Communist International. Ko te hītori o te kaupapa hapori: te rā, te feia faatere o te

e mohio ana he tokomaha te iwi e huaina te Communist International whakahaere ao, i ngā te whenua rerekē o te Pāti Communist i 1919-1943, aua. Ko te taua whakahaere etahi kua karangatia e te Tuatoru International, Comintern ranei.

whakaturia tenei hanganga i roto i 1919, March 4, i te tono o te RCP (B), me tona rangatira V. I. Lenina mo te whakahörapatanga me te whanaketanga o ngā ariā o te hapori pāhoro te ao, e i roto i rite ki te hapori reformist o te International Tuarua i rite te āhuatanga ritenga. Ko te āputa i waenganui i te coalitions e rua puta tika ki ngā rerekētanga i roto i te tūranga i runga i te Pakanga o te Ao Tuatahi, me te Oketopa Revolution.

Congress o te Comintern

Congress o te Comintern kihai puritia pera maha. Kia whai whakaaro ano tatou ratou i roto i te raupapa:

• Origin (Constitutive). whakaritea te reira i roto i 1919 (March) i roto i Moscow. I tae te reira e 52 fakafofonga i 35 ngā rōpū, me ngā rōpū i 21 whenua.
• Te Congress Tuarua. Whakahaeretia Hōngongoi ki te 19 o Hōngongoi i St Petersburg. I tenei hui, he maha o ngā whakataunga e pā ana ki te tātai me ngā rautaki o ngā mahi hapori, pērā i te tauira o te whai wāhitanga i roto i te kaupapa fakatau'atāina motu o nga Röpü Communist, i runga i nga ture o te urunga ki te rōpū i roto i te 3 International, te Communist International Tūtohinga, a na i runga i. I hanga te kau i te tari mahi tahi te ao o te Comintern.
• Ko te Tuatoru Congress. Puritia i roto i Moscow i 1921, i 22 Pipiri ki te 12 Hōngongoi. ka haere mai te hui ki 605 fakafofonga i 103 rōpū me ngā whakahaere.
• A maha Congress. ka mau wahi te hui i Noema ki Hakihea 1922. I tae te wātū e 408 kaitautapa, i tonoa 66 ngā rōpū, me ngā kamupene i 58 whenua. faaoti Congress ki te whakarite i tētahi kamupene ao te āwhina i te whawhai o te revolution.
• I tū te rima te hui o te Communist International i Pipiri ki Hōngongoi 1924. faaoti te kaiuru ki te tahuri ki te Bolshevik Communist Party motu: te huri o ratou tātai i roto i te marama o te mate o te mahi hou i roto i Europe.
• I tū te Ono Congress i Hōngongoi ki Mahuru 1928. I tenei hui, aromatawai kaiuru te āhuatanga tōrangapū i roto i te ao nei kia rite ki te whakawhitinga ki te atamira hou. I āhuatanga i te reira e te raruraru ōhanga, i horapa puta noa te ao, me te whakakahanga o te aroraa o te piha haapiiraa. Te mau melo o Congress taea te whakawhanake i tētahi tuhinga whakapae e pā ana ki fascism pāpori. tukuna ratou he tauākī e te mahi tahi tōrangapū Communist ki e rua te tika, me te maui-parirau democrats pāpori e taea. I tua atu, i tangohia te Tūtohinga me te Hōtaka o te Communist International i roto i te amuiraa.
• I tū te Conference Fitú i 1935, i Hōngongoi 25 ki August 20. Ko te kaupapa taketake o te hui ko te whakaaro o te whakatōpū o ope, me te whawhai ki te riri Nasí te whakanui ake. I hanga te mua amui mahi, i ko te tinana tuitui i te mahi o te iwi mahi o ngā ngākau nuitanga tōrangapū o tenei wā.

kōrero

I roto i te whānui, ki te Communist International ako rawa ngā. Ko te kupu, Kei te mohiotia te reira e kua whakaaetia nga Trotskyists te wha kaitautoko congressional tuatahi o mahue-Communism - anake te rua tuatahi. Ka rite ki te hua, kaupapa o 1937-1938, i whakakorea te nuinga o nga Comintern wāhanga. wāhanga Polish o te Comintern hopea mana memeha.

