He aha te mea Zoology? Ko tirohia te pūtaiao o te kararehe?

Ka taea te wehea te ao Organic o tenei ra, me ona te koiora kanorau katoa ki rima kingitanga o te natura :

• kararehe;
• tipu;
• harore;
• huakita;
• huaketo.

whai wāhi te ako o ia o ratou i roto i te whānuitanga katoa o pūtaiao. Ka whakaaro matou i te mea pūtaiao kua ako i te māngai o te kingitanga kararehe, e huaina nga kaupapa raraunga, mai ina kua puta ake, ka aha ngā pera tawhiti tutuki.

kararehe pūtaiao

Pūtaiao Home, oti rawa ia ki hono ako te momo me te ara o te ora o te kararehe - kararehe. Ko reira te turanga i runga i nei i pupuri i te matauranga o to tatou mau taeae iti.

He aha te mea Zoology? Whakautu i roto i te rerenga kōrero kotahi he pea ki te angitu. Ehara i te mea noa te pūtaiao maroke, e hāngai ana i runga i te ariā, ko reira he huinga o ngā wāhanga, me te podnauk kohikohi rauemi e pā ana ki ngā take katoa e pā ana ki te ao kararehe.

Na reira, ko te whakahoki ki tenei pātai ko tenei: kararehe - te pūtaiao o taua wahi o te koiora o to tatou paraneta, e pā ana ki te kararehe. Ko te kupu, ko te ahanoa o ako Zoology he kararehe katoa - i rauropi pūtau ki whakangote hātare multicellular. whakaaro te kaupapa o tenei pūtaiao ko te ako o te hanganga waho, me te ā-, ngā tukanga whaiaroaro, te horapa i roto i te natura, āhua noho me ngā āhuatanga whanonga, taunekeneke ki ia atu, me te ki te ao waho.

Whāinga me ngā whāinga o te pūtaiao

mahino atu tino aha te mätai kararehe, te āwhina ona whāinga me ngā whāinga rite te pūtaiao. Ko nga whāinga he:

• tūhura i te āhuatanga o te mahi, hanganga, embryonic me te whanaketanga o mua o te mau melo katoa o te kararehe;
• whakaaro huarahi ki te urutau ki to ratou taiao, me te te ahu āhuatanga ethology;
• tautuhi ratou tūranga i roto i te pūnaha o te ao organic;
• tautuhi i te tūranga tangata i roto i te atawhai me te tiaki o te kararehe.

I roto i te hononga ki te whakaaro e tūmanakohia ana o ngā whāinga Zoology e te whai ake tūemi:

1. Ko te ako o te hanganga waho, me te ā, me te te āhuatanga whaiaroaro o te kararehe.
2. Whakatauritenga o ratou hiahia me o ratou noho.
3. Te whakatū ngā uara me te tūranga o te rōpū takitahi i roto i te āhua me te mahi a te tangata.
4. Analysis o te taxonomy o te kararehe ao, ki te tautuhi i te rōpū tino whakaraerae, te whakarite ratou haumaru me te tiaki.

Ka whakaaro nga whāinga, ngā mahi, ahanoa, me te kaupapa o te mātauranga kararehe, ka taea e tatou te mea ki te tino e te ako i te reira kararehe kararehe i roto i ona faaiteraa katoa.

Whakarōpū o ngā wāhanga Zoological

He neke atu i te rua miriona ngā momo o te kararehe. Ia He ona ake āhuatanga ahurei, me i roto i te whakapā ki tahi i te tahi, e ratou te tikanga tohu i te pūnaha ahurei. Ko te ako o te pūnaha taua titau te rota o te wā, me te kaha. Ko te mahi o te iwi na maha tenei. Na reira, pūtaiao katoa ko te wāhanga motuhake o te kararehe.

hāngai ana ratou whakarōpū i runga i te mau parau tumu taketake e rua: i runga i te kaupapa, me te ako o ngā raruraru mō te pūtaiao. Fakakaukau ki e rua.

