā, e matau pūtaiao 20 miriona o taua matū. Ahakoa pūhui kohuke hawhe anake te miriona.

Ia hononga takitahi, engari ano hoki he maha ngā āhuatanga ōrite ki te atu i roto i te āhuatanga, te hanganga, me te hanganga, i runga i tenei kaupapa, i reira te whakarōpū i te mau piha o matū. Matū he taumata tiketike o te systematization me whakahaere, ko reira he pūtaiao tangohia.

inorganics

1. waikura - pūhui ā-rua ki te hāora:

he) waikawa - na roto i te tauhohe i ki te wai i homai waikawa;

b) te matua - i roto i te whakapā ki te wai e hoatu he turanga.

2. Waikawa - he taonga ngā o tetahi atu ranei iraoho me te toenga waikawa hauwai.

3. Ko nga turanga (alkali) - ngā o tetahi atu ranei ngā rōpū hydroxyl me te ngota whakarewa:

he) waihā amphoteric - whakaatu i te āhuatanga me te waikawa me nga turanga.

4. tai - te hua o te tauhohenga neutralization i waenganui i te waikawa me te alkali (turanga wairewa), ngā o te ngota whakarewa me te kotahi ranei atu toenga waikawa:

he) tai waikawa - ko te toenga anion o te iraoho waikawa i roto i te hanganga, te hua o te dissociation oti o te waikawa;

b) tai taketake - te hono ki te rōpū hydroxyl whakarewa, te hua o te dissociation oti o te turanga.

pūhui matū waro

organics i roto i te momo nui o ngā akomanga o matū, he uaua ki te mahara tonu te rōrahi taua o ngā mōhiohio. Ko te mea matua ko te ki te mohio te wehenga taketake o te tīmeka me pūhui huringa, carbocyclic me heterocyclic, kukū me te hamanga. Ano, waiwaro i maha pärönaki i roto i nei i te ngota whakakapia o te hauwai i runga i kōnakonako, hāora, hauota, me ētahi atu ngota, me te rōpū mahi.

Ko te taonga i roto i te matū - ko te suschestovanie turanga. Nā ki te ariā organic o te tangata i tenei ra kua he maha nui o rauemi horihori e whakakapi māori, me te faito ore i roto i ona āhuatanga i roto i te āhua.