Cannon: te momo, me te whānuitanga o te ahi. Overview o anga pū i tahito ki hou

E mohio ana koe he aha te ahua o hōia faatura i huaina "atua o te whawhai"? O te akoranga, te pū! Ahakoa te whanaketanga o missiles i runga i te rima tekau tau kua hipa, i te tūranga o ngā pūnaha oko nui-pū hou e tino nui tonu.

History o te whanaketanga

"Matua" whakaaro te ki hei te pu Tiamana Schwartz, engari whakaae maha hītori e ana take i roto i tenei mea pai tirengi. Na, ko te whakahua tuatahi o te whakamahi o te puhipuhi tikanga i runga i te parekura no ki te 1354, engari i roto i te pukapuka i reira e maha pepa e whakahua 1324.

Kahore he take ki te whakapono e kore i whakamahia etahi pū pū i mua. Na roto i te ara i te korero, faahiti te nuinga o taua patu e taea te kitea i roto i tuhinga tawhito Ingarihi, a kahore i te katoa i roto i te mātāpuna tuatahi Tiamana. Ko te kupu, he taa'eraa tino i roto i tenei whakaaro kei te tino pukapuka pai-mohiotia "I Fatongia o Kings", i tuhituhia i roto i te kororia o Edward III.

Ko te kaituhi ko te kaiwhakaako o te kingi, a ka i tuhituhia te pukapuka i roto i 1326 (i te wa o Edward i te kohuru). I roto i te kuputuhi i reira he kore whakamārama taipitopito o tānga, a koia i ki whakawhirinaki anake i runga i te kupuroto. Na, i runga i tetahi o nga fakatātā e whakaaturia, i tera taha o tetahi feaa, he mea he pū tūturu, e rite te ipu nui. He whakaatu i pehea i te mangai o te "oko" e atu kotokoto nui, takai i roto i te kapua o te paowa, ka tu te tawhiti i te kaiaka, tika paura podzhegshy te whakamahi i te tokotoko wera.

ahua tuatahi

Ka rite ki mo Haina, i te mea pea ki te whai paura whakaaro (kitea he alchemists wharekarakia reira e pā ana ki toru nga wa, kahore iti), i reira he take katoa ki te amo i taua te pū tuatahi i te katoa i taea e ite i ara i mua i te tau Karaitiana. Mämä noa iho, pū, rite pū katoa, tino nui pakeke ake i riro.

I roto i te wā o Charles te Taekaha , kua enei taputapu tono i roto i te nui i roto i te whakapaenga o nga wahi kaha, i kua kua nga taiepa o e rongoa na whai hua mo te whakapaea.

stagnation ma'i

Na he aha iwi onamata kihai i riro ki te awhina a te "Atua o te Pakanga" te ao katoa? Ko te kuware mea katoa - tīmata pū 14. a 18 i roto i. rerekē ratou iti i ia atu. i hauwarea, taimaha rawa ratou, whakarato i te tika rawa rawakore. No miharo nga taputapu tuatahi i whakamahia ki te wahia iho nga taiepa (pakeke ki te mahue!), I pai rite hoki pihinga nohanga nui o te hoariri. I te wa ka haere taua hoariri i tetahi ki tetahi ki tīwae ātaahua, te reira e kore e hoki rapua e pū pū tiketike.

Kaua e wareware e pā ana ki te whakarihariha rite paura, me te ona āhuatanga ohorere: ia Sweden Carriers Russian whawhai ētahi wā e toru ngā wā ki te whakapiki ake i te tere o te hononga ki te matua pani te pa hoariri i te iti rawa etahi kino i. O te akoranga, i runga i nga pu tika o tenei meka kitea te whakautu, kino. He maha nga wā ka i te tātai o pū i roto i te pu hau i roto i te whānui kahore kōwhiringa.

atu take

I te pae hopea, metallurgy. Ko te take ki locomotives, te tenenga anake o rite ki okeoke mira me i roto i-hohonu rangahau i roto i te mara o te metallurgy homai te matauranga e tika ana ki te whakaputa i kahiwi pono pono. Ko te hanganga o anga pū mo te wa roa ngā nga hoia "monarchical" haamaitairaa i runga i te parekura.

