Whakaako pūnaha mātauranga whānui: whāinga me ngā whāinga

pūnaha mātauranga Makiri ko te hanganga integrated kei etahi whāinga, te mau parau tumu whakahaere, tikanga, me ngā puka o whakangungu.

momo

kairangahau Modern wehewehe toru pūnaha Makiri matua e whai nui ngā rerekētanga i waenganui i a ratou:

• Didactics Herbart.
• pūnaha Dewey.
• ariā Perfect.

Kia tamata a ki te tautuhi i te āhuatanga o ia o ratou, ki te kitea ngā āhuatanga rite, me te ahurei.

didactics Herbart

tātarihia philosopho German Gerbart I. F., a faaau i te piha haapiiraa-haapiiraa puka te kaiako Polish Yana Kamenskogo. Kua whakawhanakehia Herbart ona pūnaha ake o ngā tikanga whakaako Makiri, e hāngai ana i runga i te parahi whakatutukitanga ariā o te hinengaro me te matatika o 18-19 tenetere. Ko te hua mutunga o katoa te tukanga mātauranga mātauranga kaiako Tiamana whakaaro he wairua kaha o te tangata ahei ki te faaruru i tetahi aitua. tāutuhia te whāinga nui o te pūnaha Makiri i roto i te hanganga o huru maitatai morare o te tangata.

whakaaro matatika o te mātauranga mō te Herbart

I roto i nga whakaaro matua i whakaarohia e ia ki te whakamahi i roto i te tukanga mātauranga, tu atu:

• wawata tino mara o te tamaiti, te aronga rapu o te tupu i te pae morare.
• Pai, e ka whakarite ruruku i waenganui i to ratou i pai ai, me ngā ngākau nuitanga o ētahi atu.
• Justice ki utu mo nga tawai katoa me ki te akakoromaki i te ati.
• haere noa i roto, hanga reira taea ki te ōrite te whakapono me hiahia o te tangata.

a Ethics me kaiako hinengaro he pūāhua metaphysical. hāngai ana ngā pūnaha Makiri e i runga i te rapunga whakaaro idealist Tiamana. I roto i te tawhā matua gerbartovskoy nui ki te mōhio i te tiaki o te kura o te hanganga hinengaro o ngā tamariki didactics. Ki te whakaaro ki te mātauranga o te takitahi, ka tenei tūranga whakaritea whānau Herbart. Hoki te hanganga o kaha, morare, te huru o ākonga, ko te whakaaro, ki te whakamahi i te ako tino. I tona mata o te tirohanga, i te kaiako ki te riro tauira tūturu o te faitotonú mo e angatonú ki o ratou tauira.

Ko te pau didactics Herbart

Ko te mahi o te kaiārahi kura ko ki te whakarite mahi tūturu mō ngā ākonga, te whakahaere i to ratou whakangungu, e mau ana i roto i te aroturuki tonu o ratou whanaketanga hinengaro, me te tinana, ngā ākonga tāpuekina ki te tono me te ako. Ki kihai i te kura hepohepo, whakaarohia Herbart ki te whakauru etahi here me rāhui. I roto i te take o maumaui nui o ture whänui ana te whakaaetia, whakaaetia ara ia te whakamahi o te whiu kāpara. Whakaekea ratou nga momo o mau haapiiraa ako i roto i te pūnaha Makiri tikanga whakamahi mōrahi o ngā mahi ā-. utua kaiako German tokanga makehe ki te ariā o te pai ai, mau mana'o, te matauranga, te ako kia me.

Te tikanga ariā Makiri

Ko ia te tangata e whakaarohia tuatahi whakangungu kore motuhake, me te mātauranga, whakaaro e rua o nga kaiwhakaako o te wā anake i roto i te töpü. Ko te takoha matua i roto i tona pūnaha whakangungu Makiri kua te tohanga o te maha ngā taumata o te mātauranga. whakaarohia e ia he tikanga e ai haere te mārama o te rōpū, na te pūnaha, me ka ki nga tikanga. tukanga mātauranga, hanga e ia ki runga ki te pūtake o ngā, i āta i ki te haere ki ngā pūkenga ariā. I runga i te pūkenga mahi i roto i te ariā whakawhanakehia e Herbart, i roto o te pātai. whakapono ia e ko te reira nui ki te hoatu i te ākonga te matauranga ariā, engari ka ranei ka whakamahi ranei ia i roto i te ora ia rā, e kore e mea faufaa te reira mo te kura.

