Āhuatanga matū, ōkiko o ngā rauemi

I teie mahana, i reira e pā ana ki 2.5 miriona o ngā pūhui, e rua ka puta noa, me te āwenewene synthesized e te tangata. He tino rerekē ratou katoa, etahi o ratou - kaiuru faufaa i roto i ngā tukanga koiora tupu i roto i ngā rauropi ora. rerekē pūhui i ia atu āhuatanga o te matū. Whakatakotoranga me aha he tonu taea ki te tautuhi i te rāpoi ngota matū ngā, whakaahuatia i raro nei.

He aha te mea te mea?

Ki te homai e koe he whakamāramatanga o tenei ariā, he mea e tika ana ki te tohu i roto i tona hononga ki te tinana tinana. I muri i te katoa, whakaaro te taonga kei te ki kia rite te mea ngā reira o enei tinana. Hei tauira, karaihe, rino, he whanariki, rakau - he taonga. Ka taea te kawea tauira ore. Māmā ki te matau i te whai ake: whakaaro matou pā te wā ki te katoa i roto i te ao i reira e he momo o ngā rerekē o ngā rāpoi ngota, me te matūriki ngota ohie.

Ko te kupu, te wai, te waipiro, waikawa, kawakore, pūmua, te warowaihā, te tote, te huka, onepu, te uku, taimana, hau, etc. - ko reira te taonga. Ka taea e tauira kia mārama ake hopu te mauri o tenei ariā.

Ko te tinana tinana - he reira he hua, i hanga nei e te natura e te tangata ranei i runga i te pūtake o ngā pūhui. Hei tauira, karaihe - he tinana i ngā o te karaihe, me te whārangi o te pepa - te tinana i te mea he cellulose tukatuka rakau ranei.

O te akoranga, e rerekē nga rāpoi ngota katoa. He aha te mea te pūtake o ratou rerekētanga, ka karanga ratou o ratou āhuatanga - tinana, matū me ngā āhuatanga organoleptic. E tāutuhia e rātou te whakamahi i ngā rautaki motuhake e ia pūtaiao ona. Ka taea e te reira pāngarau, tātari, whakamātau, tikanga mauhaa, me tokomaha ake momo. Hei tauira, te pūtaiao o te matū e whakamahia ana mo ia taonga, ranei, kaua, ki te tautuhi i te reira, to koutou kaihoko. I tīpakohia e ia i runga i te pūtake o hanganga o te rāpoi ngota āhuatanga me te matapae āhuatanga matū. Na ka whakamatauria experimentally whakaaetia, ka whakaritea i roto i te pūtake ariā.

whakarōpū o matū

Ko te pūtake o te wehenga ki ngā rōpū o taea te hoatu te pūhui he maha ngā āhuatanga rerekē. Hei tauira, te āhua o te whakawhāititanga. Ka taea e kia katoa o ratou i runga i tenei take o wha hoki nga tu:

• wē;
• hau;
• wai;
• rauemi tioata (totoka).

Ki te tangohia e tatou rite te pūtake mo te "hohonu" tohu atu, e taea te wehea rauemi katoa ki:

• organic - e hāngai ana i roto i te mekameka me huringa o te waro me te hauwai ngota;
• pararopi - te toenga katoa.

Ko te hanganga timatanga o e whakaata ana nga pūhui o te tātai, ko ratou:

• ohie - te momo kotahi o ngota matū;
• matatini - momo rerekē e rua, neke atu rānei o ngā tūemi.

I roto i te tahuri, wehea mau ki konganuku me nonmetals. i maha akomanga mātanga: tai, turanga, waikawa, waikura, hākawa, waiwaro, waiwaihā, waikawa karihi, me te pera i runga i.

Various momo o pūhui o tātai

He aha te mea mārama, e he kauwhata, hononga whakaatu? O te akoranga, tenei tātai matū. He rerekē ratou. Tei runga i te momo o te mōhiohio i roto i roto i a ratou he rerekē i runga i te rāpoi ngota hoki. Heoi, i reira he kōwhiringa:

1. Tëtehi ranei rāpoi. whakaata te reira i te hanganga ine, me te kounga o te taonga. Kei roto te reira i tohu no ki nga mea timatanga, me te taupū roto i te kokonga maui raro o reira, e whakaatu ana i te maha o ngota i roto i te rāpoi ngota. Hei tauira, H ₂ E, Na ₂ SO _4, AL ₂ (SO _{4) 3.}
2. Irahiko ttara. E whakaatu ana tēnei tātai te maha o ngā irahiko honohono, o ia pūmotu whakatu i te pūhui. Na reira, he taea kē he whakatinanatanga taua ki te matapae i te tahi o te matū, me ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o matū.
3. I roto i organic noa matū ki te whakamahi i tonu, me te haapotohia tātai hanganga. whakaata ratou te tikanga o te ngota i te rāpoi ngota, ano, mārama tohu he taonga no ki te piha haapiiraa ngā o pūhui. A taea reira ki a koutou tika te whakatau i te momo motuhake o ngā rāpoi ngota, me te matapae i te āhuatanga katoa mo tona mahi.

