Ko te pūtau wae mata: hanganga me te mahi

Ko te pūnaha ao te pūtau wae mata. tautuhi te reira i te rohe i waenganui i te taiao o waho me te cytoplasm. whakarato PAK te ture o to ratou pāhekoheko. whakaaro i muri tatou i te peculiarities o whakahaere hanganga-mahi o te taputapu mata pūtau.

wāhanga

Te tautuhi i te wāhanga e whai ake nei o te mata pūrere o ngā pūtau eukaryotic: te wē membrane, nadmembranny me complexes submemranny. Ko te tuatahi kanohi i roto i te puka o te huānga porohita kuiti. whakaaro Plasmolemma te tapahanga o te mata o te wae pūtau. matatini Nadmembranny (te huaina ano a reira glycocalyx) - ko te mema waho tikanga i runga i te membrane wē. Kei a ia ko ngā COMPONENTS. I roto i ngā, ngā enei:

1. Ko te wahi warowaihā o glycoproteins me glycolipids.
2. Ko te membrane pūmua piringa.
3. warowaihā motuhake.
4. Poluintegralnye me pūmua wāhi.

Kei matatini Submembranny te i plasmolemma. Kei a ia ko taratahi pūnaha tautoko-contractile me hyaloplasm piringa.

Elements submembrannogo matatini

Whakaaro i te hanganga o te taputapu o te mata pūtau, e te reira te titiro motuhake i te hyaloplasm piringa. Ko te wahi cytoplasmic motuhake, me te kei runga ake plasmolemma. kanohi hyaloplasm piringa rite tino rerekëtanga taonga wai heterogeneous. Oku i ai e he momo o tiketike, me te iti wāhanga taimaha rāpoi i roto i te otinga. I roto i te meka, he mea he microenvironment i ai nga tukanga rere-motuhake, me te pūkoro whānui. whakarato hyaloplasm piringa te plurality o ngā mahi mata o te mīhini.

pūnaha contractile musculoskeletal

Kei roto i te hyaloplasm piringa. Te tuku pūnaha tautoko-contractile:

1. Microfibrils.
2. fibrils kōhiwi (kakawaea takawaenga).
3. Microtubules.

Microfibrils he hanganga filamentous. fibrils kōhiwi e hanga e e te polymerization o te maha o ngā rāpoi ngota pūmua. faaterehia ratou tau, me te roa e whakaritenga motuhake. A, no te huri i ratou whakatika kōhikohiko mahi pūtau. Pito i te microtubules plasmalemma. Ratou taiepa e hanga e tubulins pūmua.

Te hanganga me te mahi o te wae mata pūtau

whakamana pākia e he tikanga ikiiki. Ko te hanganga o te pūtau wae mata āhei te pokarekarenga o te pūhui e maha ngā tikanga. I roto i ngā, i te whai ake ngā momo o te waka:

1. tūringiringi Simple.
2. waka hāngū.
3. kaupapa Active.
4. Cytosis (utu membrane i roto i te mōkihi).

I tua atu ki te waka, whakakitea āhuatanga mata taua taputapu o te pūtau, pērā i:

1. Barrier (wehewehe).
2. Receptor.
3. Identification.
4. kaupapa pūtau Taumahi roto i philosopho mātauranga, pseudo- me lamellipodia.

kaupapa free

kawea tūringiringi Simple roto i te pūtau wae mata i roto anake i roto i te aroaro i runga i ngā taha e rua o te membrane rōnaki hiko. Ko tōna rahi whakatau te tere me te ahunga o te kaupapa. kia tīpoka apa Bilipidny tetahi momo o hydrophobic rāpoi ngota. Heoi, te nuinga biologically e hydrophilic āhuatanga kaha. Fakatatau ki ai, uaua ratou kaupapa free.

waka hāngū

Kei te karanga a hoki tenei momo o te pūhui nekehanga te tūringiringi whakahaerehia. Kei te hoki kawea te reira i roto i roto i te pūtau kōwae mata i roto i te aroaro o te rōnaki me te kahore te kohi ATP. Ko tere atu utu waka hāngū. I roto i te tukanga o te whakanui ake i te rerekētanga i roto i te kukū rōnaki mai te wāhi i roto i nei riro tonu te tere pokarekarenga.

