Huarahi Behaviorist: conditioning puāwaitanga me te operative

huarahi behavioristic Classic - ko tetahi o te ahunga matua i roto i te hinengaro, i tikanga ko te mātakitaki, me te whakamātau ako o tauhohe ki whakaohooho waho tika pāngarau mō te hononga anō i waenganui i enei taurangi. Whanaketanga o wāhitau kē ko te tikanga matua mo te hanganga o ngā tikanga rangahau pau i roto i te hinengaro, i te whakawhitinga i whakatau natulá ki pāngarau tika. whakaahua ana tenei tuhinga: te huarahi behaviorist ki te ako o tuakiri, te hītori o tenei rohe me tona faufaa i roto i te hapori o tenei ra. māngai te whakamutunga e te tauira o te whakamahi o te mau parau tumu whanonga i roto i te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao tōrangapū.

huarahi Behaviorist i roto i te hinengaro

hāngai ana wāhitau kē i roto i te hinengaro puta i runga i te huarahi o te rapunga whakaaro positivism e whakaaro te whakaaro o pūtaiao ako o kitea tika. No reira, kia waiho te ahanoa o ako o hinengaro te whanonga o te tangata e te vai i roto i te parau mau, e kore mahara ta'oto ranei, i te mea e taea ki te mau.

Ko te wā "wāhitau kē" mai i Ingarihi me te tikanga whanonga "whanonga." Ko te kupu, i roto i te tikanga ki te ako i tēnei au i roto i te hinengaro, me te ko te whanonga - tona whakamārama, te hanganga, me te kaha ki te whakahaere i te reira. Hohenga me tauhohe o te tangata ko te wae o te ako o te wāhitau kē, me te whanonga iho hanga i runga i te tātai pai-mohiotia "faaitoitoraa - whakautu".

huarahi Behaviorist riro te tangata i te tinana o te matauranga, e hāngai ana nei i runga i te rangahau whakamātautau o whanonga kararehe. hanga kaiwhakahau o tenei aronga i roto i te hinengaro i te anga huarahi, te whakaaro, kaupapa, tikanga o ako, me te tikanga mō te fakatonutonu i te whanonga. ka ētahi wāhitau kē otinga te turanga mo te tahi atu mau ihi, tona whakaaro ko te ako o te whanonga tangata. Ko takoha rawa nui i hanga i roto i te ariā me te mahi o te whakaako, me te whakaako tamariki.

Māngai o wāhitau kē i roto i te hinengaro

He hītori roa o te whanaketanga me te whakapai ake o ona tikanga pūtaiao o te rangahau me te therapy ko te huarahi behaviorist. ka anga ona māngai mā te ako i te timatanga o te whanonga kararehe me te haere mai ki te tono mahi o tenei pūnaha matauranga i roto i te tangata.

Ko te kaiwhakarewa o wāhitau kē puāwaitanga D. Watson ko he kaitautoko o te tirohanga e anake te mau te aha e taea te kite. piri ia faufaa ki te ako o te 4 mahi o te whanonga tangata:

• tauhohe kitea;
• tauhohe huna (whakaaro);
• tuku, tauhohe tūturu (hei tauira, puare noa);
• tauhohe tūturu huna (tukanga ā-roto o ngā mahi faufaa).

i whakaaro e te kaha o te tauhohenga tei runga i te kaha o te faaitoitoraa ia, a ka whakaarohia ana he tātai S = R.

whakawhanakehia whai Watson Thorndike te ariā atu, ka whakatakoto nga ture taketake e whai ake nei o te whanonga tangata:

• Mahi - te hononga i waenganui i nga tikanga, me nga tauhohenga ki a ratou, i runga i te maha o anō rānei;
• hihiko - āriponga o ponana karere ko ti'aturi i runga i te aroaro o te hihiko ā-mo taua takitahi;
• herekore kutikuti - ki te o te plurality o whakaohooho takitahi aro ki te kotahi, ka meinga te hunga e toe ana i te tauhohenga rite atu;
• pānga - ki te whanau te mahi mo te faaoaoaraa, ka riro tenei whanonga atu auau.

haamauraa whakamātau o nga turanga ariā o tenei ariā no ki te pūtaiao Russian Ivan Pavlov. Ko ia te tangata e empirically whakamatauria e taea te hanga makatuunga kararehe reflexes, ngā taua whakamahi o etahi whakaohooho. e matau ana tokomaha te iwi tona whakamātau ki te hanganga o te whakautu makatuunga o te kuri ki te marama i roto i te puka o te salivation kahore ngā i roto i te puka o te kai.

