Ko te mathematician nui Gauss: biography, whakaahua, tuwhera

ko mathematician Gauss he tangata rāhui. Eric Temipale Bell, e ako ana koioranga, whakapono e ki te whakaputaina Gauss i tona rangahau me ngā āhuatanga katoa i roto i te wā tonu, me te ki runga, i taea e te reira e te hawhe tatini mathematicians rongonui. A pera i ratou ki te noho hea te raiona o o te wā ki te ako ki te tiki i te pūtaiao i ētahi atu raraunga ranei. tikanga i muri i te katoa, ia uaua whakaputaina, tonu ko reira hiahia anake i roto i te hua. He mathematician taiea, he tangata ke me te tuakiri inimitable - te reira katoa Carl Friedrich Gauss.

tau wawe

I whanau mathematician Future Gauss runga 30.04.1777, te tenei, o te akoranga, he āhuatanga ke, engari whanau iwi tino i roto i te mau utuafare rawakore atu pinepine. A i tenei wa. Tona koroua ko te tangata ahu whenua noa, ka mahi tona papa i roto i te Duchy o Brunswick kari, Mason te kōrere ranei. ako ngā mātua e ratou prodigy te tamaiti, ka ko e rua tau te tamaiti. He tau i muri mai, e matau ana kua Carl pehea ki te tatau, te pānui me te tuhituhi.

I te kura, ka kite i te kaiako tana aravihi ka hoatu te mahi ki te tātai i te moni o te tau i te 1 ki te 100. i taea ki te hohoro matau e tau tino katoa i roto i te rua, ko te 101 Gauss, a mo te torutoru hēkona, faaoti ia tenei whārite mā te whakanuia 101 i te 50.

Young pāngarau rawa waimarie ki te kaiako. E awhinatia ia i roto i nga mea katoa, tae noa ki te feinga mo taua tauhou taranata tahua. Ki te awhina o Carl whakahaere ki te paetahi i te kāreti (1795).

studentship

I muri i te kāreti, i ako Gauss i te University o Göttingen. Tenei wā o ngā kaituhi ora i tuku ki rite te tino hua. I tenei wa i taea e ki te whakamatau e te heptadecagon Unuunu te whakamahi i te awhi anake, ko reira taea ia. ta ia: Ka taea e koe te utu semnadtsatiugolnik kore anake, engari ētahi atu taparau auau, te whakamahi i te kāpehu anake, me te-hangatonu.

I te University o Gauss tīmata ia ki te arahi i te pukapuka motuhake, e e nga pūkete katoa e pā ana ki tona rangahau. i huna te nuinga o ratou i te kanohi tūmatanui. Ki hoa, ka mea tonu ia e kore i taea e ia te whakaputa rangahau tātai ranei, e kore te mea 100% tino nei. Hoki tenei take, i kitea te nuinga o ana whakaaro i te tahi atu mathematicians i muri i te 30 tau.

"Rangahau Arithmetic"

Āpiti atu ki te mutunga o te mathematician whare wānanga mutu Gauss tona mahi tino "rangahau Arithmetic" (1798), engari i tāngia ai i muri anake e rua nga tau.

Kua tāutuhia tēnei mahi ngā te whanaketanga atu o te pāngarau (i roto i ngā, te taurangi, me te tātai Higher). arotahi te nuinga o te mahi kei te i runga i te whakaahuatanga o abiogenesis puka pūrua. titau ngā kaituhi e ko te reira i konei e tīmata te whakatuwhera Gauss i roto i te pāngarau. I muri i te katoa, ko ia te mathematician tuatahi nei tupu ki te whakatatau hautau, ka tahuri ratou ki te mahi.