kawe

whakaratohia Transport i roto i te taputapu mata o te pūtau e rāpoi motuhake. Ki enei tahumaero i te rōnaki kukū he rāpoi nui o te momo hydrophilic (waikawa amino, i roto i ngā). Mata taputapu pūtau eukaryotic ngā tahumaero mo te momo o ngā katote hāngū: K +, Na +, Ca +, Cl-, HCO3-. E āhuatanga ēnei rāpoi motuhake i te selectivity tiketike ki te tūemi kawea. I roto i te tua, he āhuatanga nui ko to ratou tere haere nui. Kia tae te reira i 104, neke atu rānei rāpoi ia te rua.

waka hohe

Kei te āhuatanga i te reira na roto i te neke i te āhuatanga ki te rōnaki. E kawea rāpoi i te rohe o te kukū iti i roto i nga wahi o teitei. titau taua kaupapa he tetahi utu o ATP. Hei whakatinana i waka kaha ki te hanganga o te mata o te taputapu pūtau kararehe ngā pere motuhake. E huaina ratou "papua" ranei "papua". E rave rahi o teie mau pere rerekē mahi ATPase. Tenei te tikanga e e taea ki te wahia iho adenosine triphosphate me ki te tango pūngao mo ona ngā mahi ratou. waka Hohe āhei te hanga o te rōnaki katote.

cytosis

whakamahia tēnei tikanga te ki te neke matūriki o matū rerekē rāpoi nui ranei. I roto i cytosis karapotia huānga kawea e te vesicle membrane. Ki te ko te kaupapa i roto i te whare herehere, ka huaina a reira ko te endocytosis. Nä, ka karanga te aronga ritenga te exocytosis. I roto i te tahi mau pūtau nga mea timatanga tika na waenganui i. ka karanga tenei momo o te waka te transcytosis diatsiozom ranei.

cytolemma

Ko te hanganga o te taputapu mata pūtau ngā te membrane wē i hanga te nuinga lipids me pūmua i roto i te ōwehenga o e pā ana ki 1: 1. Ko te tuatahi "tauira Sandwich" o te huānga whakaarohia i roto i 1935 I roto i runga ki te ariā, te rāpoi ngota lipid pūtake plasmolemma hanga whakaritea i roto i te rua ngā papa (apa bilipidny). tahuri ratou o ratou waero (rohe hydrophobic) ki tahi i te tahi, me te waho, me te roto - i te upoko hydrophilic. E pani ēnei papa ki te apa bilipidnogo rāpoi ngota pūmua. Kua tēnei tauira kua whakaukia mai i roto i te 50s ino ako ultrastructural rau tau mā te whakamahi i te karu whārahi irahiko whakahaere. Kua kitea ngā reira e te wae mata Kei te toru-apa membrane pūtau kararehe. Ko tōna matotoru Ko 7.5-11 nm. Ko reira hakari marama toharite, me te rua paparanga piringa pouri. hāngai ana te tuatahi ki te rohe hydrophobic o ngā rāpoi ngota lipid. Pouri wahi i roto i te tahuri, tohu nga paparanga mata mārō o te pūmua, me te matenga hydrophilic.

atu ariā

He momo o te ako irahiko-mōkitokito, whakahaere i roto i te mutunga o 50 o - wawe 60-doma. tuhu ratou ki te ma'á o te whakahaere o te membrane toru-apa. Ka kitea tēnei i roto i te ariā o J. Robertson. Na, i te mutunga o nga 60raa. putu e ahau he rota o meka kihai i i i faataa i roto i ngā o te ngā "tauira hanawiti". hoatu fakaivimālohi tenei ki te whanaketanga o ngā kaupapa hou, i ngā tauira e hāngai ana i runga i te aroaro o te kōpaki hydrophobic-hydrophilic o ngā rāpoi ngota pūmua me te lipid. I roto tetahi o ratou ko te ariā o "lipoprotein koroka." I roto i te runga ki taua mea, arā, o te pūmua membrane hakari e rua ngā momo: wāhi, me te piringa. Tata herea e taunekeneke hiko ki upoko neke i runga i te rāpoi ngota lipid. Heoi, e kore ratou te hanga i te apa tonu. He tūranga matua i roto i te hanganga o te membrane no pūmua flare. E rumakina ana ratou i roto i reira, me te wahi tuku poluintegralnymi. Moving enei pūmua kawea i roto i roto i te wāhanga wai o te lipid. Ka āta whakarite tēnei lability, me auaretanga o te pūnaha membrane katoa. I tēnei wā, whakaaro tenei tauira te ki hei te noa tino.

