Oil - kohuke. putunga Oil. hinu

Oil - tetahi o kohuke tino nui o te ao (pūwaro wahie). Ko te reira i te rauemi raw mo te hanga o te kora me lubricants me ētahi atu rauemi. Hoki tona tae pouri āhuatanga, me te o te faufaa nui mo te ōhanga hinu ao (kohuke) tapaina a te koura pango.

Overview

i hanga taonga mea te tahi ki te momo o waiwaro haurehu waihā i te tetahi hōhonu (te nuinga i 1.2 ki te 2 km).

tikanga te nui mōrahi o Faarii hinu te i te hohonu o te 1 ki te 3 km. te taonga riro Malta matotoru Tata mata o te whenua, uku semisolid me ētahi atu rauemi (hei tauira, one uku).

E ai ki te ahurei o te take, me te hanganga matū o te hinu, he whakaahua aroaro e te roto i te tuhinga, rite ki hau combustible tūturu, me te ozokerite me te uku. I te tahi taime e ngā katoa o enei kora matatoka i raro i te ingoa kotahi - petrolytes. Heoi no ratou ki te rōpū whānui - caustobioliths. Ko ratou kohuke combustible o te natura biogenic.

Kei roto i tenei rōpū me ngā kohuke pērā i Peat, tokauku, korotā me waro parauri, kerekere. E te kaha ki te tareka i te wai organic o te momo (chloroform, waro disulfide, ranunga waipiro-benzene) hinu, rite tahi atu petrolytes me matū e tango whakarewa raraunga i Peat, waro hua parakore ranei e kīia ki rite uku.

te whakamahi o

I tēnei wā, 48% o te pūngao pau i runga i te ao taka i roto i te hinu (rauemi kohuke). Ko te meka kï.

Oil (kohuke) - te puna o maha matū e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā rāngai i roto i te ahumahi wahie, lubricants, muka polymeric, colorants, ngā whakarewa me ētahi atu rauemi.

Kua arahina tupu Oil kohi ki utu teitei hoki reira, me ki te rohirohi āta o ngā rauemi kohuke. whakaara ake tenei pātai e pā ana ki te whakawhiti ki puna pūngao kē.

Whakaahuatanga tinana

Oil Ko te wai o te parauri te marama ki te parauri pouri (tata pango) i roto i te tae. I te tahi taime i reira he tauira emerara-matomato. Ko Wawaenga taimaha o te hinu rāpoi i 220 ki te 300 g / mol. I te tahi taime rerekē tenei tawhā i roto i te whānui i 450 ki te 470 g / mol. whakaritea Tūtohu tona kiato ko i te rohe 0,65-1,05 (te nuinga 0,82-0,95) g / cm³. I roto i tenei whakaaro, kua wehea te hinu ki te maha momo. ara:

• Easy. Kiato - iti iho i te 0,83 g / cm³.
• Toharite. whakaatu kiato i roto i tenei take - i roto i te rohe i 0,831 ki te 0,860 g / cm³.
• Taimaha. Kiato - neke atu i te 0,860 g / cm³.

he maha o ngā matū waro Kei tēnei rauemi. Ka rite ki te hua, e kore āhuatanga te hinu māori e ona ake wāhi e koropupu, ka i te taumata tuatahi o te tohu i roto i te waiwaro wai. Fele ko reira> 28 ° C, a ētahi wā ≥100 ° C (i roto i te take o te hinu taimaha).

rerekē pokey o te taonga i roto i te whānuitanga whanui (i 1,98 ki te 265,9 mm² / s). Kei te whakaritea te reira e te hinu hanganga hautanga, me tona pāmahana. Ko te teitei te pāmahana, me te maha o hautau marama, te pokey hinu i raro. Ano hoki, meinga tenei e te aroaro o matū pērā i kapia-asphaltene. Ko te neke atu i a ratou, te teitei te pokey o te hinu.

Ko te wera motuhake o te taonga - 1.7-2.1 kJ / (kg ∙ K). Ko ngā iti tawhā wera motuhake o te parariraa - i 43,7 ki te 46,2 MJ / kg. Ko te taimau uruhanga o te hinu - i te 2 ki te 2.5, me tona kawe ia - i te 2 ki te 0.3 ∙ 10-10 ∙ 10-18 ∙ Ohm-1 cm-1.

Oil, i te aroaro he whakaahua i roto i te tuhinga, ko te wai he pūkākā. wawahi te reira i te pāmahana o i -35 ki te +120 ° C. Tei te reira i runga i tona hanganga hautanga, me te ihirangi o hau rewa.