Ano i roto i te pukapuka, ka taea e kitea e koe he tauira oti whārite cyclotomic. Gauss whakairo tono tenei ariā mā te ngana ki te whakaoti i te raruraru o te whakataki taparau ki te rangatira, me te awhi. Me whakamatau tenei tūponotanga, Carl Gauss (mathematician) whakamōhio te raupapa o ngā tau, ka karanga tau Gauss (3, 5, 17, 257, 65337). tikanga o tēnei e ki tūemi pānga ohie, ka taea e koe te hanga i te 3-gon, 5-gon, 17-gon, etc. Ko 7-gon hanga kore e mahi, no te mea kahore he 7 "te maha o Gauss." Na roto i te pā ana hoki "tona" tau mathematician takirua e whakanuia ki tetahi tohu o tona raupapa o ngā tau (2 ^3, 2, ^5, me ētahi atu)

Ka taea e tenei hua e huaina "tauwehe oraraa parakore". Ka rite ki kua whakahuatia i te timatanga, pai Gauss ki te whakaputa i nga hua whakamutunga, engari e kore tohu tikanga. Waihoki, i roto i tenei take, te mathematician ta e ki te hanga i te taparau auau ko tino tūturu, e kore noa ngā whakapūtā rite pehea ki te mahi i reira.

Astronomy me te kuini o te pūtaiao

i roto i te 1799. Carl Gauss (mathematician) e tango te taitara o te kaiāwhina palōfesa Braunshveynskogo University. E rua tau i muri mai, kei te homai e ia he wahi i roto i te St Petersburg Academy o Sciences, te wahi tavini ia kia rite ki te kaituhi. tonu ia tonu ki te ako i te ariā o ngā tau, engari whakawhānuitia te whānuitanga o ana ngā pānga i muri i te whakatuwheratanga o te aorangi iti. tamata Gauss ki te tātai me te tautuhi i tona wāhi tangohia. He tokomaha fifili aha te ingoa o te ao i runga i rorohiko pāngarau Gauss. Heoi, torutoru mohio e Ceres - e kore te mea anake te ao ki te pūtaiao mahi.

I roto i 1801, te wā tuatahi i kitea he tinana tiretiera hou. A ohorere a ohorere, tika rite ohorere, i ngaro te ao. tamata Gauss ki te kitea ia, tono tikanga pāngarau, me, piro nui, ko reira rite te wahi kaipūtaiao koikoi.

whai wāhi Astronomy pūtaiao i roto i neke atu i te rua tekau tau. whiwhi World ingoa Gauss (mathematician e nona maha ngā āhuatanga) ki te whakatau i te ohuraa ki te awhina o toru kitenga. E toru ngā kitenga - he wahi i roto i i kei te ao i roto i te wā wā rerekē. Ki te awhina o enei tohu i kitea ano Ceres. I roto i te ara ano i kitea e matou tetahi ao. I roto i te 1802, ka ui ki ta te ingoa o te ao, mathematician kitea Gauss taea tali: "Pallada". Rere te iti i mua, he mea tano ia tapao e i roto i 1923 te ingoa o te mathematician rongonui ko asteroid nui āmio i te Mars. Gauss, asteroid 1001 ranei - Kei te mana mohio ao mathematician Gauss.

ko nga rangahau tuatahi i roto i te mara o te tātai arorangi enei. Pea ko te mata'ita'iraa o te rangi te rangi te take e te tangata mīharo e tau, whakatau ki te tīmata i te utuafare. I te tau 1805 marena Johann Ostgof. whanau tenei haumi ko te tokorua i toru tamariki, engari ka mate te tama whakaotinga i kōhungahunga.

I roto i 1806 ka mate a te Duke, e patronized te pāngarau. whenua Pākehā tata'u Gauss tīmata ki te fakaafe'i ki ano. Mai i 1807 me tae noa ki ona ra whakamutunga Matua Gauss te tari i te University o Göttingen.

I roto i te 1809, mate te wahine tuatahi pāngarau i roto i te taua tau Gauss kaikauwhau i tona hanganga hou - ". Ko te tauira o te kaupapa o te tinana te rangi" te pukapuka i huaina Methods mō te tātai i te āmionga o nga aorangi, e kua whakaahuatia i roto i tenei mahi, he tonu e hāngai ana i tenei ra (ahakoa ki te whakatikatika iti).