Na reira, tohu matū me pūhui tika whakahōputu o tātai - te wahi nui o te mahi ki te matū mohiotia katoa. Ko te pūtake ariā e kia mohio katoa te ākonga e Akoranga matū tenei.

ngā āhuatanga ōkiko

He āhuatanga tino nui o te āhuatanga ōkiko e faaite e te rauemi. E hinga ki tenei rōpū?

1. āhua tinana i raro i ngā tikanga, tae atu ki te paerewa.
2. te Reflux pāmahana, rewa, mīti, te whakaetonga.
3. āhuatanga Organoleptic: tae, kakara, reka.
4. Memehatanga i roto i te wai, me te tahi atu whakarewa (organic, hei tauira).
5. Te kiato, me te fluidity, pokey.
6. kawe ia hiko, me te waiariki, kaha wera.
7. uruhanga schematic.
8. Ira.
9. Absorption me te paheke.
10. Hiko.

He he ano hoki te raupapa o tohu, e he tino nui hoki te rārangi oti, e whakaata ana i te āhuatanga o ngā matū. Heoi, ko ratou i waenganui o te tinana, me te matū. Ko ratou:

• kawehiko pea ;
• pato karaihe ripekapeka;
• electronegativity;
• pakeke me te brittleness;
• kōpoke me te kōngohe;
• pähekeheke whakaetonga ranei;
• pānga koiora i runga i kaiao ora (paitini, ta'ota'o, āpiha karere, kūpapa, painga, me ētahi atu).

E mea pinepine e whakahuatia enei whika rite ka mahi kua tika ki nga āhuatanga matū o matū. Heoi, ka taea e koe te whakapūtā ratou i roto i te wāhanga tinana e kore e taua hape kia.

Ko te āhuatanga matū o matū

Tenei rōpū ngā nga momo taea katoa o ngā taunekeneke o te rāpoi ngota ki ētahi atu matū ohie, me te uaua. Ko te tauhohenga matū tika. Hoki ia momo o te hononga e tino motuhake ratou. Heoi, noho taratahi āhuatanga rōpū noa mo te piha haapiiraa katoa o matū.

Hei tauira, te waikawa katoa e taea o te tauhohe i ki konganuku, rite ki o ratou tūranga i roto i te raupapa iahiko o konganuku ngaohiko. mo katoa tauhohe neutralization angamaheni ki te alkali, te tauhohe i ki turanga rewa hoki. Heoi, te waikawa pūngāwhā kukū, me te hauota ngā, mai rerekē nga hua o to ratou tauhohenga ki ngā konganuku i te hunga whiwhi e te tauhohe rite ki ētahi atu i te mau melo o te piha haapiiraa.

āhuatanga matū o te rota o ia taonga. takoto ratou tau e te mahi o te pūhui, e ko, ki te kaha ariu ki ētahi atu wāhanga. He tino urupare, i reira he tata e mangere. Ko te tino tenei he tawhā takitahi.

mea ohie

Ko ētahi o ēnei hunga e ngā o te momo kotahi o te ngota, engari rerekē i roto i to ratou tau. Hei tauira, S _8, e _2, e _{3, Au,} N _2, P _4, CL _2, Ara, me ētahi atu.

Kua iti te āhuatanga matū o matū ohie ki te taunekeneke ki:

• konganuku;
• -Konganuku kore;
• wai;
• waikawa;
• kawakore me ngā waihā amphoteric;
• pūhui matū waro;
• tai;
• waikura;
• hauwai me te anhydride, me ētahi atu rāpoi ngota.