O te akoranga, te rōpū tōrangapū o te rau tau 20 Nōna te rota o huringa. Repressions ki activists o te kaupapa te ao hapori, kitea ratou i roto i te Soviet Union i roto i te hunga atu take ranei, kua puta i te aroaro o Germany me te Soviet Union mutu te kawenata fakaaoao-kore i roto i te tau 1939.

Kua koa Marxism-Leninism rongonui nui i roto i te iwi. A i roto i te tīmatanga o 1937, i te mau melo o te German Communist Party Directorate G. Remmele, H. Eberlein, F. Schulte, G. Neumann, G. Kippenberger, nga kau taki o te Tararā Communist Party M. Filipovic, i mauheretia M. Gorkich. whakahau B. Chopich i Spain ma rima, ko Lincoln Brigade, engari ka hoki ia, i mauheretia hoki ia.

Ka rite ki a koutou e taea te kite, kua hanga te Communist International he tokomaha nui o te iwi. Kua hoki ki reira i repressed ahua nui i roto i te kaupapa te ao hapori o Hungarian Pera Kun, he maha kau taki o te Polish Communist Party - Ya Pashin, E. Pruchniak, Koshutskaya M., Y. Lensky me te tini ke atu. I mauheretia a pere o mua General Hekeretari o te Kariki Communist Party A. Kaitas. riro te taua whakarau, me tetahi o te feia faatere Party Iran A. Sultan Zadeh: ko reira he mema o ECCI, kaitautapa II, III, IV me VI Congress.

Me kï reira e nga rōpū tōrangapū o te rau tau 20 he maha nui o kaupapa rerekē. whakawakia Stalin nga kau taki o te Pāti Communist o o Poland anti-mua, Trotskyism, tūranga anti-Soviet. Kua hua ana mahi i roto i te whakaeke tinana i runga i Jerzy Czeszejko-Sochacki me tahi atu feia faatere o te Kominiusi Polish (1933). mau etahi tāmitanga i roto i te tau 1937.

Marxism-Leninism, i roto i te meka, ko te whakaako pai. Otiia i roto i 1938 faaoti te Presidium o te Komiti Executive o te Comintern ki tareka te Polish Communist Party. I raro i te poipoi o te tāmitanga ko nga kaihanga o te Hungarian Communist Party me nga kau taki o te Hungarian Soviet Republic - F. Bayaki, D. Bokan, Pera Kun, Rabinovich, Kelen J., Gavro, S. Szabados, F. Karikash. Kominiusi Bulgarian nei oho ki te USSR, repressed: H. Rakowski, R. Aperama B. Stomoniakov.

timata hoki Romanian Kominiusi ki te whakangaro. I roto i Finland, te tāmitanga o te kaiwhakaū o te Communist Party Rovio G. ko A. Shotman, General Hekeretari K. tuatahi huru me te tokomaha o ratou hoa.

Kei te mohiotia te reira e puta te Communist International i roto o wahi. He whakaaro ki a ratou, kua tukua te reira, nui atu i te kotahi rau o Italian Kominiusi, e noho i roto i te Soviet Union i te 1930. I mauheretia ratou katoa, ka i whakawhitia ki te puni. e kore e repressions papatipu haere e nga kau taki o nga rōpū hapori, me te rawa Lithuania, Latvia, Western Ukraine, Western Peraruhia me Estonia (i mua i hono ratou ki te USSR).

Ko te hanganga o te Comintern

Na, ka titiro matou ki te Congresses o te Comintern, a inaianei titiro ki te hanganga o te rōpū whakahaere. whāngai Ko tōna tūtohinga i roto i August 1920. I roto i te reira i tuhituhia ai: "I roto i te meka, kua herenga te Communist International ki mau a pono kia he rōpū ao kotahi hapori, te āpiti takitahi e whakahaere i roto i nga āhua."