Kaua e wareware ki ërä pū I roto i aua tau, i tatau ratou rite i runga i te diameter o nga otaota whakamahia, me ki whakaaro ki te tawhā o te kātua. maere whakama kingi ia, a no te mea te ope noa e kore i taea e tango te tahi mea tino hoê. tenei katoa nui whakawarenga te whanaketanga o te ahumahi.

momo Main o ngā pūnaha puhipuhi tawhito

Na whakaaroa te momo matua o mongamonga pū, i roto i te maha ngā take tino i āwhina ki te huri i hītori, whawhati te tai o te whawhai i roto i te manakohia o te kāwanatanga kotahi. E te tau 1620 i whakaritea e te reira ki te rerekëtanga ki te momo e whai ake nei o mea:

• Ërä pū i 7 ki te 12 inihi.
• Perriere.
• Falcon me minions ( "Falcon").
• taputapu to'oto'o i te Loader kōaro.
• Robinety.
• Mōtā me bombards.

E whakaatu ana tēnei rārangi anake "pono" pū i roto i nui atu iti iho ranei te tikanga hou. Otiia i taua wa ko te ope āhua maha pū maka-rino tawhito. ona te māngai tino angamaheni e kulevriny me polukulevriny. Na roto i taua wa, ka reira mārama e te repo nui, i nga ki te whānuitanga nui noa i roto i wā o mua, he horihori: ko te tika o ratou mea whakarihariha, aukati ko tino nui te mōrea o te pahūtanga, me te wa e hiahiatia ana ki te recharge te rota.

Ni'ai ano ki nga wa o Pita kua tuhia nga kōrero o te hunga tau e mo ia pūhiko "kau maka" (momo kulevriny) hiahiatia rau o rita o te winika. Tona diluted i roto i te wai kia rite ki te whakamahia mō te meangiti overheated i te oko puhipuhi.

Mea varavara tutaki he pū puhipuhi tawhito ki te ërä nui ake i te 12 inihi. Nuinga o ngā wā e whakamahia ana kulevriny e pā ana ki 16 pauna (e pā ana ki 7.3 kg) paunatia nei matua. I raro i te mara i ngā āhuatanga falsconet tino noa nei matua paunatia 2.5 anake lbs (āhua kg). Na inaianei kia titiro a i ngā momo o mongamonga pū i noa i roto i te mua.

āhuatanga whakatairite o te tahi mau taputapu tawhito

Ingoa o pū	Length oko (i roto i calibers)	taimaha tītere, kirokaramu	Est tawhiti shooting whai hua (i roto i te mita)
pū	Kahore he paerewa huinga	0.45	50-75
whatura	30	1.36	70-100
sākalamēnití	28	4-5,4	e pā ana ki 400
"Ahipi"	20-25	4-5,4	1000-1067
pū Paerewa	17-21	9-45,4	ki 1300
Polupushka	Kahore he paerewa huinga	13.6	200
Kulevriny (pakeke pū pū ki te oko roa)	33	9-22,7	230-250
"He hawhe" kulevriny	32	5,4-13,6	150-170
tangiwai	Kāore he Mōhiohio	24	e pā ana ki 300
poriro	Kāore he Mōhiohio	18.6	400-700
Kamnemet		9-45,4	900-1000

Ki te mea kua ata tirohia āta koe te tepu, me te kite i tetahi pū, e kore e e miharo. na huaina pū kore anake hauwarea, me te taimaha, e mahara tatou i te kiriata e pā ana ki te Musketeers, engari ano hoki he pū puhipuhi tonu ki te ërä iti tupara roa. I muri i te katoa, whakaaro he "matā", kotahi 400 karamu he rawa raruraru!

Ano, e kore e e miharo kamnemetu tapaea i roto i te rārangi. Ko te meka ko e, mo te tauira, te Turkey i te wa o Pita te utu whakamahia ngongo puhipuhi, kopere whatu, whakairo i roto o kohatu. Ko ratou nui iti pea ki te wahi i roto i te kaipuke hoariri tika i roto i, engari meinga maha kino nui ki te muri ki te pakunga tuatahi.