E kore e te hinu (wahie) i roto i ngā āhuatanga noa memeha i roto i te wai. Heoi, ko reira, e nehenehe o hanga rare pūmau ki te wai. hinu wairewa ki etahi matū. meatia tenei e te whakamahi i te momo whakarewa organic. I roto i te tikanga ki te wehe hinu i te wai, me te tote kawea i roto i etahi mahi. He tino nui i roto i te tukanga ratou. Tenei desalting me te maroketanga.

Whakaahuatanga o te hanganga matū

I roto i whakakite tenei kaupapa tango kia ki pūkete nga āhuatanga katoa o te taonga i roto i te pātai. Ko te whānui, te hinu waiwaro me tito timatanga. Next, titiro i ia o ratou i roto i ngā kōrero.

Ko te hanganga whānui

pōhatu Natural hinu ko he ranunga o e pā ana ki 1000 matū o te natura rerekē. Ko te wāhanga matua ko te whai ake:

• waiwaro wai. Ko reira 80-90% i te taimaha.
• pūhui matū waro Heteroatomic (4-5%). O enei, te wā i te whanariki, te hāora, me te hauota.
• pūhui Organometallic (te nuinga konukoreko me vanadium).
• Ko te hau memeha pūwaro pērā i (C1-C4, i te torutoru whakatekau ki runga ki te 4 ōrau).
• Water (i tohu ki te 10%).
• tai kohuke. Te nuinga te pūhau. 0,1-4000 mg / l, me te teitei.
• Solutions o Mariao o ngā waikawa waro me poke pūkaha (matūriki o paru, pākeho, onepu).

hanganga pūwaro

Fele hinu paraffinic he (te tikanga 30-35 uaua - 40-50% o te katoa) me naphthenic (25-75%) pūhui. Ki te whānuitanga iti pūhui kakara tapaea. noho ratou 10-20%, me te iti rawa - 35%. pānga tenei te kounga o te hinu. ngā ano i roto i te taonga i roto i te pūhui pātai konatunatua hanganga kākano ranei. Hei tauira, kakara, me te naphthene-paraffinic.

wāhanga Heteroatomic me te whakaahuatanga o te hanganga mea timatanga o te hinu

Fakataha ki te waiwaro i roto i te hua, he matū ki ngota poke (mercaptans me monosulfides di-, thiophane me thiophenes me ara polycyclic me te rite). Ratou tino pā te kounga o te hinu.

i roto i te hinu hoki, he matū kei roto hauota. Reira fele homologs indole, pyridine, quinoline, pyrrole, carbazole, porphyrites. E hāngai ratou te nuinga i roto i te toenga me hautau taimaha.

Ko te hanganga ngā hinu oxygenates (waikawa naphthenic, te kohiwi-asphaltene, phenols me ētahi atu matū). Ko te tikanga ko ratou i roto i te hautau o te momo nui.

kitea hinu Tapeke i roto i neke atu i te 50 ngā huānga. Fakataha ki te matū whakahuatia reira i roto i te V hua (10-5 - 10-2%), Ni (10-4-10-3%), Cl (i tohu ki runga ki te 2 ∙ 10-2%), me te pera i runga i. Ko te ihirangi o enei poke i roto i te rauemi raw me nga pūhui o mara taea katoa rerekē i roto i rohe whānui. Ka rite ki te hua, kōrero e pā ana ki te hanganga toharite hinu matū i reira e raro herenga anake.

Ka rite ki whakarōpūtia te taonga e te hanganga o waiwaro?

I roto i tenei whakaaro, i reira e etahi paearu. Share whakaaro i runga i te piha haapiiraa te hinu pūwaro. Kahore kia kaua e neke atu i te 50%. Ki te kore te mea iti iho i te 25%, te hinu rio mai ngā momo whakauru tetahi o nga akomanga o waiwaro - naphthene-mewaro, mewaro-naphthenic, naphthene-kakara, kakara, naphthenic, me kakara methano-kakara-mewaro. He wāhanga tuatahi i roto i ratou neke atu i te 25%, me te tuarua - nui atu i te 50%.

e kore te hinu masivesivá tono. Hoki ngā hua tū faufaa (te nuinga nekeneke wahie, rauemi raw mō te ahumahi matū, whakarewa) te tukatuka reira.

Methods o rangahau hua

Ko te kounga o te taonga arotakea i roto i te tikanga ki te tīpako i te kaupapa kouma pono te nuinga o tona tukatuka. meatia tenei e te whakamahi i ngā tikanga matatini: matū, tinana, me motuhake.

āhuatanga General o te hinu - pokey, kiato, ringihia ira me ētahi atu tawhā physico-matū, me te rewa hanganga hau me te ōrau ihirangi teriuma, parawini ware pi me te kohiwi-asphaltene pūhui.