Kei te mohiotia te reira e kawea te kaiārahi o te Comintern i roto i te Komiti Executive (ECCI). Tae noa 1922 ngā reira o ngā māngai horo'ahia e te Rōpū Communist. A i roto i te tau 1922 i pōtitia ia Congress o te Comintern. puta Iti Office ECCI i Hōngongoi 1919. I roto i te Mahuru 1921, i whakaingoatia reira te Presidium o te ECCI. I hanga ECCI Uepu i 1919, i whai wāhi ia i roto i ngā take tangata, me te whakahaere. vai te whakahaere tae noa ki te tau 1926. I hanga he Whakahaere Bureau (whakahaere Bureau) ECCI i roto i 1921, ka vai noa tau 1926.

Ko reira ngā e i 1919 ki te tau 1926, Tiamana o te ECCI ko Grigory Zinoviev. I te tau 1926 whakakahoretia te pou o tiamana o te ECCI. Engari, ka puta mai te reira i te tōrangapū Uepu o te ECCI o iwa. I roto i August 1929, te hanganga o tenei hanganga hou kua tohaina te Kōmihana Tōrangapū o te Tōrangapū Uepu o te ECCI. i ia ki te mahi ki te faaineineraa o te momo o ngā take, e kua whakaaro anō te Political Uepu. ngā reira Manuilsky D., O. Kuusinen, he māngai o te Pāti Communist o Tiamana (whakaae ki te CC o KKE) ko A. Pyatnitsky (kaitono).

I roto i te 1935, he tūranga hou - Hekeretari Tianara o te ECCI. ka mau te reira i Dimitrov. whakakahoretia ratou te Komihana Tōrangapū me te Tōrangapū Uepu. Kia ano i whakaritea te Uepu o te ECCI.

Mana kōmihana ao whakaturia ake i roto i 1921. tirohia ia te mahi o te taputapu ECCI, wāhanga motuhake (rōpū) me i whai wāhi i roto i te arotake o Finance.

He aha e ko te whakahaere te Communist International?

• Profintern.
• Mezhrabpom.
• Sportintern.
• tamarikitanga International Communist (CMM).
• Krestintern.
• Women o International Uepu.
• Paheko whare poutaha (ao).
• kaituhi poutaha whakakotahi (te ao).
• International free-proletarians.
• hoa World Komiti Soviet.
• kaimahi International.
• "Whero Aid" huaina rōpū āwhina te ao tahae DENR ranei.
• Anti-Imperialist League.

ia faaorehia te Comintern

A, no te reira ko te whakakorenga o te Communist International? taka te rā o te toremi mōhiohio o tenei whakahaere rongonui i runga i Mei 15, 1943. I runga i te whakakorenga o nga Comintern, ka mea Stalin hiahia ia ki te faahoruhoru i te hoa Western, fakalotoi ratou e hinga nga mahere mo te whakatūnga o te hapori, me tikanga whakahaere pro-Soviet i roto i nga whenua o whenua Pākehā. Kei te mohiotia te reira e ko te tino pai te ingoa o te 3 International ki te timatanga o nga o 1940. I tua atu, i roto i te continental Europe tāmia nga kau Nasí i me ngaro tata katoa o te pūtau.

Mai te waenganui-1920, fakatāutaha me o te (b) CPSU rapu Stalin ki te nuinga i te Tuatoru International. takaro tenei mita te tūranga i roto i te mau ohipa o taua wa. Pāngia me te whakakorenga o tata manga katoa o te Comintern (anake mo te Komiti e To'u Tupú ko Executive International) i roto i te tau o te tāmitanga Stalinist (waenganui nga 1930). Heoi, i taea ki te pupuri i te Komiti Executive 3 International: reira anake whakaingoatia te Tari o te (b) CPSU Ao.

I roto i te Pipiri 1947, ka mau te reira i te Conference Paris i te āwhina Marshall. I roto i te Mahuru 1947, i hanga te Stalin o te rōpū hapori Cominform - te Communist Mōhiohio Bureau. whakakapi te reira i te Comintern. I roto i te meka, ko reira te whatunga i hanga i te rōpū hapori o Bulgaria, Albania, Hungary, France, Italy, Poland, Czechoslovakia, te Soviet Union, Romania me Yugoslavia (no te mea Tito me Stalin mukua i te rārangi i roto i 1948 tona tautohe).

liquidated Cominform i roto i 1956, i muri i te rua tekau Party Congress. Tenei whakahaere kua i kore, Heoi, ko te mono ōkawa pērā i te Warsaw Pact ko Comecon, ka mau wā hui friendliest kaimahi Soviet me ngā rōpū hapori.

