Arikitanga marama i roto i Russia

"Ariki whakamaramatia" i roto i Russia huaina te kaupapa here kāwanatanga, i whakahaere e te Empress Catherine II, e kingi i roto i 1762-1796 gg. I roto i te kāhua o tona kaiārahi o te whenua arotahi te i runga i te paerewa ka Western. He aha ko te kaupapa o te absolutism marama? Prussia, te arikitanga Habsburg, France - katoa o enei whenua, kia rite ki Russia, kei te ka piri ki te akoranga. ngā te reira i roto i te mau ana i roto i hanganga, whakahou i te pūnaha kāwanatanga me te whakakāhoretanga o te tahi mau survivals feudal.

noho katoa Power i roto i te ringa o te rangatira Ngātuere, o te whenua. Tēnei āhuatanga ko te totohe matua e titore te kaupapa here o te absolutism marama. Habsburg Monarchy, Russia me ētahi atu mana nui Pākehā eke i runga i te ara o te whakahou rite ki te hua o te ara o te moni. i piri mana huringa i te tihi, a na reira kihai i riro te-parirau tonu

hikuwai

haere mai Russian arikitanga marama i raro i te mana o te ahurea French, i hanga nga whakaaro o Catherine II, tona tira me te wahi nui o te iwi mātauranga o te whenua. I runga i te ringa kotahi, ko te reira i te ahua i roto i te ritenga rangatira, kākahu Pākehā, makawe me pōtae. Heoi, kitea nga ngā French i roto i te āhuarangi wairua o te rangatira.

timata kaihokohoko Rich me kaihoko, me te rangatira matua ki te kia maheni ki te uru Pākehā'ofa fakaetangata ahurea, hītori, rapunga whakaaro, toi me te tuhinga i raro i Pita I. I roto i te wā o Catherine tae te tukanga he wāhi tihi. Kei te hanga e te reira e te kāhui - ko te turanga pāpori o te arikitanga i roto i te wā o te absolutism marama. whakatakotoria pukapuka me manuhiri ke ki te rangatira whakaaro whakamua. iwi Rich i ki haere pinepine ki Europe, te tūhura i te ao, ki te whakarite i te tikanga Western me nga tikanga ki te Russian.

Catherine "Tohutohu"

haere mai Catherine II ki te mana i roto i te 1762. Ko Tiamana ia i whanau, i ia he mātauranga Pākehā me te tuhituhi peu ki te mau philosopho nui French. pāngia tenei "mea hinengaro" te kāhua o te kāwanatanga. hiahia te Empress ki ripeneta te kāwanatanga, me te hanga i taua mea pai ake, me te hou. Heoi i reira ko te arikitanga marama Catherine 2.

Kua i roto i te taua 1762 Nikita Panin Empress kaitohutohu i hoatu e ia ki a ia he whakahou tauira o te Kaunihera Imperial. Tohe hau e kore he whai hua te pūnaha tawhito o te kāwanatanga e tika ana ki te meka e taea ai te reira i te putanga o te feia faatere mana. takoto te whakawhiti i absolutism ki tu'i marama i roto i te meka e Catherine i ātete rangatira mua era postpetrovskoy i whakarite ai tōrangapū te ngā tangata nunui.

I roto i te whānui whakaarohia Panin te hanga o te tinana tohutohu. paopao Catherine tona kaupapa, faaoti ki fakalahi tenei tuhinga. Ko te kupu i whanau i te mahere hanganga oti ki te ture o mua. Ko te mea matua ko te aha hiahia ahau ki te whakatutuki i te Empress - te tikanga i roto i te faatereraa i te whenua. Hoki tenei whakaaro i tika ki te rework tino nga ture tawhito, me te tāpiri mea hou.