Ko te parau tumu matua o te ako äta o te hinu mai ki raro ki te whakakotahi i nga tikanga o te wehenga o etahi wāhanga ki te whakangāwaritanga ōrite o te hanganga o te tahi mau hautau. E ka wetewetehia ratou ki katoa o ngā tikanga tinana, me te matū. Ko te tikanga tino noa o te whakatau i te hanganga hinu hautanga tuatahi e ngā momo o te Māturu (Māturu) me whakatikatikaina.

E ai ki nga hua o te kōwhiringa ki te kuiti (tata kohua 10-20 ° C) me te whanui (50-100 ° C) hautanga, hangaia te ānau (TIC) o te pāmahana e koropupu pono o te taonga. Kei te ka kawea i roto i ki te whakatū i te pūmanawa o ngā huānga ihirangi takitahi, hua hinu, me o ratou wāhanga (kerosinogazoylevyh, penehīni, distillates hinu, diesel me hinu wahie, me tars), pūwaro hanganga, me te tahi atu matū koloa me ngā āhuatanga tinana.

kawea te Māturu i roto i roto i te taputapu Māturu tikanga. E rite rawa ana ratou ki te tīwae fractionating. I roto i tenei take hāngai kaha pogonorazdelitelnaya ki 20-22 ariā paraharaha mongamonga.

Kua tāutuhia hautau rite ki te hua o te Māturu, ka wehea ki ngā wāhanga. Na, te whakamahi i te whānuitanga o ngā tikanga kawea atu ki te whakatau i to ratou ihirangi me whakaturia āhuatanga. E ai ki nga tikanga o faaiteraa o te hanganga hinu me hautau te wehe ona rōpū, takitahi, rōpū o te hanganga me te timatanga tätari.

A, no te takoto te rōpū kei te wehe te tātari i te ihirangi o te naphthenic, paraffinic, me kakara pūwaro whakauru.

A, no te tautuhia tātaritanga rōpū te hanganga o te pūwaro hautau hinu ko te hanganga rite te ihirangi toharite o naphthenic, mea kakara, me te tahi atu hanganga huringa, me te paraffinic mekameka huānga. I roto i tenei take, he kotahi atu taahiraa - tātaitanga o te nui whanaunga o pūwaro i te naphthene, parawini, me huarahi.

Herea hanganga pūwaro takoto hoki penehīni me te hau hautau. A, no te faaite tātaritanga timatanga o te hanganga hinu nui (ōrau) C, e, S, H, N me micronutrients.

Ko te tikanga matua o te wehe mea kakara i naphthenic me paraffinic me wehenga i runga i arenes he monocyclic me poly- tūrara adsorption wai. Tikanga absorber i roto i tenei take tavini rite te huānga motuhake - sorbent rua.

Ko te hanganga o te hinu pūwaro ranunga multicomponent ropu whanui, me te kuiti tikanga wetemuna e te huinga o te tūrara (wai wāhanga hau ranei), te adsorption ranei te tahi atu tikanga wehenga ki tikanga spectrometric spectral me papatipu akoranga.

Ka rite ki te ao i reira he hinaaro atu tukanga hikinga pērā i te whanaketanga o te hinu, riro te reira faufaa tātaritanga āmiki (rawa nui-koropupu me wäriu hua - tars me hinu wahie taimaha).

Ko te matua mara hinu i roto i Russia

I runga i te rohe o te putunga Russian o te taonga he nui nui. Oil (kohuke) - he taonga motu o Russia. Ko tetahi o nga hua kaweake matua. Extraction me te tukatuka o te hinu - te puna o hua tāke nui ki te pūtea Russian.

i tīmata te whanaketanga o te hinu i runga i te tauine arumoni i roto i te rau tau mutunga o XIX. I te kau i roto i Russia reira he wāhi nui o te mahi hinu. E tū ana ratou i roto i ngā rohe rerekē o te whenua.

