Alexei Gorky. Maxim Gorky. Aleksey Maksimovich Peshkov: biography, auaha

Kapau te mou kole: "He pehea o koutou whakaaro e pā ana te mahi o Alekseya Gorkogo", ka taea ki te whakautu i tēnei pātai he iti rawa iwi. A ehara i te mea no te mea e kore enei iwi e tai'o, a no te mea o te meka e kore katoa e mohio me te mahara e ko te kaituhi pai-mohiotia Maxim Gorky tenei. A, ki te whakatau koe ki te ara atu haafifi i te mahi, ui e pā ana ki te mahi o Alekseya Peshkova. Here ïa i te torutoru noa e mahara e ko te reira te ingoa tūturu Alekseya Gorkogo. Ehara i te mea noa he kaituhi engari ano hoki i te ahua tūmatanui kaha. Ka rite ki matau koutou, ka arotahi tatou i runga i te kaituhi pono motu - Maxim Gorky.

Tamariki me te tamarikitanga

Tau o te ora Gorky (Peshkov) Alekseya Maksimovicha - 1868-1936. haere mai ratou ki te wā o mua nui. Haurongo Alekseya Gorkogo rahi, tīmata ki te nuinga o tona tamarikitanga. Ko te pa te kāinga o te kaituhi, ko te ki Nizhny Novgorod. Tona papa, Maxim Peshkov, i whakahaere i te kamupene tima a, mate ia ka ko ia tau 3 anake tau. I muri i te matenga o te whaea o Alesha tane faaipoipo faahou. Ehara i te mea, ka ko ia 11 tau. whai wāhi mātauranga atu o taitamariki Alexei i koroua.

Ka rite ki te tamaiti-tau 11-tau, kua te kaituhi heke mai "haere ki te iwi" - roaa ia tona taro. Ko wai e kore e tika ia mahi: i reira ko tetahi kaihanga taro, he karere mahi i roto i te taonga, he taoratu i te wharekai. I roto i te rerekē ki te kei koroua, ko kuia he wahine pai, me te whakapono, me te pakiwaitara nui. Ko ia te tangata e tuu i roto i Maksimu Gorkomu aroha o pānui.

I roto i te 1887, tamata te kaituhi ki te mahi i te whakamomori, e ka hono ia ki te mau mana'o taimaha meinga e te rongo o te mate o tana tupuna. Aua'e, ora ia - e kore te matā i patua i te ngakau, engari ko nga pūkahukahu pakaru, i meinga raruraru ki te pūnaha romahā.

Life i roto i te kaituhi heke mai i uaua, a kihai i ahei te ia tu, rere atu i te kāinga. I haereere te tamaiti he rota huri noa te motu, kua kite te pono o te ora, engari maere whakahaere ki te pupuri i te whakapono i roto i te tangata pai. faataa ra e ia tona ora tamarikitanga i roto i te whare o tona papa ruau i roto i "Kōhungahunga" - te wahi tuatahi o tona huinga toru pukapuka mōna.

I roto i te 1884, ua tamata Alexei Gorky ki te tomo i te University o Kazan, engari no te mea o ratou āhuatanga pūtea, ka mohio e kore tenei e taea. I roto i tenei wā, ka tīmata te kaituhi heke mai ki te m≤rū noa ki te kaupapa whaiāipo, rite ki kore e nei, rite te tangata tino he tangata tūturu. I te wa ano, ka tutaki ia ki ariā Marxist a meinga ana ia hei kaitautoko o te whakaaro hou.

Ko te ahua o te ingoakē

I roto i te 1888, i mauheretia te kaituhi mo te wā poto o te wā mō te hononga ki te porowhita Marxist N. Fedoseyev. I roto i te 1891 ua faaoti ia ki te tīmata i te haere i roto i Russia, a pae hopea i taea ki te tae te Caucasus. Kei te tonu rave Aleksey Maksimovich i te mātauranga-whaiaro, whakaora ake, ka whakawhānui rātou mōhiotanga i roto i ngā mara. whakaae ia ki te mahi i tetahi mahi, ka atawhai ia katoa ratou ongo, katahi ka kitea e ratou i roto i ona kōrero tuatahi. I muri, ka karangatia e ia tenei wā te "toku University".

