Tyuring Alan: biography, whakaahua, mahi. Takoha ki te Science Rorohiko

Alan Mathison Turing - he pūtaiao o te poto ao-rongonui, he takahi waehere, he pionie o pūtaiao rorohiko, te tangata ki te iku'anga mīharo, i nei kua he pānga nui i runga i te whanaketanga o te hangarau rorohiko.

Alan Turing: he haurongo poto

whanau Alan Mathison Turing i roto i London i runga i Hune 23, 1912. Tona papa Yulius Tyuring ko te āpiha koroni nei whanau te mahi ā-iwi i roto i India. I reira ka tutaki ia me whai hoa ki te whaea o Alan - Ethel Sara. i tūturu noho nga mātua i roto i Inia rite tamariki (Alan ko Hoani, tona tuakana) whakaako i roto i te mau utuafare tūmataiti i Ingarangi, i reira riro ratou i te whakatipu tino.

Ko tōna kaha ki te tohe pūtaiao , whakakitea Alan kotahi i roto i te pikiniki. I roto i te tikanga ki te riro i te whakaaetanga o tona papa, i kitea i te tamaiti ngāwari e whakaaroaro ana honi koraha. Ki tenei mutunga, takina e ia te rārangi i runga i nei i rere i te pi, me te aronga o ratou rere. Na, hinengaro whakawhānui enei rārangi, kitea e ahau to ratou mata o te pūtahitanga, te wahi i kitea e ia tetahi tuwhera ki te honi.

kaha Kōhure ki te pūtaiao tangohia puta Alan i roto i ona akoranga i te kura Shernborskoy whaimana. I te tau 1931, ka rite ki te tamaiti mataotao pāngarau tonu ana akoranga i College a Kingi, Cambridge University. I roto i tona tuhituhinga i runga i te pito o te ture tauwehe rohe pokapū o tūponotanga, kitea akaouia mai nei te, e kore e matau e pā ana ki te oraraa o te mahi o mua rite. I roto i te kura, ko Alan i te College Pūtaiao o te hapori, i whakawhiwhia tona tuhinga he taonga motuhake. hoatu tenei te tangata taitama he faingamālie pai ki te tiki i te karahipi, me te whai whaiaro tupuraa-i roto i te mara o te pūtaiao tangohia.

mīhini Turing

I roto i te 1935, ki te pūtaiao Alan Tyuring te tuatahi whakamahi ratou aravihi i roto i te mara o te arorau pāngarau, ka tīmata ki te mahi i te rangahau, i whakakitea he tau hua nui. whakaurua e ia te ariā o te mahi computable, e taea te whakatinana i te mīhini Turing pera-ka karanga. Ko te hukihuki o tenei pūrere he nga āhuatanga taketake katoa o ngā tauira hou (taahiraa i te akoranga taahiraa o mahi, mahara, pūmanawa mana) a ko te tauira o te rorohiko mamati, whakaaro kotahi tekau nga tau i muri mai. I roto i te 1936, oho mathematician Alan Turing ki Amerika me te kaitiaki noho i University Princeton, i roto i te 1938 i whakawhiwhia te tohu o te tākuta o te rapunga whakaaro, a hoki ana ki Kemureti, kihai te tuku mathematician John von Neumann ki noho me te mahi i roto i te kura hei kaiāwhina.

mahi Ingarangi "Ultra"

I roto i te wā kotahi, ua faaite Beretane te whakarewatanga o te mahi "Ultra", te whāinga o i ko ki wiretaps kaiurungi German me ratou tikanga. Kei te take whai wāhi i roto i te tari i Ranana o te kura kāwanatanga o waehere me ciphers (whakamunatanga tino o te kōwae maramarama Ingarangi), i te mea e tika ana ki te riri o te whakaeke Fascist i tangohia wawe ki Bletchley Park, kei roto i te pokapū o Ingarangi.

I teie mahana whare reira te Museum o coders me te hangarau rorohiko. Ko roto i tenei wahi ngaro riro haukotia teihana te whiwhi maramarama i runga i te rā; te maha o ngā karere ā i roto i te mano o ngā waeine. Hoki kuputuhi taumai ia Pūmau: auau irirangi, te rā, te wā o te mōhio me te tauākī whakatīmata. I roto i te whakamutunga kei roto i te TT o te whatunga, te tohu karanga o te teihana tangohanga me te kaituku, te wa o te tuku karere.