Ariā Main o Algebra

Ko te timatanga o te rautau tekau mā iwa Germany tutaki i te āhua o te ihe, me te pirau. ko aua tau uaua mo te mathematician, engari tonu ia ki te ora i runga i. I roto i te 1810 Gauss rua o te wā ki te here i te kono - Minna Waldeck. I roto i tenei uniana puta reira e toru atu tamariki: Teresa, William ko Eugen. 1810 hoki, ko te tau o te whiwhi i te tohu whaimana me te mētara koura.

Kei te haere tonu Gauss tona mahi i roto i nga mara o te tātai arorangi me te pāngarau, te tūhura ake me te ake unknown wāhanga o enei pūtaiao. Tona whakaputanga tuatahi i runga i te ture tauwehe taketake o taurangi, rā hoki ki 1815. Ko te whakaaro matua ko te whai ake: te maha o pakiaka o te pūrau he tika hautanga ki tona tohu. I muri mai, he tauākī o te puka paku rerekē tetahi maha o tohu, e kore e rite ki te kore, he priori, kua i te iti rawa kia kotahi pakiaka.

Ia matua whakamatautauria e ara i roto i 1799, engari kihai i makona ki tona mahi, na whakaputaina te tānga i 16 tau i muri mai, ki etahi menemana, tāpiritanga me ngā tātaitanga.

Non-Euclidean ariā

E ai ki ngā pūrongo, i te tau 1818 i taea e ki te te hanga tuatahi he turanga mo te āhuahanga kore-Euclidean, e pai kia taea te tauwehe i roto i te vairaa mau Gauss. āhuahanga Euclidean Ko te wāhi o te pūtaiao, wehea i te Euclidean. Ko te āhuatanga matua o Euclidean āhuahanga - i roto i te aroaro o axioms me theorems kahore e e rapua e te mihi. I roto i tona pukapuka, "Elements", hoatu Euclid te whakaaetanga ki te kia tangohia hoki homai, no te mea e kore e taea te huri ratou. Ko Gauss te tuatahi nei whakahaere ki te whakamatau e kore e taea tonu e tangohia ariā o Euclid kahore tika, no te mea i roto i ētahi wā e kore ratou e whai i te turanga mārō o te taunakitanga e makona nga whakaritenga katoa o te whakamātautau. Heoi he āhuahanga kore-Euclidean. O te akoranga, i kitea te pūnaha āhuahanga taketake e Lobachevsky ko Rēimāna, engari Gauss - mathematician, te ahei te titiro hohonu, ka kitea te pono, - tohua te timatanga o tenei wāhanga āhuahanga.

geodesy

I roto i te tau 1818, whakatau te kāwanatanga o Hanover e reira ko te hiahia ki te ine i te rangatiratanga, a ko tenei mahi Carl Friedrich Gauss. kihai i ngā āhuatanga i roto i te pāngarau mutu, engari tika hokona he 'uhinga hou. whakawhanake te reira i te hiahiatia hoki te huinga rorohiko mahi. ngā enei te tikanga Gaussian o "tapawhā iti", e te whakaarahia ki te rūri taumata hou.

I ia ki te hanga mahere me te whakahaere i ngā wāhi tuhi. Kua tukua tenei ki te whiwhi mōhiotanga hou, me te whakaora ngā hou, na i roto i 1821 ka anga ia ki te tuhituhi i te mahi, whakatapua ki te geodesy. Tenei Gauss mahi whakaputaina i roto i te 1827, ui ko e "tātari General o papa pāhiwihiwi." Ko te pūtake o tenei mahi, te āhuahanga ā o te pehipehi i whakatakotoria. Mathematician whakapono e te mea e tika ana ki te whakaaro i te tūemi e te hunga i runga i te mata, kia rite ki nga āhuatanga o te mata, aufauraa i te whakarongo ki te roa o te ānau, i te tau'a ore i te raraunga o te wāhi ambient. Ahua muri, kua tenei ariā i kō atu e nga mahi o Rēimāna ko A. Alexandrov.