I maoro whakapumautia Catherine te Komihana mo te hanganga o te Code hou. Ka rite ki te kupu mo ia Empress titoa he "Mana". He i neke atu i te 500 ngā tuhinga, i whakatakoto nga parau tumu o te pūnaha ture i roto i Russia. tuku tuhinga Catherine ki te tohi o te whakaaro nui o te wa: Montesquieu, Beccaria, Hutuha, Bielefeld. I roto i te "Tohutohu" kitea katoa i ko i te arikitanga marama i roto i Russia. Āhuatanga, ihirangi, ka haere hoki auraa o tenei tuhinga ki te Māoritanga matatau o te Māmá.

i tawhiti ohaoha rawa Catherine tohenga ariā, me te reira e kore e tono ki te mea i reira te mooni Russian, i te mea he he patu ki te ngākau nuitanga o te rangatira monū - te tautoko matua te mana kāwanatanga. Kotahi ara ranei tetahi, engari he tokomaha o nga tohenga o te kingi noho anake i roto i te hiahia pai. I te tahi atu te ringa, i roto i te "tohutohu" kī Catherine e Russia - he mana Pākehā. Heoi whakapumautia ia te akoranga tōrangapū, whakaturia e Pita I.

Ko te paparanga o te taupori Russian

whakapono Catherine II e hāngai ana arikitanga marama i roto i Russia i runga i te wehenga o te piha haapiiraa o te hapori. āhua Ideal huaina ai e ia tauira absolutist. faataa Empress tona piri pono ki te tika "tūturu" ki te tohutohu i anake, me etahi atu - ki te kia whakahaeretia. marôraa Catherine i te tohutoro whakatikaia ki te hītori o Russia, te wahi i autocracy te pakiaka tino tawhito.

kihai karangatia e Monarch i te puna anake o te mana, engari ano hoki i te ahua e whakakotahi katoa o te hapori. kihai i whai ia i tetahi here, i roto i te tua ki te matatika. Te ariki, whakaaro Catherine, i ki te ata hanga, me te ki te whakarite "te oaoa o ia me nga tangata katoa." arikitanga marama hāngai ki kore fakangatangata te haere noa o te iwi, me te aronga o ratou puai me ngā mahi ki te whakatutuki i te pai noa.

Empress wehea hapori Russian ki toru whenei matua: te rangatira, te bourgeoisie iti me te koraha. Freedom huaina e ia te tika ki te mahi i te mea ko roto te ture. whakapuakina te taputapu matua ture kāwanatanga. I hangaia ratou, ka whakatakoto rite ki te "wairua o te iwi", e ko te mentality. Katoa o tenei i ki te whakarato i te arikitanga marama o te hawhe tuarua o te rau tau XVIII. ko Catherine II korero nga rangatira Russian tuatahi e pā ana ki te hiahia ki te humanize te ture taihara. whakaaro ia e kore ko te whāinga matua o te kāwanatanga ki te whiu o te kino, me te ārai o ratou hara.

ōhanga

pou Economic i runga i te taunga iho he arikitanga marama, i te tika ki te taonga me te ahuwhenua. Ko te huru matua mō te te pai te whenua o Catherine huaina mahi pakeke o ngā akomanga Russian katoa. Ka karangatia te ahuwhenua te pūtake o te ōhanga, e kore te Empress i uru. Russia i roto i te hawhe tuarua o te rau tau XVIII ko te whenua agrarian hohonu, kei hea he tino ahumahi i muri te Pākehā.

whakaaturia maha hoki nga kainga i roto i te kingitanga o Catherine II i te pa, engari i roto i te meka i te taua kainga katoa ki te mahi taua me te ahua. I roto i tenei totohe takoto te agrarian me patereareha Russia. Ahakoa ki nga pa pohewa o te taupori tāone o te whenua kihai i neke atu i te 5%.

ahumahi Russian, rite ahuwhenua, kua noho feudal. Wheketere me manufactories whānui whakamahia takoha mahi, no te mea utu kaimahi mahi haukāinga, kamupene ki te tono atu. Na, i roto i Ingarangi, kua tīmata kē te reira i te Revolution Industrial. kaweake Russia te nuinga āhua-oti hua me ngā rauemi raw tūturu. Mutu ōhanga taonga kihai i tata hanga te mākete ke.