Winston Churchill - British te Pirimia - ka karanga ia Bletch Park koutou hen e waha hua koura. Ko te kaiwhakahaere kaupapa ko Alastair Denniston - he hōia o te maramarama hōia. Nga cryptanalysts kaimahi, ka riro ia kahore kaimahi ite me tohunga o te kōtaha whānui: mathematicians, wetereo, whaikīngi, Egyptologists, toa i roto i whakaoti panga panga kupu. I roto i te taua rōpū kanorau, me te pūmanawa ko he mathematician Alan Turing.

Turing ki te "Enigma"

i whakatupato Division Turing he mahi motuhake: mahi ki te kuputuhi whakamuna, te hanga pūrere "Enigma" - mīhini, arai i roto i te Hōrana i 1917, ka i hangaia tuatahi ki te tiaki i ngā mahi pēke. E mātātoa ēnei tauira e whakamahia ana mō te whakawhitihia karere irirangi Wehrmacht i roto i ngā mahi whakahaere e te kaipuke, me te rangi kaha. Ciphers "Enigma" ki te timatanga o te Pakanga II o te Ao, ko te tino kaha i runga i te ao. I ara whakapono reira e anganga ratou tata taea.

Hei mahino te kuputuhi whakawaeheretia, e hiahiatia ana ki te tiki i te mīhini taua, ki te mohio ona tautuhinga taketake, kati te pukapuka i roto i te ara etahi i roto i te rōpū kōrero, ka rere katoa te i roto i te huarahi i te ritenga. I roto i tenei utu e whanau i roto i te ngakau e te mau parau tumu o te mau taviri whakamunatanga me puta ke kotahi te ra. Whakamuna te Wehrmacht tamata ki haafifi i te ngā tukanga o te tuku iho cryptanalysis: Karere roa e kore e nui 250 pūāhua, a hoatu pukapuka o ngā kapa 3-5 ratou.

cryptographers mahi Hard arahina e Turing ko he angitu: i hanga reira he pūrere e taea te wetewaehere i te tohu "Enigma." I tua atu ki te katoa te tini o tinihanga pāngarau, rite tohutohu e whakamahia te kīanga-whāiti taua ki i uru nga Tiamana, me tetahi kuputuhi auau. Ki te kahore i nui nga tohutohu, te hoa tauwhainga whakapataritari ia ratou. Hei tauira, i roto i te oka keri te wāhanga etahi o te moana, a ka whakarongo ki nga tauākī o nga Tiamana i runga i tenei take.

Ko te angitu o Alan Turing

Ka rite ki te hua o te mahi teimaha i roto i te tau 1940 i whakapumautia reira cryptanalytic Alan Turing Machine "poma", i te mea he rūnanga nui (taimaha - kotahi ton, te rōpū whiriwhiri mua - 2 x 3 mita, rotor 36 ngā rōpū ki runga). Ko te whakamahi o tenei pūrere rapua e pūkenga motuhake, me te he tika ti'aturi i runga i te tohu o ngā kaimahi, me te mahi. I roto i te Bletchley Park ki te wa i whakapumautia ai neke atu i te rua rau o enei mīhini e tukua ki te kīa e pā ana ki 2-3 mano ia ra.

Na ka hari ki ratou mahi, me te hua tutuki Tyuring Alan. Te reira i te māngeongeo anake nga mana ā-rohe, me te ki te tapahia ratou pūtea. Aua'e, i muri i te raupapa o te riri kaupapa tuhipoka e pā ana ka mau te mana o Winston Churchill, ki te whakapiki ake i tona pūtea. i pakaru "Enigma" whakamunatanga me ētahi atu mīhini Tiamana, i taea ki te kia mōhio o te rere maeneene o maramarama faufaa nga Hoa.

Tiamana neke atu i te tau i kahore whakaaro e pā ana ki te oraraa o "Bombs", ka kitea te turuturu, kua meinga tautooraa rahi ki te whakanui i te whīwhiwhi o te whakamunatanga.