Ngā mihi ki tenei mahi i roto i te hapori pūtaiao ka anga ki te puta i te ariā o "curvature Gaussian" (tautuhi ana te waka rererangi o curvature o te mehua ki tetahi wāhi etahi). haamata te reira ki te tīariari āhuahanga pārōnaki. A, e te hunga tika kitenga, Carl Friedrich Gauss (mathematician) hopoi tikanga hou mō te whiwhi uara ki tūponotanga tiketike.

rehe

I 1824, ko Gauss i absentia ngā i roto i te te mau melo o te St Petersburg Academy o Sciences. I runga i tenei tona paetae e kore e mutu, he reira tonu uaua ki te mahi pāngarau me te whakaatu ana te kitea hou: "tau tōpu Gaussian". Kei raro ratou auraa te tau he wahi tūturu me pohewa, e he tau tōpu. I roto i te meka, he haamana'oraa o tau tōpū noa Gaussian ona āhuatanga, engari tukua te hunga āhuatanga motuhake iti ki tatou whakamatau te ture o te tauutuutu biquadratic.

I tetahi wa, ko inimitable ia. hanga kua whakarerekētanga hou ara i roto i rehe i roto i 1829 - Gauss - mathematician, tuwhera nei na tu'atiraa rahi ki te ora,. I tenei wa ka haere mai te reira i roto i te mahi iti "I te parau tumu te ao hou o rehe". Reira fakamo'oni'i Gauss e te parau tumu o pānga iti, tika e taea te whakaaro te tauira hou o rehe. Scientists haapapû e taea te tono i teie parau tumu ki ngā pūnaha pūkaha katoa, e kua hono tahi.

ahupūngao

Mai 1831 tīmata Gauss ki mamae i ohoroa kino. whakakitea te mate ano i muri i te matenga o te rua te hoa faaipoipo. rapu ia whaowhina i roto i te rangahau hou, me i mohio. Na, tae whakawhetai ki tona fakaafe Weber i Göttingen. Ki te tangata pūmanawa taitamariki hohoro kitea Gauss te reo noa. He ngākau nui e rua e pā ana ki te pūtaiao me te matewai mo te matauranga kua ki kia ake, te faaiteraa i to ratou wheako, ngaahi'ilo me ngā wheako ratou. E tangohia hohoro ēnei inapō ki pakihi, lī'oa tona wa ki te ako o te autōhiko.

Gauss, mathematician, tona biography he o uara nui pūtaiao, i te 1832, i hanga nga wae tūturu, e kua whakamahia tonu i roto i te te ahupūngao. motuhia ia i roto i toru ngā tūranga matua: tau, taimaha, me te tawhiti (te roa). Me ki tenei kitenga i roto i 1833, te whakawhetai ki te rangahau tahi ki ahupūngao Weber, i taea ki te whakaaroa te waea hiko Gauss.

1839 kite te tuku o tetahi mahi - ". I te General mahara abiogenesis me repulsion, e te hunga tika hautanga ki te tawhiti" I runga i te whārangi whakaahuatia i roto i te taipitopito te ture rongonui o Gauss (hoki e mohiotia ana ko ture tauwehe o Gauss, noa ranei ture tauwehe o Gauss). Tenei ture ko tetahi o te nui i roto i electrodynamics. tautuhi te reira i te hononga i waenganui i nāianei hiko me te nui o te tiaki mata, te wehewehe ki tamau hiko.

I roto i te taua tau taukei Gauss te reo Russian. tukua ana e ia he pukapuka ki a St Petersburg ki te tono ki te unga ia pukapuka me makasini Russian, rawa hiahia ia ki te kia maheni ki te mahi o "tamahine a te Kāpene." Tenei meka haurongo fakamo'oni'i e, i roto i te tua ki te aravihi tātai, he rota o te tahi atu ngākau nuitanga me runaruna a Gauss.

he tangata tika

Gauss kore i roto i te hohoro ki te whakaputa. I ia te roa, me te āta tirohia ia o tona mahi. Hoki te pāngarau katoa i nui: i te tātai tika, me te whakamutu ki te huatau, me te tapatahi o te kāhua. pai ia ki te mea e tona mahi - rite te whare hou hanga. Rangatira whakaatu te hua whakamutunga anake, engari e kore e nga toenga o te ngahere e whakamahia ana ki te hei i runga i te pae o te nohoanga. Hoki ki tona mahi: i whakaae Gauss kia whakaatu kahore tetahi tauira taratara o rangahau, anake te oti raraunga, ariā, tātai.