I te pae hopea, te raraunga katoa e kua whakaaturia i roto i to tatou tepu - āwhiwhiwhi. ka noho tokomaha momo o pū pū wareware ake ake, me hītori onamata maha kore rawa matau i roto i te āhuatanga, me te ingoa o te hunga pu i i whakamahia i roto i te nui i roto i te whakapaenga o pa me nga wahi kaha.

innovators he kaitito

Kia rite ki ta mea matou, ko te repo pū mō ngā rau tau maha, he patu nei, pera whakaaro reira, ake ake whakatotoka i roto i tona whanaketanga. Heoi, nga mea hohoro ke. Ka rite ki i roto i te rahiraa o te taime, te innovations i roto i ngā take hōia, no te whakaaro ki nga rangatira o te kaipuke.

Ko te raruraru matua o te puhipuhi tikanga i runga i nga kaipuke i te herenga wāhi nui, te whīwhiwhi o e mau ana i roto i tetahi nekeneke. Te kitenga o tenei katoa,, whakahaere Mr. Melville raua ko Mr. Gascoigne, ko wai i roto i te tiaki o te hanga no ki a ia ki te hanga i tētahi pū faahiahia e mohio ana kōrero i tenei ra i raro i te ingoa "karonada". Reira kihai i titi i runga i tona kātua (mo te Here rewa). Otiia ko reira he kanohi iti, e hohoro a ngāwari taea te kōkuhu he tokotoko maitai. Ia piri mau ki te pū mīhini kiato.

tahuri atu i te pū i te marama, me te poto, ngāwari ki te hapai i. Est tawhiti shooting whai hua i reira i pā ana ki 50 mita. I tua atu, e tika ana ki etahi o tona hoahoa āhuatanga te whai wāhi ki te arahi projectiles ahi ki Molotov Molotov. ka pera rongonui "Karonada" e hohoro oho te Gascoigne ki Russia, i reira toi pūmanawa o te take mai ke kua tonu i tatari mo, riro te paetukutuku o whānui me te tūranga o tetahi o nga kaiwhakatakoto whakaaro a Catherine. i roto i aua tau, i whakawhanakehia te reira i te pu puhipuhi Russian ka hua i roto i te tauine mohoa kitea.

pūnaha puhipuhi Modern

Ka rite ki tuhia matou i te timatanga o tenei tuhinga, i roto i te puhipuhi hou ao i rave rahi "ruma hanga" i raro i te mana o missiles. Otiia e kore e tenei tikanga e ngā pūnaha tikanga me te tākirirangi he kahore wāhi i mahue i runga i te parekura. Matara i reira! Ko te tenenga o missiles pū-arahina i runga i GPS / GLONASS He pakari e taea whakapuaki e ka tonu i te "Maori" i te tawhiti 12-13 rau ki te pupuri i te hoariri i te kokoru.

Tikanga me te tākirirangi pū: ko wai te mea pai?

Haunga te oko tākirirangi pūnaha salvo tāutanga tuku iho i whakaritea e kore e hoatu e te putanga sino. I roto i tenei rerekē ratou i whaiaro-tīhokatia tōia ranei tetahi pu, i roto i te tukanga o te mau mai ki te tūranga puhipuhi mōrahi e hiahiatia ana humarie titia ka keri a tawhio noa i runga i te whenua, kia rite ki te kore e ara tahuri reira. O te akoranga, e pā ana ki tetahi huringa tere o te tūranga ko roto o te pātai i roto i te parau tumu, ara, ki te te pū pū whaiaro-tīhokatia.

He nohopuku me te pūkoro pūnaha urupare, ka taea e te huri tona tūranga whawhai mo te meneti torutoru. I roto i te parau tumu, e taea enei mihini ahi noa ka taraiwa, engari pāngia te tika o te pere te kino. Ko te ngoikoretanga o taua pūnaha - i roto i to ratou tika iti. Ko te taua "Hurricane" mo'oni e taea parau i te torutoru kiromita tapawha, whakangaro mea tata ora katoa, engari ka tangohia e te reira i te tāuta pūhiko katoa ki te anga rawa e kore e cheap. Enei mongamonga pū, whakaahua o nei e kitea e koe i roto i te tuhinga, rawa aroha e ngā kāinga ( "Katyusha").