Heoi, e kore te Turing mataku: ko reira ngāwari ki te akakoromaki i te raruraru hou, a i roto i ono wiki i whai wāhi ki te kōrero hoariri te Ingarangi.

e kore he KarereHuna tika tino i roto i te Pakanga II o te Ao i roto i te feaa, te Tiamana, a taea noatia te mutunga o te rapu mo te take o te leakage o ngā mōhiohio nui hea, e kore noa i roto i te "Enigma". Whāki o "Enigma" waehere radically ke te akoranga o te Tama'i Rahi II o te Ao. tino mōhiohio e kore te āwhina anake tiaki nga fenua Peretane, engari ano hoki ki te whakangungu e tika ana ki ngā mahi nui-tauine i runga i te fenua, whakaritea e te taha Tiamana. angitu cryptographers Ingarangi ko te takoha nui ki te wikitoria mo Nazi, ko Tyuring Alan tika i roto i te tau 1946 riro te tohu i roto i te Ota o te Emepaea o Peretānia.

poto rorohiko eccentricities

fakamatala'i to'utangata Turing rite te tangata paku rereke, e kore ahakoa rawa, pretty au, me te hope ohipa.

• Te mate pāwera, antihistamines Tyuring Alan kanohi pai. I roto i te reira, ka haere ia ki te tari o otaota tupu. Pea whakamārama tenei te hiahia o te strangeness ki kia awe e te pānga taha o te tarukino - ara, sleepiness.
• I reira tētahi atu āhuatanga i roto i te pāngarau i roto i te pā ana ki tona pahikara, e i etahi wā rere mekameka. Tyuring Alan, e kore e hiahia ki te mahi ki a ia monomono, tahuri whakaaro taumanu i te wa e tika, me te whiwhi iho i te mekameka pahikara te faaafaro i ringa.
• maka Own i Bletchley Park, tuia i runga i te pūtaiao pūmanawa ki te ara iahiko pākahiko, e kore e i tahaetia ai.
• Noho i roto i Cambridge, e kore Alan hoatu he karaka ki te wa tika, puta ngā ia te reira hinengaro, whakatika te wāhi o te whetu etahi.
• Kia ako Alan e pā ana ki te hinga o te akoranga pauna Ingarangi, rewa ia nga moni e wātea ana, me te tanumia te mua hiriwa hua wahi i roto i te papa rēhia, a ka tino wareware piringa.
• Turing ko he kaipara pai. Mana'o i te hiahia ki te kia whakatupato, rere ia he tawhiti roa, ki te whakatau hoki ratou e Nui i roto i te hākinakina. Na, i roto i te wa record riro ahau 3- me 10-maero tawhiti o te karapu, me i roto i te tau 1947 runga rima i roto i te marathon.

Eccentricities o Alan Turing, he nei ratonga tino taonga mo Ingarangi, kua meinga torutoru wiri. mahara maha hoa te ngākau whakapuke me te ki i tangohia e te poto pūtaiao rorohiko ake tetahi moni i tona whakaaro. i titiro Turing ki te faatura nui, pera tu ia taketake o te whakaaro, me to koutou ake maramarama. He mathematician pūmanawa, he nga makings katoa o te kaiako whai tohu, taea ki te whakaoti me te whakamārama i tetahi e wātea ana, ara te mahi tino rerekē.

Alan Turing: te takoha ki pūtaiao rorohiko

I roto i te 1945, i pai Alan ki te mahi pūkenga i University Kemureti, a ki runga ki te kupu tohutohu o M. Newman piri te National Physical Laboratory, e i taua wa i hanga he rōpū mo te hoahoa me te hanganga o te ACE - rorohiko. I roto i te 3 tau (1945 ki te 1948) - te wā o te oraraa o te rōpū - hanga Turing te huahua tuatahi, ka hanga i etahi whakaaro nui mo tona hoahoa.

hoatu pūrongo i runga i ACE pūtaiao te komiti whakahaere o te NFL Maehe 19, 1946. I roto i te tuhipoka ◊oatu fakataha piri ki reira ka mea e hāngai ana te mahi i runga i te kaupapa EDVAG. Heoi, he maha nui o ngā whakaaro tino e no tika ki te mathematician Ingarihi i te kaupapa.

Pūmanawa mō te rorohiko tuatahi hoki i tuhituhia Alan Tyuring. kihai i taea kua tae Rorohiko, kahore mahi teimaha o tenei mataotao pūmanawa he taumata pērā i tenei ra. I te wa ano, ka i tuhituhia te hōtaka chess tuatahi.