lipids

E whakaratohia matua āhuatanga tinana, me te matū o te apa membrane, nga mea timatanga whakaaturia - phospholipids arā, o nonpolar (hydrophobic) hiku me te neke (hydrophilic) upoko. Ko te noa tino o ratou whakaaro e phosphoglycerides me sphingolipids. arotahi Tata nuinga i roto i te monolayer waho. E ratou he hononga ki te mekameka oligosaccharide. Nā ki te meka e whakawhānui nga hononga ki tua atu i te wahi plasmolemma waho, riro te reira i te āhua asymmetrical. Glycolipids tākaro he wāhi nui i roto i te whakatinanatanga o te mahi pūrere mata receptor. Hei wāhanga o te nuinga o te membrane ko hoki cholesterol (cholesterol) - he lipid pūtaiaki. he rerekē tana maha, te nuinga e nei whakaritea e membrane wai. Ko te atu cholesterol, pera he reira runga ake. Tei hoki te taumata wai i runga i te ōwehenga o ngā toenga waikawa fatty hamanga me kukū. Ko te atu o ratou, pera he reira runga ake. Wai pā te mahi o whākōkī i roto i te membrane.

pūmua

Lipids takoto āhuatanga tauārai te nuinga. Pūmua, i roto i te rerekē, whai wāhi ki te whakatinanatanga o te matua mahi o te pūtau. I roto i ngā, i te whakahaeretia waka o pūhui, pākia ture, fariiraa me pera i runga i. E wehea rāpoi Pūmua i roto i te bilayer lipid o te mosaic. taea e whakangaueuetia ratou i roto i te roto. whakahaeretia ana tēnei kaupapa e, āhua, te pūtau iho. Ko te tikanga waka microfilaments whai wāhi. E piri ratou ki te pūmua wāhi takitahi. He rerekē nga huānga membrane i runga i tou wāhi i roto i te pā ana ki bilipidnomu apa rānei. ko te kupu kia pūmua kia piringa, me te wāhi. paetata te paparanga tuatahi te. E ratou he hononga ngoikore ki te mata membrane. E tino rumakina pūmua wāhi i roto i reira. E ratou he here kaha ki te lipids me wehea i te membrane kore ai e hāmate bilipidnogo apa. Pūmua e tomo i roto i taua mea, ka karanga te transmembrane. Ngā pāhekoheko i waenganui i te pūmua me te lipid ngā rāpoi ngota o te natura rerekē whakarato plasmalemma pūmautanga.

glycocalyx

Lipoproteins i mekameka taha. Ko te rāpoi ngota oligosaccharide taea here ki lipids me glycolipids puka. Ratou wahi warowaihā tahi me ngā āhuatanga rite piri ki te pūtau glycoproteins mata tiaki tōraro me te hanga i te tapahanga o te glycocalyx. kawea ano e ia ki te kahu wewete o te mātotoru irahiko āhua. Glycocalyx uhi i te wahi plasmolemma waho. Ko tōna wahi warowaihā whakahaere āhukahuka o tata pūtau me matū therebetween, ka whakarato hoki piripiri kinakitia hononga. Ko te glycocalyx hoki gitosovmestimosti hakari me receptors taiki, whākōkī.

ato'a

Kei te nuinga receptors membrane kanohi glycoproteins. E ratou te kaha ki te whakatū i kōrero ki te ligands tino motuhake. Receptors reira i roto i te membrane, i roto i te tua, e taea te whakahaere i te kaupapa o etahi rāpoi ki te uruhanga pūtau o te wē membrane. E taea e ki te tahuri tohu i te taiao ki te ā-, āhuatanga here o te kopu wahopūtau, me te cytoskeleton ratou. Ētahi kairangahau whakapono e te hanganga o te glycocalyx hoki ngā rāpoi ngota poluintegralnye pūmua. Kei o ratou wāhi mahi i roto i te rohe o te mata o te taputapu nadmembrannoy pūtau.