Kooti ko Religion

Ko te pene whakamutunga o "Tohutohu" a Catherine kua oti rawa ki te marae. arikitanga marama i roto i Russia, i poto, e kore i taea e te taunekeneke ki te iwi whānui, kahore tenei kaitautoko. i tino hira Proceedings, kihai i taea e nei kore ki te matau i te Empress. horo'ahia Catherine kua maha ngā mahi o te pūtahi. I roto i ngā, i te marae ki te tiaki i tano te parau tumu o te haere noa o te karakia ki noho katoa o Russia. Ko te kaupapa o te karakia a Catherine uesia me i tona reta. ko ia he hoariri o te faafariuraa takoha ki a Karaitiana, iwi kore-Russian o te whenua.

arikitanga maramarama - ko te kāwanatanga mau hutia i roto i te haapa'oraa ki te tikanga me te ture. Ko kua rāhuitia te aha te Kōmihana whakatakotoria Catherine pupuri whakawātanga whawhati tata. whakahē hoki Empress te tukino o haere noa o korero. Heoi, e kore tenei i ārai kawe ia ki raro utu i runga i te hunga e, i roto i tona whakaaro, mai io ana tānga i runga i te tikanga tūmatanui.

pātai kaiahuwhenua

Ko te matawaenga matua fehangahangai e te arikitanga marama i roto i Russia, ko reira te heke mai o te serfdom. I roto i te wā o Catherine II tūranga kaimahi o peasants, a kihai i reira i whakakorea. Otiia i pai ai ki te serfdom faaino te nuinga i rāngai whakamua o te hapori. Kua tenei kino pāpori kua te ahanoa Nikolaya Novikova makasini Sapphire patua ( "putea", "haruru", "kaipeita"). Ka rite ki Radishchev, kihai ia i tatari mo huringa nui tīmataria i te tihi, ka i tuku pilīsone i Schlisselburg pa.

Ko te hape o te serfdom ko kihai noa te tūranga pononga ati o te peasants, engari i roto i taua faataupupû i te reira i te whanaketanga ōhanga o te kingitanga. Freedom o whenua i tika ki te mahi mo to ratou ake painga. Mahi mo te kaiwhakarëti, ki te tango atu i te kotinga, me moni, kihai i taea te priori e whai hua. Ko te haamaitairaa o te koraha i muri anake i tona tukunga i roto i te tau 1861. ariki maramarama Catherine 2, i roto i te poto, kore rawa i kaha ki te tango i tenei taahiraa i roto i te tikanga ki te tiaki pūmautanga ā-, ko te ngaro o te pakanga i waenganui i te kāwanatanga me te kaipupuri whenua. Ko te toe faafariuraa Empress Village ka noho pae anake. Ko reira i roto i te rangatiratanga o ia - te wā o te pōpula rahi o te peasants. Kua i te tama a Catherine iti Paora ahau taonga, hoko he-ra e toru.

Ko te faaino o te autocracy

rationalism Wīwī me te whakaaro Māmá tohu ki nga āhuatanga o nga momo feudal o te kāwanatanga. Ko te kupu i whanau te faaino tuatahi o te autocracy. arikitanga marama, Heoi, ko te ahua tika o te mana mutunga. whakamanuhiritia o Amerika te hanganga, engari i ratou ki te haere mai i te tihi, me te kore e pā te mea matua - te autocracy. Ko Ko te aha te tau o Catherine II me ona to'utangata ka karanga te wā o te absolutism marama.