I roto i te Mahuru 1948, Alan Turing, tona haurongo e pā ana te oranga i ki pāngarau, whakawhiti ia ki te mahi i te Whare Wānanga o Manchester. Kīia ai, i whakaritea e ia kaiwhakahaere tuarua o te rorohiko taiwhanga, i te meka, te tokomaha taua i roto i te tari pāngarau o M. Newman, a ko te kawenga mō te hōtaka.

paki waimarie kino

Ingarihi mathematician, e tonu i muri i te whawhai, mahi ki maramarama, i kawea mai ki te mahi hou: ki te kīa waehere Soviet. I tenei wāhi, takaro whakarau he kata kino ki Turing. Kotahi ra i pahuatia tona whare. Te tahae i mahue i tino houhou ki te pirihimana he tuhipoka o tūpato, engari te riri Alan Turing ka karanga tonu ki te pae. I roto i te akoranga o te tūhuratanga i kitea ai i roto i taua ko te tahae te hoa o te aroha o Alan. I roto i te iteraa papû a Turing ki whakaae ratou takatāpui, e i roto i aua tau ko te mahi toihara i Ingarangi.

tamataraa nui o ngā pūkenga pai-mohiotia ki tonu hoki te wa roa. I karangatia e ia ki te ihirangi tau-rua herehere, taiaki therapy ranei ki te pehea e hiahia fakasekisualé.

Alan Turing (whakaahua i runga whakamutunga tau) whiriwhiria te whakamutunga. Ka rite ki te hua o te maimoatanga o te raau taero puai tino, i roa hoki te tau, i te Turing whakawhanakehia paruparu, me gynecomastia (whakarahi uma). i nekehia atu criminally whakatoia Alan i mahi ngaro. I tua atu, wehi te Ingarangi e taea te haina wahine e tutei Soviet. e kore he pūtaiao whakawakia o tutei, engari araia i te matapaki tona mahi i Bletchley Park.

Apple Alan Turing

Kōrero o Alan a Turing pouri ki te matua: te poto pāngarau tonoa atu i mahi, ka riria ki te whakaako. i pakaru tūturu tona ingoa. I 41 I maka moana te tangata taitama te manawataki noa o te ora, i mahue ki waho tona mahi aroha, ki te konä pepe, me te hauora i pakaru. I te tau 1954, i kitea Alan Turing, nei haurongo, me te inaianei te matapouri ki nga hinengaro o te iwi maha, mate i roto i tona whare, a ki runga ki te nightstand taha te moenga takoto te aporo ngaua. Ka rite ki tahuri reira i roto i muri mai, i Kikī reira ki cyanide. Mai anō Alan Turing he scene i to koutou korero patupaiarehe tino "Snow White" i roto i te tau 1937. E ai ki etahi pūrongo, ko tenei kua meinga aha te hua he taipe o te ao rongonui "Apple" kamupene rorohiko. I tua atu, he tonu Apple he tohu o te hara, te matauranga te Bibilia.

Ko te putanga e pā ana o te mate o te mathematician pūmanawa - whakamomori. whakapono whaea o Alan e ko te poisoning he aituā, no te mea Alan pohehe tonu te mahi ki te matū. He ko he putanga e āta whiriwhiria Turing tenei ara o te rere i te ora, ki te tukua e kore e metua vahine whakapono i roto i te whakamomori.

Rehabilitation o te mathematician Ingarihi

I rehabilitated te mathematician nui murimatetia. I roto i te 2009, kua tohe nuitia British te Pirimia a Gordon Brown mo te whakatoi i tukua e te poto pūtaiao rorohiko. I te 2013, i mana murua Turing mō utu o ohipa faufau Elizabeth II - Kuini o Great Britain.

takoto mahi Alan Turing a kore anake i roto i te whanaketanga o te hangarau mōhiohio: i te mutunga o te ora o te pūtaiao i oti rawa ia ki ngā pātai o te koiora, ara - timata ia ki te whakawhanake i ariā matū o morphogenesis, i hoatu tākaro tonu ki te huinga o te kaha ki te tika me te aravihi mathematician, philosopho, ki tonu i te whakaaro taketake. Ko te tuhi tuatahi o te ariā fakamatala'i i te pūrongo tuatahi i roto i 1952 ka puta te pūrongo i muri matenga o te kaipūtaiao.

Ko te tohu tino whaimana i roto i te mara o te pūtaiao rorohiko ko te "Tohu Turing". hanga tona tohu te tau Association mo Rorohiko Machinery. Tautoko tenei tohu, te nui o e tēnei wā tu i 250, 000, te kaporeihana Google me Intel. Ko te tuatahi o te taua tohu nui i roto i te 1966 i whakawhiwhia te Alan Perlis mō te hanga compilers.