Whakarōpū o ngā mō te ako

1. Mammalogy (theriology) - te pūtaiao o te piha haapiiraa o whāngote.
2. Herpetology - o ngokingoki, me amphibians.
3. Ichthyology - e pā ana ki ika.
4. Kaimātai aotea - e pā ana ki te manu (manu).
5. Entomology - e pā ana ki ngā ngārara.
6. Acarology - e pā ana ki hi'opo'ai te.
7. Arachnology - he pungawerewere.
8. Malacology - i runga i te moana, me te moana mātaitai.
9. Carcinology - no te waimāori.
10. Protozoology - e pā ana ki tetahi-tahi (hātare).
11. Helminthology - he kutukutu pirinoa.

Whakarōpū o ngā wāhanga Zoological i runga i ngā mahi

He he ano hoki he wāhanga whakarōpū Zoological o raruraru mō te pūtaiao. tohu te reira i te kāwai e whai ake nei:

• systematics - te wāhanga e pā ana ki te whakarōpū me te whakamāramatanga o te wahi i roto i te pūnaha organic mo ia o te kararehe ao;
• zoogeography - te pūtaiao e Akoranga te tohatoha, me te whakataunga i runga i te rohe o to tatou paraneta;
• Morphology - te pūtaiao e tuatapapa i te āhuatanga waho, me te hanganga ā-;
• Phylogenetics - ako i te taketake o te take mai me te whanaketanga o mua o te ao kararehe;
• Genetics - whakaaro nga ture o te whakapapa me te rerekētanga i roto i nga whakatupuranga katoa;
• histology - Kei te ako i te hanganga pūtau o te kopa;
• paleozoology - te pūtaiao o matatoka o kararehe ngaro, me te ora katoa o nga wā ao;
• Cytology - te pūtaiao o te pūtau, me tona hanganga;
• ethology - titiro te āhuatanga o tikanga whanonga i roto i te kararehe i roto i ngā āhuatanga rerekē;
• Embryology - Kei te whakaaro te whakatūnga o embryos me nga ritenga me ngā rerekētanga i waenganui i ngā māngai katoa o te ao kararehe i runga i te pūtake o te tātaritanga o te fetal rite te pai kia rite ki te peculiarities o ontogenesis;
• rauropi - Rangahau te pāhekoheko i waenganui i nga kararehe a ratou ano, me te urutaunga ki nga tikanga o te ao, me te pāhekoheko tangata;
• whaiaroaro - āhuatanga o ngā tukanga ora katoa;
• Anatomy - ako i te hanganga ā-o kararehe.

Zoology o vertebrates

He aha te Zoology o vertebrates? Ko te wāhanga e mahi ki te ako o te ao kararehe, he chord (te puta ke hoki te ora ki te tīwae filosilivá ki te ua) tenei.

Ko te whāinga o tenei wahi o te ākonga te ako mohio ki nga āhuatanga o waho, me te ā o ngā akomanga katoa o vertebrates, ratou whanonga me te āhua noho, tohatoha, me te tūranga i roto i te āhua me te ora te tangata.

Ko te āhuatanga matua o vertebrates e he ahurei ki tenei rōpū ko te whai:

1. Anake i ratou te rauoro - te tupuna o te tuaiwi. I roto i te tahi mau momo he reira me mau tonu mo te ora, engari whakawhanake te nuinga ki te tuaiwi.
2. Kei te mārama rerekëtanga te pūnaha io o enei kararehe i roto i te roro, me te ua (anake hoki tino chordates, i roto i te mea te reira tonu he taura io o te chord).
3. Ko te pūnaha kūnatu o māngai o ngā akomanga rerekē oroko waho te mangai tuwhera i runga i te mua o te tinana, puta te mutunga o te ngongo kūnatu te i te ora moana ki te pihapiha. I roto i te puka teretetiera i roto i te pūkahukahu.
4. māngai katoa i te ngakau - te pokapū o te pūnaha reretoto.

Ko oti rawa i roto i te tenei wāhanga ki kararehe, me te kararehe o nga vertebrates.

Zoology o hātaretare

Ko Ngā Akoranga te kararehe o ngā hātaretare? Tenei hanganga ngā, āhua me ngā uara i roto i te āhua o te kararehe katoa e kore e e whai i ēnei tohu. Taua kararehe ngā māngai o te momo e whai ake nei:

• kāri;
• coelenterates;
• Wehewehe, tawhio me noke flat;
• mātaitai;
• echinoderms;
• angawaho (pūngāwerewere, pepeke, waimāori).

hanga hātaretare ake te nuinga o nga kararehe mohiotia katoa. I tua atu, te tākaro ratou he wāhi nui i roto i te mahi ohaoha.