He pakunga howitzer ki "atamai" tītere taea o whakangaro tetahi tank hou ki tetahi nganatanga, i kia rapua e te launchers tākirirangi pākahiko me te neke atu i te kotahi salvo. I tua atu, i te "Āwhā", "Hurricane", "Grad" me "Āwhā" i roto i te wa tīmatanga kore e taea ki te kite te kore te hoia matapo, pera te kapua o paowa i te wāhi i hanga nui. Otiia i taua wāhi i roto i te kotahi tītere kia roto ake ki te maha rau manokaramu o explosives.

Cannon pū, no te mea o tona tika, e taea te whakamahi ki te karawhiuwhiu i te hoariri i te wa o tona wāhi tata ki ratou taua tūranga. I tua atu, Tupara puhipuhi pū whaiaro-tīhokatia pono ki te kawe i roto i te ahi counter-pūhiko, hanga ana e ia mo te maha haora. I roto i salvo pūnaha ahi kaua hohoro pakaru i roto i kahiwi kore e e whai wāhi ki to ratou whakamahi wā roa-.

Na roto i te ara te korero, i roto i te pakanga Chechen tuatahi whakamahia "Grad", e whakahaere ana ki te whawhai i roto i Afghanistan. kua pērā i rere ētahi wā te anga i roto i te ahunga ohorere kakahu kahiwi. E arata'i pinepine te tenei ki te "hipoki" ratou ake hoia.

Ko te pūnaha pai o salvo ahi

Ka tae mai te taniwha, te feia faatere o te pū Russia "mata'i puahiohio". kopere ratou projectiles ërä 122 mm o i te tawhiti o te 100 kiromita. I roto i te kotahi salvo kia tukuna ai ki runga ki te 40 utu, e hipokina te rohe o 84 mano mita pūrua. he kore Cruising ake ranei iti iho - 650 kiromita. I honoa e ki huriaro tika tiketike, me te tere nekehanga o 60 km / h, taea reira ki te whakawhiti i te pūhiko "Āwhā" i roto i te wahi e tika ana, me te i roto i te wā iti.

Ko te tuarua ko te whai huatanga o te motu MLRS 9K51 "Grad", te kiki i muri i te mau ohipa i roto i te tonga-Te Tai Rāwhiti o Ukraine. Ërä - 122 mm, 40 kahiwi. Ahi i te tawhiti ki runga ki te 21 kiromita, i roto i te haere kotahi taea "te hapai i" ki te rohe o 40 kiromita tapawha. Ina tauihi ana i te tere mōrahi o te 85 km / h ko rite nui rite 1.5 mano kiromita!

wahi Tuatoru haere ki repo HIMARS i te kaiwhakanao American. Kariri he ërä faahiahia 227 mm o, engari e ono anake ārahi pahuatia torutoru te ongo o te tāutanga. Koperea whānui - ki runga ki te 85 kiromita i te wa kia hipokina te rohe o 67 kiromita tapawha. Tere o te kaupapa - ki runga ki te 85 km / h, me te whānuitanga Cruising o 600 kiromita. Well whakapumautia i roto i te pakanga whenua i roto i Afghanistan.

I roto i te tūranga tuawha ko te Chinese tipu WS-1B. Hainamana kore hei taipitopito: te ërä o te haamăta'ui pū ko te 320 mm. I roto i te ahua, rite tenei MRL hangaia te S-300 i roto i Russia me e wha anake oko. ngā Whakahaere Ko e pā ana ki 100 kiromita, patu rohe - ki runga ki te 45 kiromita tapawha. Ki te tere mōrahi o enei puhipuhi hou i te whānuitanga Cruising o āhua 600 kiromita.

I te wahi whakamutunga ko te Indian MLRS Pinaka. Ko te hoahoa - anga 12 kaiarahi 122mm. ngā puhipuhi - ki runga ki te 40 km. Ki te tere mōrahi o te 80 km taea / h waka haere ake ki te 850 kiromita. wāhi kua pā - rite nui rite 130 kiromita tapawha. I whakawhanakehia e te pūnaha ki te whai wāhitanga tika o tohunga Russian, pai tonu whakamatauria ano i roto i maha pakanga Indian-Pakistani.

pū

Kei te tawhiti nekehia tenei patu i to ratou matua onamata, e kingi i roto i nga mara Anotau. pu ërä e kua whakamahia i roto i te tikanga nei, pae i 100 (repo anti "Rapier") ki te 155 mm (TR, NATO).

