Ko te hanganga o te kirinuku o te whenua

E ai ki ngā ariā hou, Kei to tatou arowhenua ao o te maha paparanga - Geospheres. rerekē ratou i roto i o ratou āhuatanga ōkiko, hanganga matū me te āhua o te whakawhāititanga. I roto i te pokapū o te whenua ko te matua, aru e te koroka, ka - a te whenua kirinuku, ōnuku, me te kōhauhau.

I roto i tēnei tuhinga ka titiro tatou ki te hanganga o te kirinuku o te whenua, i te mea te wahi o runga o te lithosphere. tohu te reira i te waho anga mārō o te ao, he pera iti (1.5%) e taea te whakaritea te reira ki te kiriata angiangi i runga i te tauine ao te mana o e. Heoi, ahakoa tenei, ko reira te kahu o runga o te kirinuku o te whenua kei te o nui te pānga ki te taata nei rite te puna o ngā kohuke.

Kei te whenua conventionally wehea te kiri ki toru ngā paparanga, ia o nei i roto i tona ara ake faahiahia.

1. paparanga Top - waipara. tae te reira i te matotoru o i 0 ki te 20 km. toka parataiao e hanga e tika ana ki te waipara o matū ki runga i whenua, ratou parataiao i runga i te raro o te wai ōnuku ranei. He wāhanga o te kirinuku o te whenua ratou, e takoto ana i roto i ona papa whai.
2. paparanga waenganui - ofa'i. Ka taea e tōna matotoru rerekē i te 10 ki te 40 km. i hanga tēnei paparanga pakeke toka ngiha e tokarewa puia me te solidification muri i roto i te whenua nui i te pēhanga teitei, me te pāmahana.
3. Te paparanga raro, wahi o te hanganga o te kirinuku - karā, rawa, kua he takenga magmatic. E whakarato ana i te nui nui o te konupūmā, rino, me te konupora, a he nui atu i o te kamaka ofa'i tona papatipu.

e kore ko te taua wahi katoa te hanganga o te kirinuku o te whenua. Ngā rerekētanga a Tūrongo e te kirinuku moana, me te continental. I raro i te moana he kikokore me nui i raro i nga mau fenua i te kirinuku. He te matotoru rahi i roto i te wāhanga o pae maunga.

Ko te hanganga o te kirinuku moana ngā o rua ngā papa - parataiao me te basaltic. I raro i te kahu ōnewa ko Mokho mata, aru e te koroka o runga. Kua uaua papamoana puka te tauturu. I roto i te katoa noho ratou kanorau te wahi motuhake tupuke nui waenganui-moana, i reira te koroka o puta taitamariki kirinuku moana basaltic. He whai wāhi ki te mata i roto i te hape hohonu-noho tokarewa - te amahamaharaa e rere i roto i te pokapū o te hiwi i te tihi. pani tokarewa Waho, reira e aki ana tonu nga taiepa canyon motu. huaina ana tēnei tukanga ko "horahanga".

He matatini ake i runga i te fenua atu i raro i te moana hanganga Crustal. ni'ai te kirinuku continental he wāhi nui iti atu i te moana - ki te 40% o te mata o te whenua, engari he kaha nui nui. I raro i ngā toka tae te reira i te matotoru o 60-70 km. Ko te kirinuku continental he hanganga e toru-paparanga - he apa parataiao, ofa'i, me te karā. I roto i te wāhanga, ka karanga whakangungu rakau, ko te kahu ofa'i ereere i te mata. Ka rite ki te tauira - te Baltic Shield, hanga o toka ofa'i.

tino Underwater o te fenua - te pa'epa'e hoki kua he hanganga crustal continental. Kei roto te reira i ko Kalimanitani, Aotearoa, New Guinea, Sulawesi, Greenland, Madagascar, Sakhalin, me ētahi atu I pai rite te moana ā, me te haurokuroku .: te Mediterranean, te moana o Azov, te Moana Black.

Te paparanga rohe i waenganui i te ofa'i, me te ōnewa e taea e wāhanga anake, mai i to ratou he auau rite o nga ngaru rū, whakaritea nei e te kiato o paparanga whenua me o ratou hanganga. kahu ōnewa Mokho i whakapā ki te mata. kia whai thicknesses rerekē apa parataiao, i runga i te kei runga poua rānei. I roto i te maunga, hei tauira, ia ranei ngaro, ranei kua he matotoru iti rawa, i roto i te tirohanga o te meka e kua oho te matūriki wewete whakararo haere nga titahatanga i raro i te mana o ope waho. Ko te mea tino kaha i roto i te take puke ngā wāhi, whai koputaputa he me depressions. Ko te kupu, i roto i te whārua o Kapiana tae te reira 22 km.