I roto i te tau 60 whänui te whanaketanga o te wāhitau kē. Ki te mua i kitea te reira rite te huinga o tauhohe takitahi ki te whakaohooho, e i reira i runga i haamata i te whakataki o tenei kaupapa ki ētahi atu taurangi. Hei tauira, E. Tolman, kaituhi o wāhitau kē hinengaro, ka karanga te huarahi mahi hinengaro wā. I roto i to ratou ngā ki kiore, ka whakakitea e ia e nga kararehe kitea he ara i roto o te pakari i runga i te ara ki te kai i roto i ngā ara, e whai ake nei i te ara i mua unknown. Ko te kupu, Kei te faaite i te reira e te whakaaro o te kararehe, ko te tikanga nui ake ki te whakatutuki i te reira.

Ko te mau parau tumu o te wāhitau kē i roto i te hinengaro

Hei huihuia ake nga whakatau tae i na māngai o wāhitau kē puāwaitanga, i reira e rave rahi mau parau tumu o tenei huarahi:

• whanonga - Ko te whakautu takitahi ki akiaki taiao, i nei faa'aano reira (kia rua waho, me te ā te tauhohenga);
• tuakiri - Ko te wheako riro e te tangata i roto i te akoranga o te ora, he huinga o ngā whanonga;
• ngā whanonga tangata te taiao pāpori, kaua ki te tukanga ā-roto.

Teie mau parau tumu - te reira tezisno tikanga o te huarahi puāwaitanga, i muri tipu, ka wero kau muimui me fakaangá.

momo conditioning

Tangata Whanaketanga puta i te ako - te ako tukanga i roto i te pāhekoheko ki te ao waho. Tenei pūkenga aunoa, me te whanaketanga pāpori, me aronganui. I runga i tenei wheako, me te whanonga i hanga. huarahi Behaviorist whakaaro e rave rahi momo o te ako, i roto i nei ko te rongonui tino te operant me conditioning puāwaitanga.

Operant whakarato hoki te whakawhenumi āta o te wheako tangata, i roto i nei e meinga tetahi o ana mahi etahi tauhohenga. Na, ako te tamaiti i te mea e maka koutou taonga tākaro, kia ngaua ake ai ngā mātua.

korero Puāwaitanga conditioning ki te takitahi e hoki he muri kotahi tonu te. Hei tauira, mōhio te tamaiti e ka aru tenei mahi i te reka o te waiu ka uma o te whaea. Ko reira te hanganga o te rōpū, i tētahi atu manawarü nei te mau melo, aru e tetahi.

Ko te ōwehenga o te faaitoitoraa me te whakautu

Takahi, te whakaaro ngā whaitake whakaarohia Watson me Pavlov ko e te whakautu whakahihiko ki reira - kua (S R) kua whakahaua i te tukunga o te Psychology "kore-pūtaiao" ngā o te oraraa o "fakalaumālie e kitea" i roto i te tangata. Studies whakahaeretia i runga i te kararehe atu ki te ora hinengaro o te tangata.

Ko te whanaketanga o tenei ariā ke te kaupapa "whakahihiko - whakautu". Ko te kupu, tuhia Thorndike e te tumanako o ngā haapuai te hono i waenganui i whakahihiko me te whakautu. I runga i tenei, mahi he tangata i tētahi mahi, ki te tatari mo te hua pai mawehe hopearaa kino (pai me te ngā tōraro) ranei.

whakaaro E. Tolman ano tenei kaupapa māmā, ka whakaekea ratou: S - ahau - R, te wahi i waenganui i faaitoitoraa me te whakautu e takitahi ngā āhuatanga whaiaroaro o te takitahi, tona wheako whaiaro, whakapapa.

Ako i te tirohanga o te wāhitau kē

ka wāhitau kē te pūtake mo te whanaketanga o te huarahi whanonga ki te hinengaro. Ahakoa te tāutu maha ēnei wāhanga, me te, ano i waenganui ia ratou i reira he he rerekētanga nui. whakaaro huarahi Behavioristic te tangata kia rite ki te hua o te ako rite whakaturia he tauhohe waho aroaro, i hanga nei e hāngai ana i runga i whanonga. Ko te kupu, i roto i te wāhitau kē kua tikanga anake te hunga mahi i faaite mai waho. huarahi whanonga atu whānui. Kei roto te reira i te mau parau tumu o te wāhitau kē puāwaitanga, huarahi hinengaro, me te whaiaro, arā. E. Ko te kaupapa ako, me ngā mahi ā-o te tinana (whakaaro, mau mana'o, tūranga) e kua hanga e te takitahi me te hoki i te mea te reira haepapa.

Kua huarahi Behaviourist kua he rota o akatuke'anga, i roto i nei tino noa nga - ariā akoranga pāpori Bandura ko Rawiri Rotter. Kua whakawhānui pūtaiao te māramatanga o te whanonga tangata. whakapono ratou e kua oti te whakarite nga mahi takitahi e kore anake e āhuatanga o waho, engari ano hoki te predisposition ā-.

