Wharekarakia Europe: te kāwanatanga me te pa. History o wharekarakia Europe

huaina te wā wharekarakia te te wā wa i waenganui i nga taima hou, me te tawhito. Wātaka, taka ana e ia ki te anga o te mutunga V-VI ki XVI (i ētahi wā inclusively), ake. I roto i te tahuri, kua wehea te Anotau ki wā e toru. Tenei, i roto i ngā: te wawe, tiketike (waenganui), me te mutunga o era (wawe Renaissance). Next, whakaaro pehea ki te whakawhanake i te kāwanatanga wharekarakia Pākehā.

āhuatanga General

Na roto i te rōrahi o ngā e whai he auraa ngā mo te ora ahurea, ki a XIV-XVI rau, whakaaro hei wā motuhake, me te motuhake. Ko rerekē te tohu o heritability o nga āhuatanga āhuatanga o te wāhanga o mua. Wharekarakia Western Europe, Central ko Eastern wahi, me pera me etahi wāhanga o Oceania, Ahia, a Indonesia tiaki āhuatanga tūturu i roto i te wā onamata. rapu Settlements o te Balkan Peninsula ki te utu ahurea feunga kaha. tū ana te taua au me ētahi atu pa wharekarakia i Europa: i roto i te tonga o Spain ko France. I te wa ano ahu ratou ki te hoki ki te mua, tiaki te mau hu'ahu'a o te whakatutukitanga o whakatupuranga o mua i roto i te hunga tahi atu wāhi ranei. Ki te kōrero tatou e pā ana ki te tonga, me te tonga-rawhiti, e hāngai ana te whanaketanga i konei i runga i iho, rite wawe rite nga wa Roma i hanga.

"Colonisation Cultural"

Kua horahia e tenei tukanga ki etahi pa wharekarakia o Europe. He maha ngā iwi nei te ahurea e tino piri ki te anga o tawhito, engari rapu ratou ki te tāpiri ki te auraki i roto i te maha atu ngā wāhi o te karakia. Na, mo te tauira, kua reira kua ki te Saxons. tamata Franks ki te faahepo i ki te tāpiri ratou ki tona - Karaitiana - ahurea. te pāngia hoki te reira i te tahi atu iwi e kua ora taua whakapono fakahahake. Otira, no te kore tamata te ärai whenua Roma ki faahepo te iwi ki te farii i te whakapono hou. i haere tahi Pākehā ahurea i te rau tau XV, ki te kaupapa here pukuriri o te Tatimana, te Potiti, te Spanish, a muri mai ētahi atu whenua, te hopu rohe.

iwi hikihiki

Ko te hītori o wharekarakia Europe, i te wā wawe, i roto i ngā, ki tonu i te whakarau, pakanga, te whakangaromanga o whakataunga ko. I tenei wa e haere kaha i roto i te tereraa o iwi hikihiki. I faaruru wharekarakia Europe hekenga nui o nga iwi. I roto i tupu te reira i te tohatoha o ngā iwi e kua noho i roto i etahi rohe, supplanting te whakakotahi ki te Iwi kē-ngā reira ranei. Ka rite ki te hua, te hanga matou symbioses hou, ngā whakahēnga pāpori. Na, mo te tauira, ko te reira i roto i Spain, i whakaekea e nga Arapi Muslim i roto i te BC VIII rau. I roto i te faatura i tenei taa ê te hītori o wharekarakia Europe iti i te onamata.

āhua Mātauranga

Kua tipu tino tere civilisation Pākehā wharekarakia. I roto i te wā wawe i hanga maha āhua iti, me te nui. Ko frankiyskoe te nui. rohe Roma o Itari, ka riro te āhua motuhake. whawhati te toenga o nga wharekarakia Europe ki maha rangatiratanga nui, me te iti i anake i roto i te tāpaetanga ōkawa o nga kingi o ngā whānui. E pā ana tēnei i roto i ngā ki te fenua Peretane, Scandinavia, me ētahi atu whenua kihai whakaurua i roto i te hanganga o te āhua nui. I roto i te wahi ki te rawhiti o te ao haere hoki ngā tukanga ōrite. Na, mo te tauira, i roto i China i ngā wā rerekē i reira i pā ana ki 140 whenua. Fakataha ki te mana emepaea me te feudal reira - te tangata o pakanga i, i roto i era atu mea, te whakahaere, te ope, me i roto i ētahi wā noa ratou ake moni. Ka rite ki te hua o tenei wehewehenga i pakanga auau, arbitrariness mārama kitea, a ko te tikanga ngoikore te āhua.

ahurea

whakawhanakehia civilisation Pākehā wharekarakia rawa heterogeneous. Ka kitea tēnei i roto i te ahurea o te wā. He ko e rave rahi tohutohu o te whanaketanga o tenei poi. I roto i ngā, te huna hoki taua subculture rite tāone, kaiahuwhenua, kaiaka. Whanaketanga o nga ariki feudal whakamutunga i mahi. E City kia kōmakatia (burgher) ahurea rite kaimahi me kaihokohoko.