I roto i te 1982, ka hoki Gorky ki to ratou mau fare, me meinga ratou takahanga tuatahi i roto i te mara tuhituhi rite te kaituhi i roto i te maha putanga porowini. Hoki te wā tuatahi ka puta tona pseudonym "Gorky" i roto i te taua tau i roto i te niupepa "Tiflis", i whakaputaina tona kōrero "Makar Chudra".

kihai i ingoakē whiriwhiria e tupono: Na'e lave 'ia ki "kawa" te ora Russian me te meka e ka tuhituhi te kaituhi te pono anake, noa'tu te kawa kia reira. kite Maxim Gorky te oraraa o te iwi noa, a taea kore me ona pūāhua whare putunga ki te tau'a ore i te parau-tia ore i e kua runga i te wahi o nga akomanga taonga.

mahi wawe, me te angitu

Alexei Gorky mātātoa te whai wāhi i roto i te whakatö-, hoki i ko ia i raro i te te tirotiro tamau o te pirihimana. Ki te Korolenko i 1895 tā tona kōrero "Chelkash" i roto i te moheni nui rawa Russian. I muri i tāngia "Isergil Old", "Song o te Falcon," "iwi o mua". kihai i ratou tino i te wāhi tuhituhi o tirohanga, engari he pai ratou i roto i te rārangi ki te whakaaro tōrangapū hou.

I te 1898 ka tukua e ia tana pukapuka "tuhinga roa me Stories", i i te angitu faahiahia, a riro Maxim Gorky āhukahuka katoa-Russian. Kei i tino toi ana kōrero, engari tuhituhi ratou te ora o te iwi noa, i te raro o tona i kawea mai āhukahuka Alekseyu Peshkovu rite anake te kaituhi e tuhi e pā ana te piha haapiiraa raro. I taua wa, ko reira rongonui rite nui rite L. N. Tolstoy ko A. P. Chehov.

I roto i te wā i 1904 ki te 1907 i tuhituhia ai te tākaro "Pirihitini", "nga rire Lower", "tamariki o te Sun", "Summer Folk". kihai i ana mahi tuatahi he takotoranga pāpori, engari te pūāhua i to ratou ake momo huru me te huru motuhake ki te ora, i te mea rawa rite te kaipānui.

mahi orurehau

Kaituhi Alexei Gorky ko te tautoko u'ana o te manapori pāpori Marxist, a i roto i 1901 i tuhituhi "te waiata o te Stormy te tītī", i karangatia e hoki te revolution. Hoki te whakatairanga o tuwhera mahi pāhoro, ka hopukina ia, ka whakahekea mai Nizhny Novgorod. I roto i te 1902, tutaki Gorky ki Lenin i te taua tau o tona pōtitanga rite te mema o te Imperial Academy o belles-lettres i whakakorea.

Ko hoki te kaituhi he kaiwhakahaere nui: ko ia i 1901 te matenga o te whare "te ite" whakaputa, i whakaputaina nga kaituhi pai o te wā. tautoko ia i te kaupapa orurehau varua e kore anake, engari ano hoki moni. Ko te fare o te kaituhi whakamahia rite te tari matua mo nga tahae i mua i ngā nui. I tona fare i roto i te St Petersburg noa korero Lenin. I muri i te ngangaretanga patu Hakihea i 1905, Maxim Gorky i o te wehi o puke i te wa, faaoti ki te waiho Russia.

ora ki waho

haere Alexei Gorky ki Finland me i reira - ki Europe Western me te United States, te wahi kohia e ia moni ki te whawhai i te mua. I roto i te timatanga, i reira tutaki ki a ia amiably: svol kaituhi mohio ki Theodore Roosevelt, me Mark Twain. I roto i Amerika, kua whakaputaina reira te pūrākau rongonui "Mother". Heoi, i muri, ka anga nga Ameliká ki fehi'a ana mahi tōrangapū.

I roto i te wā i 1906 ki te 1907, noho Gorky i te motu o Capri, te wahi tonu ki te tautoko i nga mua. I te wa ano, hanga ana e ia he ariā motuhake o "atua-hanga". Ko te whakaaro e nui nga faufaa morare, me te ahurea atu tōrangapū. Tenei ariā ko te pūtake o "vete" o te pūrākau. Ahakoa paopao Lenin enei whakapono, tonu te kaituhi ki te whai i a ratou.