kau muimui Herbart

timata akonga me riiwhi o te kaiako German T. Ziller, Rein B., F. Dörpfeld. i taea e ki te whakawhanake me te whakahou i te whakaaro o tona kaiwhakaako ratou, tamata ki whakakahoretia to ratou pūnaha o formalism Makiri, me te unilateralism. Rein i whakaurua e rima ngā wāhanga o te whakangungu, ka tohaina mo ia ihirangi, te whāinga matua, tikanga e whakaarohia ana o te whakatutuki i ngā whāinga. I roto i tona kaupapa Poiete kōwae ki rauemi hou, te ruruku o ngā mōhiohio ki te mohio e i hoatu nga ākonga i mua, me te te ariā me te whakamātautau o te pūkenga riro.

Whakatauritenga o te maha ngā ariā Makiri

e kore e ngā kaiako i kua kakato ū ki nga kaupae e ōkawa katoa o whakangungu, i hoatu e ratou te tika ki te whakawhanake i ngā tikanga mo te whanaketanga o te whakaaro o ngā tamariki, riro ratou he mātauranga tonu. Taua pūnaha vai tukanga ako Makiri tae noa ki te waenganui o te rau tau whakamutunga i roto i Europe. E whakaatu kaimātai hinengaro Modern e te ariā o te pānga kino i runga i te mahi o ngā kura. Hoki te wa roa e arotahi ana te pūnaha Makiri katoa i runga i te whakawhiti o ngā kaiako ki te ākonga te matauranga rite. E kore o e te hanganga o ngā āhuatanga mō te whaiaro iteraa-, nga faaiteraa o auahatanga, i o te pātai. i te akonga ki te noho ata i roto i te piha haapiiraa, whakarongo āta ki tona kaitohutohu, tika, me te hohoro te mahi i ana tohutohu katoa me tūtohutanga. Ko te passivity o ngā ākonga arahina ki te meka e whai ratou kahore hiahia ki te whiwhi te matauranga, he maha nui o ngā ākonga e kore nei i hiahia ki te whiwhi te matauranga, ki te ngaro te kura, ka whakamarie ia ratou tohu ta'efakafiemālie. Kahore nga kahore kaiako me ngā whai wāhitanga mō te tāutu me te whanaketanga o ngā ākonga pūmanawa me te pūkenga. riro te pūnaha toharite te me aroturuki whakatutukitanga takitahi o ia ākonga. Kia mōhio e kahore didactics Herbart, i reira e kia te huringa pai i roto i te pūnaha mātauranga, e puta i te mutunga o te rau tau whakamutunga, me te haere tonu i tenei ra.

Didactics Dzhona Dyui

whakawhanakehia kaiako American, me te kaimātai hinengaro Dzhon Dyui te taa i waenganui i tauira fakaaoao kaiako Herbart. Kua waiho ona mahi i te counterweight tūturu ki te ariā mātauranga tīariari. tohe kaiako American e te pūnaha whakaako taketake ngā ia i mua, arahina ki te mātauranga ausia o kura anake. Nā ki te meka i whakanohoia te aronga matua i runga i te whakawhitinga o te ariā, i reira ko he āputa i nui i waenganui i te mooni. "Ahu" ngā ākonga e kore i taea e te mōhiohio whakamahi ratou matauranga i roto i te ora ia rā. I tua atu, riro tamariki he "mōhiotanga rite-hanga", kihai i hiahia ratou ki te hanga tautooraa i roto i te tikanga ki te rapu takitahi mō ngā mōhiohio motuhake. kihai i haere te reira i roto i te pūnaha mātauranga Tiamana me te korero o te titauraa rēhita me ngā hiahia o ngā tamariki, te ngākau nuitanga o te hapori, te whanaketanga o te tangatatanga. Dewey, tīmata ana ngā tuatahi i roto i te kura Chicago i 1895. hanga e ia he kōnae kāri o kēmu Makiri hangaia ki te whakarei ake i te mahi o nga tamariki. i taea e ki te whakawhanake i tētahi ariā hou o "whakaaro oti" te kaiako. whakaaro Psychological me taumauri o te kaituhi, ka tīmata te tamaiti ki te whakaaro, no te reira e te tahi mau fifi i roto i te mua o ia ia. Ko te reira i roto i te tukanga o te upooti'araa i mau fifi, tīmata te tamaiti ki te whakaaro. "Ngāue katoa" whakaaro o Dewey tā etahi kaupae:

• Ko te putanga o fifi.
• Kimi raruraru.
• Waihanga o whakapae.
• A amo i te whakaū arorau o te whakapae kitea.
• Analysis o nga hua o ngā me ngā kitenga.
• Ikuna'i mau fifi.

