Waro Hangarau, tona faaineineraa

pango waro (GOST 7885-86) - pato hua waro ahumahi, whakamahia te nuinga i roto i te rapa rite te filler, whakaū ona āhuatanga mahi painga. Roto i te rerekē ki Coke te ware me te he tata kotahi mangu waro i roto i rite ahua.

poi o tono

Kei te whakamahia Tata 70% o te mangu waro hua mo te hanga o potae, 20% - mo te hanga o ngā hua rapa. Hoki, whakamahia waro Hangarau i roto i peita hanga me Inks hua, te wahi tavini ia rite te ngarahu pango.

Tētahi atu mara o tono - te hanga o kirihou me te takotoranga taura. Tenei te tāpiri te hua rite te filler me te hanga i te hua o ngā āhuatanga motuhake. I roto i-tauine iti whakamahia waro pango i roto i te tahi atu ahumahi.

āhuatanga

pango waro - hua tukanga kei hou hangarau me te engineering tikanga o te mana. Nā ki tona viivii ore, me te huinga tino tautuhi o ngā āhuatanga ōkiko me te matū, te mea kahore ki te mahi ki te ngarahu i hanga rite byproduct poke i waro me te hinu wahie, ranei te unregulated engines parariraa. E ai ki te tikanga whakaae whakarōpū ao o te mangu waro tohua Carbon Black (waro pango i roto i te translation i Ingarihi), waro pango i roto i te reo Ingarihi - ngarahu. Ko, he wā enei ariā i roto i kore ara raruraru.

i kahore iti iho nui atu i te whakatuwheratanga whanariki tikanga rapa vulcanization mo te whanaketanga o te ahumahi rapa pānga Amplification tika ki waro pango rapa tonu. Ko te titonga rapa waro o te maha nui o kai i te taimaha kī tuarua rapa. Ko te pānga o te āhuatanga kounga o te waro pango mō ngā hua rapa tino nui atu i whakauru tuatahi kounga - rapa.

whakapakari ngā āhuatanga

Pai ake ngā āhuatanga ōkiko o te rauemi mā te whakauru i te filler i huaina ngā (ngā), a kua karangatia e taua amplifiers taima (waro pango, Nā silica). I roto i amplifiers katoa pono āhuatanga ahurei o te waro hangarau. i mua i Ahakoa te whakaora herea reira ki te rapa, a taea kore te tino wehea te ranunga ki mangu waro me te rapa ki ngā whakarewa.

rapa kaha, i takea mai i te elastomers nui:

E whakaatu ana te tepu nga āhuatanga o nga vulcanizates whiwhi i ngā momo rerekē o te rapa, tahanga kau, me te ki tonu i te waro pango. Mai i enei raraunga taea te kite i te reira e founga te ihirangi waro nui pānga i runga i te kaha kurut wāhanga rapa. E te ara, ki te tahi atu puehu korakora whakamahia i roto i ranunga rapa horo'a te tae e hiahiatia ana he cheapening ranunga ranei - taioma, kaolin, talc, waikura rino, me te kore e etahi i ngā āhuatanga whakaū.

hanganga

waro tūturu Pure - tenei taimana me te graphite. E ratou hanganga karaihe tino rerekē i tetahi ki tetahi. Ttara ray whakapumautia ritenga i roto i te hanganga o te graphite tūturu me te rauemi tāwhaiwhai he waro pango. ngota waro i roto i te puka graphite papa annular nui tauta pūnaha kakara, me te interatomic mokowā 0,142 nm. E huaina ēnei pepa graphitic whātatahia pūnaha kakara rererangi basal. Ko te tawhiti i waenganui i nga rererangi kei te tino tautuhi me he 0,335 nm. E whakaritea nga paparanga katoa whanaunga whakarara ki tetahi ki tetahi. Graphite kiato ko 2.26 g / cm ^3.