Hoki ki Russia

I te tau 1913, ka hoki Aleksey Maksimovich ki honau fonua tupu'angá. I roto i te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao, ngaro ia te whakapono i roto i te mana o te tangata. I roto i te 1917, tona hononga ki te tahae tupuheke, ko ia whakama i roto i nga kau taki o te revolution.

Kawa ite e kore e whakatau i ana nganatanga katoa ki te whakaora i te intelligentsia te whakautu o nga mua. Otiia i muri i te kōhurutanga o Lenin i 1918, whakaae ia ratou whakapono he, ka hoki ki te mua. I roto i 1921, i roto i te noa'tu o te hui whaiaro ki Lenin, ia taea kore whakaora ratou i mahi o tona hoa, te punake Nikolai Gumilyov. I muri i taua, mahue ia te Bolshevik Russia.

anō-hekenga

I roto i te hononga ki te whakapakari o te whakaeke kohi i runga i Lenin me te tono akiaki o Gorky mahue Russia ki Itari, ki te pa o Sorrento. He oti ia tona huinga toru pukapuka mōna. I roto i te whakarau, ko te kaituhi ki runga ki te 1928, engari tonu ki te mau tonu hoapā ki te Soviet Union.

rau ia kahore mahi tuhituhi, engari tuhituhi kua i roto i runga i te ngā tuhituhi hou. Atu i te kāinga i tuhituhi e ia te pukapuka "Te Artamonov Pakihi" kōrero. I timata te reira i mahi whānui "Te Life o Klim Samgin" e kore i whai i te kaituhi te wā ki te whakaoti. I roto i te hononga ki te mate o Lenin, i tuhituhi Gorky he pukapuka o haamana'oraa e pā ana ki te rangatira.

Hoki kāinga, me nga tau whakamutunga o tona ora

Alexei Gorky e rave rahi ngā haerenga ki te Soviet Union, engari ratou kihai i noho. I roto i te 1928, i roto i te haerenga ki te whenua, i whakakitea e ia "mua" taha o te ora. tuhituhi i miharo hoki kaituhi tuhinga i runga i te Soviet Union.

I te 1931 ka hoki ia ki te Soviet Union mo te pai i te fakaafe whaiaro o Stalin. tonu Aleksey Maksimovich ki te tuhituhi, engari i whakamoemiti ia i roto i ana mahi i te whakapakoko o Stalin me te ārahitanga katoa, e kore e ki te whakahua e pā ana ki te tāmitanga maha. O te akoranga, tenei āhua o ngā take kihai i hāngai ki te kaituhituhi, engari i te wa i te tauākī e tika ke ki nga mana, e kore e nohotahi.

I roto i te 1934, mate tama a Gorky, ko Pipiri 18, 1936 i raro i tūkunga ngaro, mate i mua i te mutunga o Maxim Gorky. kite te haere whakamutunga o te kaituhi motu atu ārahitanga katoa te whenua o te. I tanumia te urn ki ana pungarehu i roto i te taiepa Kremlin.

Āhuatanga koe Maksima Gorkogo

Ko ahurei i roto i taua he reira i roto i te wā o te tiango o te moni, i taea ki te kawe i mahino te āhua o te hapori i roto i te whakaahuatanga o te iwi noa ia i tona mahi. I muri i te katoa, kahore tetahi ia i mua kihai i whakaahua i roto i taua taipitopito te ora o te whenei raro o te hapori. Ko tenei pono tahanga o te piha haapiiraa mahi roaa ia te aroha o te iwi.

Ka taea te kite i tona whakapono i roto i te tangata i roto i ana mahi wawe, whakapono ia e taea ki te awhina o tona ora i te pae varua ki te hanga i te tangata i te revolution. i taea e ki te whakakotahi i te pono kawa ki te whakapono i roto i ngā uara morare Maxim Gorky. A ko reira tenei huinga e hanga tona mahi motuhake, toa - fakangalongata'a, a i te nuinga o Gorky kaituhi mahi.