Ko te tuatahi faahapa nuitia te kaituhi autocracy Alexander Radishchev. Tona ode "Liberty" ko te whiti tuatahi hou Russia. I muri i te whakaputanga o "Journey i St Petersburg ki Moscow» Radishchev i tonoa ki te whakarau. Ko te kupu, ko te arikitanga marama Catherine 2, ahakoa tūnga rite te āhua ahu whakamua, te kore e whakaaetia ki te huri i te pūnaha tōrangapū o Freethinkers.

hanganga

I roto i te ara maha, te whakawhitinga i te absolutism ki tu'i marama ka haere mai i roto i te mahi o aivanaa. tao'a tino o Russian rau XVIII pūtaiao ko Mikhail Lomonosov. I te 1755 i whakaturia e ia te University Moscow. I te wa ano ka whakanuia utopianism mātauranga i roto i ruma Masonic, e kua riro tino rongonui i roto i te hanahana.

I roto i te hawhe tuarua o te rau tau XVIII, he whatunga hou o ngā kura tūmataiti i roto i nei ako tamariki rangatira, kaihokohoko, minita, hoia, raznochinstva. Katoa o ratou i korerotia pūāhua piha haapiiraa. Here, rite wāhi kē, ko te painga i roto i te ringa o te rangatira. whakatuwheratia hoki ratou momo katoa o te whare, te wahi whakahaere whakaako i te taha o paerewa Pākehā uru.

collapsing whakahounga

mahi Ture o Catherine II te kōmihana pai whakaatu te hononga i waenganui i te ariā "arikitanga tino" me "absolutism marama." tamata te Empress ki te hanga i tētahi āhua e pai kia rite te hunga tauira e kua whakaahuatia whakaaro Pākehā nui o te rau tau XVIII. Heoi, takoto te totohe i roto i te meka e kore i taea e te mātauranga, me te arikitanga tino e hototahi. Pupuri i te mana Ngātuere,, Catherine raruraru ia te whanaketanga o ngā pūtahi kāwanatanga. Heoi, e kore i whakahounga tuwhena whakatau tetahi ariki Pākehā o te Māmá.

Mahalo Catherine, me ahau e kua haere i runga i te hurihanga atu, ki te kahore te torutoru o nga ngā whakaari o te hawhe tuarua o te rau tau XVIII. puta te tuatahi i roto i Russia iho. Kei te korero tatou e pā ana ki te whakatikanga ake Pugachev i tahitahi nga Urals me te rohe Täingäwai i 1773-1775 gg. tīmata Riot i roto i te taiao Cossack. Na ka hipokina e ia ngā papa motu me te kaiahuwhenua. wahia Serfs gentry e kikī, patua kaitukino o inanahi. I te teitei o te whakatikanga ake i raro i te mana Emelyana Pugacheva i maha nga pa nui, tae atu Orenburg ko Ufa. Catherine i tino mataku o te nui rawa i roto i te rau tau whakamutunga o te tutu. A, no te patua hōia Pugachev, ka haere mai te tauhohe o te mana, me te kua mutu te whakahounga. I roto i te heke mai, ka te tau o Catherine te "tau koura" o te rangatira, ina kua tae ratou ki te whānuitanga mōrahi o te haamaitairaa.

Ētahi atu ngā e kua pāngia nga whakaaro o te Empress, ko e rua o te revolution: te whawhai hoki te rangatiratanga o te koroni Amerika me te Wīwī Revolution. hurihia whakamutunga te arikitanga o te Bourbons. Catherine Ko te initiator o te whakakotahi anti-French, e ngā nga mana nui katoa Pākehā ki te ara absolutist ano o te ora.

Cities me tangata

I te 1785, i whakaputaina i te reira pa ārai Letters te wahi whakaritea Catherine te mana o noho tāone. I wehea ratou ki te maha ngā kāwai i runga i te mana pāpori, me te taonga. Ko te piha haapiiraa tuatahi o "rangatira huru tangata tāone tūturu 'nei o ratou rawa whenua tūturu, me te te orometua me āpiha. I aru tenei e nga kaihokohoko Guild, kaimahi mahi, manene nonresident, noho o Posada. Motuhake tohaina tangata tairanga. he iwi ki nekehanga whare wānanga, nga rangatira o whakapaipai nui, peeke, kaipuke rangatira enei.