ingoa tāpui	rā tuwhera	whakaora kararehe	wāhi Oil-whakaputa
nui	2013	300 miriona toni	Astrakhan rohe
Samotlor	1965	2.7 piriona tana	Khanty-Mansiysk
Romashkinskoye	1948	2.3 piriona toni	Republic o Tatarstan
Ob	1982	2.7 piriona. T	Khanty-Mansiysk
Arlanskoe	1966	500 miriona toni	Republic o Bashkortostan
Lyantorskoye	1965	2 piriona toni	Khanty-Mansiysk
Vankor	1988	490 miriona toni	Krasnoyarsk Territory
Fedorovskoe	1971	1.5 piriona toni	Khanty-Mansiysk
Russian	1968	410 miriona toni	Yamalo-Nenets motuhake Okrug
mamontovskoye	1965	1 piriona toni	Khanty-Mansiysk
Tuymazinskoe	1937	300 miriona toni	Republic o Bashkortostan

hinu tokauku i roto i te US

I roto i nga tau tata nei, kua puta ke te mākete o kora pūwaro tino. Ko te kitea o te hau tokauku me te whanaketanga o tona hangarau production i roto i te wa poto ka kawea e te Hononga o Amerika ki te maha nui o kaikeri o te taonga. I whakaahuatia tenei āhuatanga i tohunga rite "revolution tokauku". I te kau, kei te anga te ao i te iti rawa i te hui rahi. Kei te korero tatou e pā ana ki te whanaketanga papatipu o putunga hinu tokauku. I mua tohu tohunga te mutunga tata o te wā hinu, engari inaianei e taea muri i te reira ake. Ko te kupu hei korero kotiti i runga i te pūngao kē.

Heoi, he tino whakahē mōhiohio i runga i te āhuatanga ohaoha o te whanaketanga o putunga hinu tokauku. E ai ki te niupepa "Heoi", hua hinu tokauku i roto i te United States (Texas) utu e pā ana ki $ 15 ia 1 oko. Ko reira tino kiko ki cheapening atu o te tukanga rua.

He opuaraa pai i roto i te ahumahi hinu tokauku te rangatira o te hanga o te hinu "puāwaitanga" ao - - Hauti Arapia: ko konei te utu o te oko anake $ 7. ngaro Russia faatura tenei i roto i te. I roto i Russia, 1 oko o te hinu tokauku e utu e pā ana ki $ 20.

E ai ki te tānga i runga ake-whakahuatia, tokauku taea te hua hinu i roto i ngā rohe katoa o te ao. He rāhui hinu nui ia whenua. Heoi, he pāhekeheke te tika o te mōhiohio i runga, mai i te kōrero e pā ana ki te uara motuhake o te tokauku production hinu ano.

kawea hoki kaitātari H. Birg raraunga. E ai ki a ia, te utu o te oko o te hinu tokauku ko 70-90 tara.

E ai ki te Bank o Moscow kaitātari Dmitry Borisov, te utu o te hanga hinu i roto i Mexico, me te Gulf o Guinea tae $ 80. Ko te pakeke rite ki te utu mākete o nāianei tenei.

hoki kerēme H. Birg e kua tohaina te putunga hinu (te hinu tokauku) taurite te puta noa te ao. Neke atu i te rua-hautoru o te rōrahi katoa hāngai te i roto i te Hau Amui no Marite. Russia Pūkete hoki ōrau 7 anake.

Hoki te hanga o te hua i raro i whakaaro i ki te tukatuka buka nui o kamaka. Te whakahaere i te tukanga pērā i te hinu tokauku, kawea te tikanga te mahi. Tenei tino pa āhua.

E ai ki Birge, te whīwhiwhi o te tukanga taua, pera i te tangohanga o te hinu tokauku, kua utua e te nuinga o te taonga i runga i te whenua.

Ki te amo tatou e ka tae mai i te tokauku hinu hangarau production ki te taumata tika, kia nga utu hinu ao hinga noa. Ko rite te roa rite kore te kore huringa nui i roto i tenei rohe kitea.

Ki te ngā hangarau o te hinu tokauku taea e pai i roto i te take ngā - anake, no te te utu o te hinu, ko te $ 150 te oko teitei ranei.

Russia, kia rite ki Birge, te revolution tokauku pera-ka karanga, ka kore e taea ki te tūkino i. Ko te take i whai hua i te whenua tauari e rua. Ko ohie te ngaro: kawea utu hinu tiketike hua nui, me te ka whakanui ake i te pakaruhanga i roto i te hua tokauku ki tāwāhi i te whakawhanake mara e hāngai ana.

D. Borisov kore he pera rorotu i roto i tenei whakaaro. Ko te whanaketanga o te te hanga hinu tokauku, kia rite ki a ia, fafau te tiango i roto i utu hinu i roto i te mākete me te maturuturunga iho koi i roto i hua kaweake Russian. Heoi, i roto i te wā poto, tenei kia kore e wehi, no te mea he raruraru tonu te whanaketanga tokauku.

mutunga

rauemi Natural - te hinu, hau me te matū e pā ana - ko te taonga o ia kāwanatanga i roto i nei e keri ratou. Ka taea te kite i tenei e te tai'oraa i te tuhinga, te runga ake.