Ano kia tuhia te reira e ko te reira, matatau tonu ngā āhuatanga motuhake o ia take ngā. Na reira, kei te whakaaro te ngā āhuatanga ōkiko me te matū o te matū ohie takitahi.

matū matatini

Tenei rōpū ngā taua pūhui, nga rāpoi ngota o e kua hanga e e huānga matū e rua ranei atu rerekē. Ko te nui o ia o ratou kia rerekē. Hei matau te te tahi mau hi'oraa ohie reira:

• H ₃ PO _4;
• K ₃ [Fe (CN) _6];
• Cu (OH) _2;
• LiF;
• AL ₂ E ₃ me ētahi atu.

Mai no ratou katoa ki akomanga rerekē o matū, te tāutu i ngā āhuatanga noa tinana, me te matū mō taea katoa. Tenei āhuatanga motuhake, ahurei, me te takitahi i roto i ia take.

inorganics

Ratou i tenei ra, i reira e ki runga 500 mano. E rua ohie, me te matatini. I roto i te katoa i reira e rave rahi nui akomanga o pūhui pararopi, e ko ratou kanorau katoa.

1. konganuku taonga Simple.
2. Waikura.
3. matū Simple kore-konganuku.
4. hau Noble e mangere ranei.
5. Peroxides.
6. Anhydrides.
7. pūhui hauwai ahua.
8. Hydrides.
9. Tote.
10. Waikawa.
11. Base.
12. pūhui Amphoteric.

Tetahi māngai o te piha haapiiraa ia he tona huinga ake o ngā āhuatanga ōkiko me te matū e tukua ki te wehewehe i te reira i te tahi atu pūhui, me te tāutu i.

Āhuatanga o matū waro

Organics - Ko te wāhanga o te matū e mahi ki te ako o pūhui atu atu i pararopi, me o ratou āhuatanga. ngā ngota waro à ratou hanganga, he nehenehe o tūhono ki ia atu i roto i ngā hanganga:

• rārangi pekapeka ranei;
• huringa;
• mowhiti kakara;
• heterocycles.

E tito kaiao ora noa o taua pūhui, rite te pūtake o te ora - he pūmua, te ngako, me te warowaihā. māngai o te - katoa o ratou matū waro. Na reira, nga āhuatanga o ratou āhuatanga. Otiia i roto i tetahi take, kahore mea he aha te ahua o te rāpoi ngota i pātai, he reira tonu hoki ki te kia āhuatanga reira e te huinga etahi o ngā āhuatanga ōkiko me te matū, i whakahuatia matou mua.

He aha te mea he mea ora?

ka karanga te reira i mea ora o i titoa o te koiora katoa o to tatou paraneta te. Ko, te hunga rauropi e hanga ake te ora ki runga ki taua mea:

• huakita me huaketo;
• pūtau-;
• tipu;
• kararehe;
• harore;
• iwi.

Mai te nuinga o te pūhui i roto i nga mea ora - organic, he reira taea ki te kawe ia ratou ki te rōpū o te mea ora. Heoi, e kore e katoa. Anake te hunga e mea faufaa ki te oraraa o te māngai ora o te ao koiora. He pūmua, waikawa karihi, hormones, huaora, te ngako, te warowaihā, waikawa amino me ētahi atu ratou. whakaurua te wā "mea ora" i Vernadsky, te kaiwhakarewa o te ariā o te ao koiora o te ao.

Ko te āhuatanga o te mea ora:

• kainga o te pūngao ki te taea o tona faafariuraa;
• ture-whaiaro;
• kaupapa tūao;
• whakarerekētanga o whakatupuranga;
• kanorau tino.

Tioata me matū konganuku

E pā ana te reira ki pūhui tioata katoa he etahi momo o te hanganga ripekapeka. He hononga ki ngota, rāpoi konganuku ranei ripekapeka karaihe. Tei runga i te momo, me ngā āhuatanga o te rerekē matū tioata. Angamaheni pūhui totoka he tirohanga fine- maminga ranei crystallites e ngā tai.

He hoki matū ohie ki te hanganga rite, pērā i graphite ranei taimana, kohatu utu nui, me te āhua-utu nui, ngā kohuke, toka. Ko te āhuatanga taketake o ratou:

• pakeke;
• fragility;
• rewa toharite me te pāmahana e koropupu ana.

Heoi, ka rite ki nga wa katoa, e kore ai e tika ana mō te katoa ia āhuatanga.

āhuatanga Metal whakaatu matū konganuku, ratou alloys. Hoki ratou, he huinga o ngā āhuatanga whānui:

• kōpoke me te kōngohe;
• ira e koropupu tiketike, rewa mata;
• hiko me te ngāwhā kawe ia;
• umeraa konganuku.