Pūranga o te Tuatoru International

kei te rongoa Pūranga o te Comintern i te State Archives o Tōrangapū me Social History i Moscow. He tuhinga i roto i 90 reo: ko Tiamana te reo taketake mahi. Wātea i reira he pūrongo o neke atu i te 80 ngā rōpū.

pūtahi mātauranga

Tuatoru International puritia:

1. ka karanga ki runga ki te 17 Mahuru 1928 i te Whare Wānanga o te kaimahi ko Sun Yat-sen i China (UGC) - kaimahi Kominiusi China o wānanga (codend).
2. kaimahi Kominiusi University Te Tai Rāwhiti (Tas).
3. Communist University o taitini National o te Te Hau-ā-uru (KUNMZ).
4. International Lenin School (MLSH) (1925-1938).

pūtahi

tikanga Tuatoru International o:

1. Institute Statistical ko Information o te ECCI (Bureau Varga) (1921-1928).
2. paari ahuwhenua International (1925-1940).

meka hītori

haere tahi Creation o te Communist International i te taha o te momo o ngā ngā. Na, i roto i te 1928, mo ia, i tuhituhi Hans Eisler he himene nui i roto i Tiamana. Ko te reo Russian iritihia te reira ahau L. Frenkel i 1929. Te himene mahi toutou rongo nga kupu: "! Tatou pepeha - World Soviet Union"

Ko te tikanga, ka mea i hanga te Communist International, tatou e matau kua - ko reira he wā uaua. Kei te mohiotia te reira e rite te whakahau o te Army Whero, tahi ki te whakatö-o te Tolú International Bureau, ka whakaputaina he pukapuka "whakatikanga ake patu". I roto i te 1928, i whakaputaina tenei mahi i roto i te German, a i roto i te 1931 - i roto i French. I tuhituhia te mahi i roto i te puka o te whakangungu me te pukapuka i runga i te ariā o te whakahaere o nga whakaoho patu.

I hanga te pukapuka i raro i te pseudonym A. Neuberg, ko te nekehanga hou rongonui te ao tona kaituhi tūturu.

Marxism-Leninism

He aha te mea Marxism-Leninism? Tenei parau haapiiraa taumauri me pāpori-tōrangapū o te ture o te pakanga mo te whakakāhoretanga o te pūnaha capitalist me te hanganga o te Communism. whakawhanakehia te reira i V. I. Lenin, e whakawhanakehia te ariā o Marx, a faaohipa i te reira i roto i te mahi. Kua whakapumautia e te putanga o Marxism-Leninism te auraa o te takoha a Lenin ki Marxism.

hanga V. I. Lenin he taua whakaako nui i roto i taua whenua-pāpori, kua meinga reira te pā "mahi Māoritanga piha haapiiraa." kihai i pateko te Māoritanga, whakakē reira, ka whakarite ki te hiahia o te whiriwhiri. I roto i te reira, i te ara, kua whakaurua reira me nga mau haapiiraa o te feia faatere o te Communist rohe nei kua arahina ratou hiranga mo te āhua-pāpori.

I roto i te tauira Soviet o whakaako o V. I. Lenina ko te pūnaha pono anake pūtaiao o whakaaro ōhanga, taumauri, a tōrangapū, me te pāpori. taea ki te whakauru whakaaro ariā ki te faatura ki te rangahau me te huringa hou i roto i te wāhi teretetiera Marxist-Leninist ariā ko. heheu te reira i te ture o te whanaketanga o te hapori, te hinengaro me te natura taata, whakamārama te pakanga piha me nga momo o te whakawhitinga ki te hapori (tae atu ki te whakakorenga o te moni), kōrero e pā ana ki te mahi auaha o kaimahi mahi i roto i te hanga, me te hapori, me te hapori hapori.

whakaaro te tokomaha rawa o te rōpū o te ao kei te ki hei te Pāti Communist o Haina. E tika ana kia i roto i to ratou mau tautooraa haapiiraa V. I. Lenina. I roto i tona tūtohinga kei te kupu e whai ake nei: "kitea Marxism-Leninism nga ture o te kukuwhatanga hītori o te taata nei. Ko tona tūranga taketake tonu tika, me te whai i te ope te ora kaha. "

tuatahi International

Kei te mohiotia te reira e te Communist International takaro he wāhi faufaa rahi i roto i te pakanga o te iwi e mahi ana mo te ora pai. Ko te rōpū te ao o kaimahi i mana huaina e ia te International tuatahi. Ko te hanganga o te ao tuatahi o te piha haapiiraa mahi, i whakapumautia Mahuru 28, 1864 i roto i London tenei.