Ko te pau didactics Dewey

Kōnae i hanga e te kaituhi o kēmu Makiri nga tūmanakohia ana "ako e hāngai ana raruraru-." Tenei huarahi i kitea tino hohoro kaitautoko i roto i kaimātai hinengaro me ngä Pākehā. Na i runga i te tono o te pūnaha i roto i ngā kura Soviet American, mōhio tatou e ko te nganatanga, engari kihai i karaunatia ia ki te angitu. puta Interest i roto i te didactics taua i roto i Russia anake i te timatanga o te rautau 21. Ko te faufaa o te whakaaro o te pea American Dewey o te huarahi rerekëtanga ki te whakangungu me te mātauranga o ia ākonga. Ko te hanganga akoranga atamira hakari o tautuhi te raruraru, waihanga o whakapae, te hātepe rapu o mahi, te ako, te tātaritanga o te hua, waihanga o whakatau, ki te manatoko tautukunga ki te whakapae i whakaritea.

Whakatauritenga o te pūnaha tuku iho, me te ariā o Dewey

riro American he hou pono o te tukanga ako. Reira hei utu o "ako pukapuka" i whakaekea te kōwhiringa o te rironga kaha o te matauranga me ngā pūkenga. Ko te mua motuhake mahi hinengaro o ngā ākonga, ka te kaiako he kaiāwhina ki ana ākonga. ārahi ana i te kaiako te tamaiti, āwhina ki a ia hinga nga mau fifi, ki te hoatu i te whakapae ki te whakatau i runga i te hua whiwhi. Engari o te marautanga puāwaitanga whakaekea mahere takitahi American, e taea e koe te whiwhi mōhiotanga o ngā taumata rerekē. Mai i tenei momeniti tīmata te kōrero o te ako rerekëtanga me te takitahi, he wae o ngā hōtaka i runga i ngā taumata taketake, me te motuhake. utua nui whakarongo te ki tona ariā Dewey mahi, ka puta te whakawhetai ki tona kura motuhake mahi rangahau o kura.

mutunga

Kei te ake te pūnaha kura tonu, ake uaua, whakawhetai ki te hōtaka auaha whakawhanakehia e te kaimātai hinengaro me ngä. I roto i te maha ngā ariā Makiri e kua hanga ki runga ki te rau tau e rua kua pahure, o te faufaa ngā ko te pūnaha matarohia o Herbart, Dewey hōtaka auaha. Ko reira i roto i kua puta enei mahi i roto i te wāhi matua o te mātauranga, e taea te kite i roto i ngā kura o tenei ra. Tātari i te ngā hou, mōhio tatou ako "i roto i te whakatuwheratanga" whakaarohia e te mātauranga American Jerome Bruner. Kei te tēnei rauemi tatou kitea i roto i te whakaritenga ki te raukura o te kura tuatahi o te GEF. E hiahiatia ana ngā ākonga ki te ako i te ture taketake me tītohunga o te natura, te pū o te ora pāpori, te haamau'araa i to ratou ake rangahau, whai wāhi i roto i ngā kaupapa takitahi, me te ngā.

Ko te kaihanga o te whakatupuranga tuarua hou o paerewa kāwanatanga e whakamahia ana i roto i to ratou mahi, e rave rahi ariā mātauranga, te kōwhiri i te pai o enei whakaaro. O te faufaa ngā i roto i te pūnaha Makiri hou utua ki te hanganga o te tangata pai te tangata e he whakakake o tona fatherland, mohio me faatura nga ngā tikanga katoa o tona iwi. I roto i te Kua tikanga ki te paetahi kura kua taunga ki tikanga hou o te ora, kua hoatu faufaa ngā ki te whanaketanga whaiaro. Ko te kaiako kore he "tonotono", ia e tuku tika ana tauira, e tauturu te reira ki te akakoromaki i puta tamataraa.