Ko te tūnga o te mau haamaitairaa tangata ti'aturi. Hei tauira, i hoatu nga tangata tairanga te tika ki te whai i te kari, iari whenua tūmataiti, me te kaiako. Ka rite ki tautuhia i roto i te tūtohinga o te iwi ki te mana pōti. Burgesses me kaihokohoko riro nga mea timatanga o te kāwanatanga. Tītohu whakaritea wā ki te whakarite hui o nga tangata whai rawa me tino whai mana i roto i te 3 tau. Whakaturia pūtahi ture fili - kaiwhakawa. Ko te tūranga kua e kua hanga e na roto i te reo matatini, roa noa 1870, e ko, tae noa ki nga whakahounga o Alexander II.

haamaitairaa pai

Tukutahi ki i whakaputaina te Tūtohinga ki nga pa noa atu nui Charter ki te rangatira. kua waiho tēnei tuhinga he tohu o te taitahi katoa o Catherine II me te arikitanga whai marama rite te katoa. whakawhanakehia e ia te whakaaro i roto i roto i te Faaiteraa o te haere noa o te rangatira, tangohia i roto i te 1762 i raro i Pita III. Charter ki Catherine ta e te kaipupuri whenua - te whiriwhiri tika anake o te hapori Russian.

i hanga tuku, here ope, me te tono ki te whānau rangatira katoa. Ngaro tona aristocrat taea anake i roto i te take o te hara toihara. Heoi whakaritea a Catherine te i runga i tou ake mahi te whakaaro e te whanonga o te katoa, kaore he aweretanga, i te rangatira ki te ōrite ratou tūranga teitei.

Na roto i te viivii ore o ona "whanau rangatira" kaipupuri whenua kapea i whiu kāpara. Ratou mana atu ki ngā momo rerekē o te taonga, me te, tino nui, ki te mua. Rangatira taea i te hinaaro ki hei kaipakihi, hei tauira, rave i roto i te hokohoko moana. Tangata o te whanau rangatira i whakaaetia ki te whai i nga wheketere. I runga i nga aristocrats kihai i whakawhānui takoha whaiaro.

Rangatira taea te waihanga ratou ake hapori - te Runanga Noble, me tika tōrangapū, me o ratou ake pūtea. whakaaetia taua whakahaere e ki tonoa nga kaupapa ariki o whakahounga me panoni. Whakaminenga whakaturia ake i runga i te pūtake rohe, ka herea ki te kawanatanga. Enei kāwanatanga ko nga kau taki o te rangatira, te whakaaro o nei kua tau te i roto i te Kawana.

Tūtohinga ki te mutunga i te tukanga roa o kaiwhakarēti faateiteiraa whenua. tuhia te tuhinga e ko te reira whakaaro nga rangatira te kaha matua peia i roto i te hapori i roto i Russia. hāngai te reira i runga i tenei parau tumu, arikitanga marama kāinga katoa. Ko te mana o te rangatira āta timata ki te peka ke kua raro i te mono o Catherine Paora I. tenei emepera, rite kainga, pakanga ki ngā tona whaea, tamata ki te whakakore katoa o ona innovations. tukua a Paora ki te tono ki te hanahana o te whiunga kāpara ki, riria ratou ki whakapā ia fakafo'ituitui. Kua maha rongoā whakakorea Paora i raro i tana tama, Alexander I. Ko te rau tau hou XIX, kua tomo Russia inaianei he taahiraa hou i roto i tona whanaketanga. absolutism maramarama ko te tohu o te wā - te kingitanga o Catherine II.