Whārangi o anga whakamahia rite tino whanui: i paerewa matā teitei-taikaha ki projectiles programmable e taea patua te ūnga i te tawhiti o te 45 kiromita ki te tika o tekau o henimita. Heoi, ko te utu o tetahi o nga matā e taea e ki runga ki te 55 mano tāra! I roto i tenei whakaaro, he ngawari te te pū Soviet.

āhuatanga whakatairite o te pu production tino noa i roto i te USSR / Russia me nga tauira Western

ingoa	Country o production	Ërä, mm	Guns Taumaha kg	whānui mōrahi, km (i runga i te momo o te tītere rānei)
GHN-45	Belgium	155	8900	30-39
GC 45	Belgium	155	8222	30-39
BL 5.5 inihi (te solia tata nga wahi katoa)	Ingarangi	140	5851	16.5
"Zsolt" M-68 / M-71	Iharaira	155	9500	21
WA 021 (tūturu GC ki tou Beletita 45)	China	155	9500	30-39
M-46	USSR	130	8450	27
2A36 "hakiniti-B"	USSR	152	9800	27
"Rapier"	USSR	100	2800	3
Soviet pū C-23	USSR	180	21450	30.5
D-20	USSR	152	5700	17-24
"Wheke-B"	Russia	125	6575	12.2
G5	Awherika ki te tonga	155	13500	30

mōtā

E heke pūnaha kumete hou i bombards onamata me ngā mōtā, e taea te tuku i te poma (ki runga, ki rau o manokaramu i roto i te taimaha) i te tawhiti o te 200-300 mita. I teie mahana tino ke ratou hoahoa, me te whānuitanga mōrahi o ngā tono.

I roto i te nuinga o te ope patu i roto i te ao whawhai hoki mota whakaaro whakaako ratou rite repo eke hoki te pupuhi i te tawhiti o e pā ana ki te kotahi kiromita. tuhipoka te reira i te whai huatanga o te whakamahi o tenei patu i roto i te taiao tāone, me te i roto i te pehanga o marara, ngā rōpū hoariri pūkoro. I roto i te koko ope Russian he patu paerewa, e whakamahia ratou i roto i nga iti moka mahi hōia nui.

A i roto i te hui Ukrainian kua whakaaturia taha e rua e ara pakeke 88 koko mm ko te taputapu pai hoki pakanga pakanga, a ki te kaupare i te reira.

E whakawhanake mōtā Modern, me te tahi atu pū repo, i roto i te ahunga o te whakanui ake i te tika o ia pere. I roto i te raumati o muri tau, te kaporeihana whare taonga rongonui faaite tuatahi BAE Systems te rauna moata pū hapori ao ërä 81 mm, i whakamatautauria nei i tetahi o landfills Ingarangi. Kua paku e taea te whakamahi taua kaha ki te tōtika rawa i roto i te whānuitanga pāmahana i -46 ki +71 ° C. I tua atu, i reira he kōrero e pā ana ki te hanga whakaritea o te whānuitanga whānui o projectiles.

Tūmanako te hōia e pā ana ki te whanaketanga o tiketike-pū min 120 mm ki nui haere te kaha. Ko te tauira hou whakawhanakehia hoki te ope US (XM395, mo te tauira), i te whānuitanga o runga ki te 6.1 km i te ine o kore ake atu i te 10 mita. Kua paku e whakamahia nga matā e Stryker kauhoe o waka Armoured i roto i Iraq ko Afghanistan, te wahi whakakitea te paura hou tona taha pai.

Ko te whaihua te nuinga ki te rā ko te whanaketanga o missiles arahina ki te whāhoki hohe. Ko te kupu, ko te pu nui motu "Nona" taea te whakamahi i te anga "Kitolov-2", me e taea e koe patua he tata tetahi tank hou i te tawhiti o iwa kiromita. Homai te cheapness o nga taputapu, pērā i ngā ngākau nuitanga whanaketanga tūmanakohia o te hōia katoa i runga i te ao.

Ko te kupu, pū, me te i ēnei rā ko te tautohe paoro i runga i te parekura. Tonu whakawhanake tauira hou, me te hua ngā pūnaha tupara anga atu whaihua.