mahi

ko matua e tika ana ki te pāmu oranga wharekarakia Europe. I roto i te hunga atu rohe ranei, Heoi, tuhia te tere pāhiwihiwi o te whanaketanga me te tomokanga ki te momo rerekē o ngā mahi. Hei tauira, iwi hikihiki, noho i runga i te whenua ngakia mua iwi atu, ka anga ki te whai wāhi i roto i te mahi pāmu. Heoi, kua nui kino atu i roto i te taupori taketake te kounga o ratou mahi, me nga hua o muri o. I roto i te wā wawe o Medieval Europe ko tukanga de-tāone. I roto i tona iwi i te kainga nui whakangaromia oho ki te whenua. Ka rite ki te hua, kua takoha tangata ki te neke i runga i ki ētahi atu mahi. nga matea katoa o whakaputaina ora peasants, anake hua whakarewa. Parau te whenua kei te ü kawea atu rānei e te iwi (e topuni ratou ki te parau), ranei te whakamahi i kararehe - puru kau ranei. kua ki te rau tau IX-X kua tono topenga. Ki tenei ka anga ki te ahu i te hoiho. Otira ko enei kararehe i roto i ngā rahinga iti rawa. Whakatika ki te rau tau XVIII, whakamahia kaimahi he parau rakau, me te koko rakau. Taea varavara nui ki te whakatau i te watermills me Windmills anga ki puta i roto i te rau tau XII. hoa tamau o taua wā ko te matekai.

whanaketanga pāpori me te tōrangapū

tohaina mana Whenua wā tuatahi te i waenganui i nga kaimahi hapori, te hahi me nga ariki feudal. Ina e tupu pōpula o te iwi. timata Earth kaimahi noa ki te uru ki raro i te hunga uhono atu wahi ranei ki te hahi ranei feudalists fakamāmaní noho ki a ratou i roto i te rohe kotahi. Ka rite ki te hua, ki te rautau XI koa tonu i hononga ōhanga, me te whaiaro ki rerekē nekehanga tata nga wahi katoa. i Farmer mo te whakamahi o te whenua ki te hoatu tetahi whakatekau o putanga katoa, i orohina ai i runga i mira, te taro, te mahi a te ariki i roto i ngā awheawhe ranei i nga mara, ki te tango i tetahi wahi i roto i te tahi atu mahi. I roto i te take o te ati whawhai e whakatupato ia ki te tiaki o te tangata nona te whenua. whakakorea Serfdom i roto i Medieval Europa i roto i ngā rohe rerekē i wā rerekē. I tukua te tuatahi peasants ti'aturi i roto i France i roto i te rau tau XII - te timatanga o nga Crusades. Mai ka te rau tau XV peasants free i Ingarangi. tupu tenei e tika ana ki te taiapa o te whenua. I roto i Noaue, mo te tauira, kaimahi, me te kore i ti'aturi.

hokohoko

kua whanaunga Market utu (taonga mō taonga) ranei pūtea (koloa-moni) ranei. ia ratou etahi pa rerekē te taimaha o te hiriwa i roto i te moni, ngā mana hoko. Mint moni i taea feudal ariki, te hunga e tangohia e te ārai mō te te hanga. I roto i te ngaro o te hokohoko nahanaha timata ki te whakawhanake ataahua. Kei te nuinga o puritia ratou i roto i te taha ki te hunga atu hararei fakalotu ranei. I raro i nga taiepa pa rangatira i hanga hokohoko nui. I whakaritea e te kaihokohoko ki nga koka'anga ka arahina hokohoko ke, me te kāinga. Mō te wa i hanga e ahau i te Hanseatic League. kua meinga e ia te whakahaere nui mau mai i tahi kaihokohoko he maha o āhua. Na roto i te 1300 i roto i tona hanganga i neke atu i te 70 nga pa i waenganui i Holland me Livonia. I wehea ratou ki 4 ngā wāhanga. I te matenga o ia rohe ko te pa nui. i ratou hononga ki te whakataunga iti. Ko nga pa warehouses, hotels (i roto i i noho kaihokohoko), āpiha hokohoko. Kua whai wāhi whanaketanga o te rauemi me ngā āhuatanga ahurea ki te tetahi whānuitanga te Crusades.

te ahunga whakamua hangarau

I roto i tenei wā, i ia ine anake. Ka taea te hāngai ana tēnei ki a Haina, kua takahia tawhiti atu whanaunga e ki Europe. Heoi, puta tetahi whakapai ake ki e rua tutukitanga e pā ana: tūtohinga Guild me te hahi. opani Last rite ki whakaaro wä, te tuatahi - i roto i o te wehi o te whakataetae. I roto i te kaimahi tāone i piri i roto i te toa. kihai i taea Organization waho mo te maha o ngā take. Shop tohatoha te rauemi, nui o ngā hua, wahi o te hoko. whakaritea ano ratou, me te tino whakahaere i te kounga hua. Awheawhe i aru te taputapu i runga i nei production e wahi. Tūtohinga whakaritea me te wā noa, me te mahi, kakahu, hararei me te ake. puritia Technology te ngaro tata tiakina. Ki te kua oti te tuhituhi ratou, nga waehere anake, ka haere anake whanaunga riro. E mea pinepine te taua hangarau me kua noho he mea ngaro mō whakatupuranga heke mai.