Kua whakaaturia Gauss tonu te ngākau nui i roto i te pūtaiao, engari i roto i ngā i ia hiahia i roto i te pāngarau, i whakaaro ia "te kuini o pūtaiao katoa." A e kore e te natura tangohia o tona maramarama me taranata. Ahakoa i roto i tona koroheketanga, ia, kia rite ki mua, pau te nuinga o tātaitanga matatini i roto i te ngakau. He mathematician kore kore mua i te tono ki to ratou mahi. Ka rite ki te katoa, i wehi e kore i matau ana to'utangatá ia. I roto i tetahi o ana pukapuka, e ai ta Carl e Tīemiemi tonu ngenge i runga i te mata: i runga i te ringa kotahi, ko ia hari ki te tautoko i te pūtaiao, engari ki runga ki te tahi atu, e kore ia i hiahia ki te whakaoho ake "ohanga o te horonete puhoi."

I roto i tona ora pau Gauss i Göttingen, anake kotahi i taea ki te haere ki Berlin i te amuiraa pūtaiao ia. taea e whai ia he wa roa ki te kawe i roto i rangahau, ngā, tātaitanga inenga ranei, engari kihai i rite ki te kauwhau. Tenei tukanga, i whakapono ia anake te tikanga meapango, engari ki te puta ia i roto i te rōpū o ngā ākonga pūmanawa, tohungia ia kahore wa mo ratou, kahore he kaha, me te mo nga tau maha tonu i te reta matapaki pātai pūtaiao nui.

Carl Friedrich Gauss, mathematician, whakaahua, o nei i reira he i roto i tenei tuhinga i pono he tangata mīharo. tohungatanga Kōhure taea whakamanamana kore anake i roto i te pāngarau, engari ano ki te reo ke "ko he hoa." Matatau i roto i Roma, Ingarihi me Wīwī, kua taukei ara Russian. lau mathematician te Rōpū pūtaiao e kore anake, engari ano hoki pakiwaitara noa. Rawa whakapai hoki ia ki te hua Dickens, Swift ko Valtera Skotta. I muri ana tama teina heke ki te United States, ka hiahia i roto i kaituhi American Gauss. Neke atu i te wa, e matenui ki te Danish, Swedish, Italian me ngā pukapuka Spanish. mahi katoa o te mathematician tino kite i roto i te taketake.

e Gauss te tūranga rawa momo i roto i te ora tūmatanui. Mai te wawe tau ongo'i ia ti'aturi i runga i te iwi i roto i ngā tūranga o te mana. Ahakoa ka timata te whare wānanga i roto i te 1837 he whakahe ki te kingi, nana nei i tapahia ahorangi ihirangi, kihai Karl i pokanoa.

tau tata nei

I roto i te 1849 tohu Gauss te huritau 50 o te tākutatanga taumahi. Ki a ia ka haere mai nga mathematicians rongonui, a nui atu atu i te pütea o tetahi tohu pai ai ia. I roto i nga tau whakamutunga o tona ora mo te tokomaha mate Carl Gauss. ko Math pakeke ki te neke a tawhio noa, ko te mārama me te koinga o te hinengaro e kore e e ngia.

Taimi nounou ki mu'a heke te mate o te hauora o Gauss. Doctors pāngia ki te mate ngakau, me te ahotea io. kihai i rongoā te āwhina ngā.

mate mathematician Gauss i runga i February 23, 1855, i te tau o whitu-waru nga tau. Ko te pūtaiao rongonui i tanumia i roto i Göttingen me, rite ki tana i pai ai whakamutunga, i whaoa nei ki te heptadecagon tohu. I muri, ka tā ai i te whakaahua i runga i pane me monipuka, ka mahara tonu te whenua i tona whakaaro pai.

ko Carl Friedrich Gauss tenei - ke, maramarama, me te ngākau nui. A, ki te ui ki a koutou te ingoa o te mathematician ao Gauss, ka taea e koe leisurely whakahoki: "Calculations", no te mea he reira ratou, oti rawa ia tona ora.