Bandura tuhia e tūmanako hihiko Vera - rite whakatau ā-- taunekeneke ki te utu, me te whiu, ngā āhuatanga o waho ōrite. i tino e taea ki te huri takitahi ratou whanonga i raro i te mana o te hononga ki te ao huri noa ia te tangata, ko te hoki ia. Ko tino nui - ka taea e te tangata te waihanga i tētahi mahere mahi hou i te kitea ohie o te whanonga o ētahi atu iwi, ara kahore ratou mana tika. E ai ki te kairangahau, he tangata kua he kaha ahurei ki te whaiaro whakahaere-ratou whanonga.

J .. Rotter, whakawhanake tenei ariā, pūnaha matakite whakaarohia o whanonga tangata. E ai ki te pūtaiao, ka mahi i te tangata i runga i te pūtake o te 4 tikanga: te whanonga o te pūmanawa (te tohu o te tūponotanga o te whanonga i runga i tetahi faaitoitoraa), tūmanako (tata kaupapa ngā tūponotanga i roto i te whakautu ki tona whanonga), uara ngā (aromatawai o te tauhohenga hiranga whaiaro ki te mahi), me te hinengaro āhuatanga (te taiao o waho i roto i nei e taea te mahi puta). Ko te kupu, tei te whanonga pea i runga i te huinga o enei āhuatanga e toru.

No reira, te ako pāpori - ko te whakawhenumi o ngā pūkenga me ngā tauira whanonga i roto i te ao pāpori, whakaritea nei e rua ngā āhuatanga o waho, me predispositions ā o te takitahi.

huarahi Behavioristic Tōrangapū

I roto i te wahi o nga tikanga ture mua i roto i te pūtaiao tōrangapū e kua ako te ture, pūtahi tōrangapū, i roto i te 50-doma haere mai behavioristic. Ko tōna whakaaro, ko ki ako i te āhua o te whanonga tōrangapū o te iwi rite tangata me ngā rōpū tōrangapū. tukua tenei tikanga ki a tatou qualitatively me te ine nui tātari i te tukanga tōrangapū.

huarahi Behaviorist i roto i te pūtaiao tōrangapū tono ki te ako o te whanonga takitahi hei wāhanga o te pūnaha tōrangapū, me te akiaki i te reira ki te faaitoitoraa - te mana'o turai me ngā ngākau nuitanga. Ngā mihi ki a ia, i roto i te pūtaiao tōrangapū kua tangi ngā pērā i "tangata", "huinga", "whakapono", "whakaaro tūmatanui", "whanonga o te rohe pōti."

Ko te otinga matua

1. kia nuku te aronga whakarongo i te pūtahi tōrangapū i roto i te whanonga o te mau taata i roto i te ora o te kāwanatanga.
2. Ko te Credo matua: tōrangapū pūtaiao kia hoki kia ako tika kitea e tikanga tëtehi pakari.
3. hāngai ana te kaupapa tino o te whai wāhitanga tōrangapū i runga i te takotoranga hinengaro.
4. kia rapu te ako o te ora tōrangapū ki te hurahia te whanaungatanga take-a-pānga e te tīariari i roto i te hapori.

Māngai o wāhitau kē i roto i te pūtaiao tōrangapū

Ko te kaiwhakatū o te huarahi whanonga ki tōrangapū e Charles Merriam, Mr. Gosnell, D. Lasswell. haere mai ratou ki te mutunga e tikanga pūtaiao tōrangapū e tika "kouma" mana, me te whakamahere pāpori. Mā te whakamahi i te whakaaro o Thurstone te hononga o te whanonga tangata, me ona tautuhinga, urutau reira nga kairangahau ki te pūtaiao tōrangapū, ka tukua ki te neke i te tātari o ngā pūtahi kāwanatanga rite te ahanoa matua o ako ki te tātari o te mana, whanonga tōrangapū, whakaaro tūmatanui me pōtitanga.

kitea te haere tonu o tenei whakaaro i roto i te mahi o P. Lazersfelda, B. Barelsona, A. Campbell, D. Stokes me ētahi atu. tātarihia ratou te tukanga pōti i roto i Amerika, whakarāpopoto te whanonga o te iwi i roto i te hapori manapori a ka tae ki te maha whakatau:

• tae te nuinga o nga tangata i roto i te pōtitanga, ko te okotahi, nui atu i te ture;
• moni tōrangapū tei runga i te taumata o te mātauranga, me te moni o te tangata;
• te tangata toharite, rite ki te tikanga, hei painga mōhio i runga i ngā take o te pāpori tōrangapū;
• te nuinga whakawhirinaki hua pōtitanga i runga i te taiva ore rōpū;
• Me whakawhanakehia pūtaiao tōrangapū mo te painga o nga raruraru tūturu o te tangata i roto i nga wa o te raruraru.

Ko te kupu, kua revolutionized te whanaketanga o te tikanga behaviorist i roto i te pūtaiao tōrangapū a meinga ana ia hei tikanga matua mō te hanganga o te pūtaiao tono o te ora tōrangapū o te hapori.