Taka tenei whakahaere i muri i te afa i puta i roto i 1872.

2 International

2 International (Mahi-pāpori ranei) ko te rōpū ao o ngā rōpū hapori kaimahi ', whakapumautia i roto i 1889. riro ia te whakarerenga iho o tona mua, engari e kore e nga mua i tona hanganga i roto i 1893. Hoki kōrero tonu i waenganui i te rōpū mema o te pāpori International Bureau e tu i roto i Brussels i rēhitatia te reira i roto i 1900. hanga International he whakatau e mo ona rōpū wāhanga kihai i whakahauanga.

tuawha International

Te tuawha International, ko reira te whakahaere hapori o te ao, rerekē ki Stalinism. Kei te hāngai te reira i runga i te kainga tupu ariā Lva Trotskogo. Ko te whāinga o tenei hanganga ko te iteraa o te revolution ao, te wikitoria o te piha haapiiraa mahi me te hanga o te hapori.

whakapumautia tenei International i roto i 1938, Trotsky me ana hoa i roto i France. whakapono enei iwi e te Comintern i te mana tonu o nga Stalinists e ia he taea ki te arahi i te piha haapiiraa mahi katoa i runga i te ao ki te whakaoti i te raupatu o te mana tōrangapū. Ko te aha, ka rite ki te ātete ki kua hanga e ratou ta ratou ake "maha International", nei te mau melo i te whai i nga āpiha NKVD. I tua atu, i whakawakia ratou kaitautoko o te USSR me o te mutunga o Maoism i illegitimacy, mongamonga reira te bourgeoisie (France ko USA).

Tenei whakahaere tuatahi patua e te afa i roto i te 1940, me te wehenga atu kaha i roto i te tau 1953. I 1963 i reira ko tetahi reunion wāhanga, engari mea maha ngā rōpū e ratou preemstvennikami tōrangapū "Faá International".

tuarima International

He aha te mea te "Fifth International"? Ko te wā e tohu te Mauī tuwhena e hiahia ana ki te hanga i tētahi whakahaere te ao mahi hou e hāngai ana i runga i te Māoritanga o Marxist-Leninism me Trotskyism. Ngā mema o tenei rōpū whakaaro ratou devotees o te International Tuatahi, te Tuatoru Communist, Trotskyist Tuawha ko Tuarua.

Communism

A i roto i te mutunga ka matau tatou ki ta te Russian Party Communist? Kei te hāngai te reira i runga i Communism. Marxism Ko - he pūnaha ōhanga me te pāpori hypothetical, e hāngai ana nei i runga i taurite pāpori whakatakotoria, taonga tūmatanui hanga i nga tikanga o te hanga.

Ko tētahi o te rongonui tino ko te pepeha hapori internationalist mea: "! Proletarians o whenua katoa, whakakotahi". Ko wai ka mea i enei kupu tuatahi rongonui - tatou e matau iti. Ko whakatuwhera tatou ngaro: ko te wa tuatahi wewete te peha i e Fridrihom Engelsom me Karlom Marksom i roto i te "Communist faaiteraa."

I muri i te rau tau XIX, te wā "Communism" Kei te maha whakamahia ki te kōrero ki te hanganga pāpori-ōhanga, i tohu te Marxists i roto i to ratou mahi ariā. Ko te hāngai i runga i te mana tūmatanui, whakapumautia te tikanga o te hanga. I roto i te whānui, e whakapono nga Talafungani o Marxism e te hapori ngā te parau tumu o "ia - i runga i te kaha, ki ia - rite ki hiahia."

Te ti'aturi nei tatou e, e taea ki te āwhina i ahua i roto i tēnei tuhinga i roto i te Communist International to tatou kaipānui.