Ano, he tokomaha ngā māngai o hātaretare he pests e kawea iwi he rota o te raruraru (kai kutukutu Parasitic me hua kotinga, a na i runga i).

Ko te aha te mea nui, me te o te moni nui pūtaiao te ako o ngā hātaretare.

pūtau-kararehe

I roto i te māmā he kararehe pūtau-tahi katoa. ara:

• sarcomastigophora (amoebae, pākākano, foraminifery, Dory);
• flagellates (Volvox, Euglena, trypanosome, opaline);
• ciliates (ciliary ngote me ciliates);
• sporozoans (gregarines, coccidia, Toxoplasma, Plasmodium falciparum).

Ētahi amoebae, ciliates me sporozoans katoa he tukumate kino o mate nui i roto i te tangata, me te kararehe. Na reira, he ako taipitopito o ratou tikanga huringa ora, kai me te tupuranga, ko te wahi nui i roto i te rapu mō huarahi ki te aro ia ratou. Ko e 'uhinga kararehe hātare he kahore manga iti nui o pūtaiao atu nga ētahi atu katoa.

He huahua poto o te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao

Ko te tino ngahau tenei pūtaiao. Zoology mīharo a whakapohehe maha hinengaro i nga wa katoa. Na kei te tino tika ai te reira. I muri i mātakitaki o to tatou teina iti tino he mahi rawa ngā, me te whai hua.

E tū ana te wāhanga matua te whanaketanga mätai kararehe, e kore nui rerekē i te hunga i roto i te tahi atu mau ihi. He wā e wha te taketake enei:

1. nga wa onamata. Ancient Greece - Aristotle, Roma i tahito - Pliniy Starshy.
2. Middle ake - te wa o te stagnation. sciences katoa i raro i te mana o te Ekalesia, te ako o nga mea ora katoa i tino riria.
3. Renaissance - te wā tino kaha i roto i te whanaketanga o te mātauranga kararehe. Whakaeminga maha mōhiohio ariā, me te mahi i runga i te ora o te kararehe, whakatakoto nga ture taketake hoatu ki te whakamahi me te taxonomy taxa nomenclature ā-rua o te tipu, me te kararehe ingoa. Ko te ingoa tino rongonui i roto i tenei wā, ko: Charles Darwin, Zhan Batist Lamark, Karl Linney, Zhorzh Kyuve, Dzhon Rey, Saint-Hilaire, Antoni Van Levenguk.
4. wa New pā ana ki te rau tau XIX-XX. Tenei wā o te whanaketanga o te matauranga e pā ana ki te hanganga rāpoi, me te ira o te kararehe, te whakatuwhera i te ture biogenetic me huarahi o te whanaketanga embryonic me whaiaroaro o te kararehe o ngā momo katoa. Te nuinga o ngā ingoa nui: Max, Haeckel ko Muller, Mechnikov, Kovalevsky.

kararehe hou

rau tau XXI - te wa o te whakamanamana o hangarau mamati me te taputapu taimaha-ohipa ahurei. homai tenei he painga nui ki te pūtaiao katoa e ngaahi ako āhua ora, engari i te wa ano me wero hou i roto i mua o ratou.

He aha te kararehe wā o te whanaketanga o nāianei? Ko te pūtaiao e kei te rite ki te whakahoki i te pātai tenei:

• He aha te mea te ao kararehe?
• He aha ture ora ia, a he aha ngā āhuatanga whai?
• Nahea e nehenehe ai i te tangata ki tetahi mea kino e ki te taiao ki te whakamahi i te kanorau kararehe o te ao mo to ratou ake take?
• He reira taea ki te waihanga āwenewene te ngaro (ngaro) momo?

Ko te rapu mō whakautu e pūtaiao he wa atu rota, ahakoa he he taua tikanga tino tika.

He uaua ki te pe si◊aki uara Zoology. Neke atu i te whakahuatia kotahi i runga ake e pā ana ki te mea he wahi nui tākaro te reira i roto i te oraraa o te iwi, ratou hauora me ngā mahi ōhanga. ako ia he rau, a ka tonu kia ako hoki o ngā pātai kāore anō e pā ana ki te kararehe, ko te tokomaha rawa nui tonu.