Haunga te graphite he tono e toru-ahu, āhuatanga waro pango e auautanga anake e rua-ahu. Kei a ia ko rererangi graphite pai whakawhanakehia-, whakaritea āhua faitatau ki tetahi ki tetahi, engari wāhikē whanaunga ki ngā papa pātata - e ko, matapōkeretia hāngai i roto i te pā ana noa rererangi.

hanganga graphite āhua whakaritea ki te rahoraho neatly tāpae o kāri, me te waro hanganga mangu ki te rahoraho o kāri i roto i nei e neke te kāri. Reira interplanar mokowā nui atu i taua o te graphite me 0,350-0,365 nm. Na reira, ko te waro kiato mangu raro atu i taua o te graphite me ko roto 1,76-1,9 g / cm ^3, i runga i te māka kei (te tikanga 1.8 g / cm ^3).

Whaitae

Ko te mangumangu ngarahu (valivalí) waro whakamahia i roto i te hanga o Inks tā, coatings, kirihou, muka, pepa, me ngā rauemi hanga. Whakaröpütia ratou e whai ake:

• pango waro vysokookrashivayuschy (SB);
• sredneokrashivayuschy (MS);
• normalnookrashivayuschy (RC);
• nizkookrashivayuschy (LC).

tohu ana te toru o reta he tukanga mō te whakaputa - te oumu (F) te hongere (C) ranei. iku'anga TAUIRA: HCF - vysokookrashivayuschy pango oumu waro (Hiqh Tae ura).

e pā ana tae hua kaha te ki te rahi o ona matūriki. Runga anō i ratou waro rahi wehewehea Hangarau ki ngā rōpū:

whakarōpū

Kei te wehea Waro pango mo te rapa whakapakari pānga o te tohu ki:

• Vysokousilivayuschy (takahia, mārō). Whakaratohia nui haere te kaha, me te abrasion resistance. He iti te rahi matūriki (18-30 nm). Whakamahia i roto i te whitiki nekeneke, ae haere mauiui.
• Poluusilivayuschy (Tāparewaea, ngohengohe). rahi matūriki toharite (40-60 nm). Whakamahia i roto i te kanorau hua rapa ahumahi, tinana mauiui.
• Nizkousilivayuschy. He nui te rahi matūriki (neke atu i te 60 nm). He iti te ahumahi mauiui whakamahi. E whakarato ana i te kaha e tika ana i te wā e hono tauhi ma'u he elasticity tiketike i roto i te hua rapa.

He whakarōpū oti o te waro pango e hoatu i roto i te D1765-03 ASTM paerewa, tangohia e te kaiwhakanao katoa o te ao o te hua, me ona kiritaki. Te reira i whakarōpū, i roto i ngā, kua whakahaeretia i runga i te whānuitanga o te rohe mata motuhake o te matūriki:

Production o te waro

E toru hangarau o mangu waro ahumahi, whakamahia nei i roto i te huringa o te ngingiha otikore o waiwaro:

• oumu;
• hongere;
• ngongo;
• wē.

He he ano hoki te tikanga waiariki i roto i nei te whāwehe o hau tūturu acetylene ranei i pāmahana teitei.

tohu maha whiwhi e te whānuitanga o ngā hangarau i ngā āhuatanga.

hangarau ahumahi

Takahi taea ki te whiwhi waro pango nga tikanga i runga ake katoa, Heoi, rite neke atu i 96% o te hua hangaia e te tikanga oumu o kai wai. Ko te tikanga e āhei ki te whiwhi i te whānuitanga o ngā rama o te waro pango ki te huinga motuhake o ngā āhuatanga. Hei tauira, i hanga te hoki waro pango tipu Omsk te whakamahi i tenei hangarau neke atu i te 20 waro tohu pango.

hangarau General he. tukua nga rauemi vysokoogneupornymi piere kapi hau māori , me te wera ki te 800 ° C rangi. Na roto i te mura hau māori hua hua parariraa oti ia i te pāmahana 1820-1900 ° C, kei roto i te nui etahi o te hāora noa. I roto i te hua nui-pāmahana o oti ngingiha o te feedstock waiwaro wai patia te, āta mua-whakauru, me te wera ki te 200-300 ° C. Pyrolysis o te feedstock puta i te pāmahana tino mana, e, he uara rerekē i runga i te waitohu o te waro pango hua rānei i 1400 ki te 1750 ° C.

I te tetahi tawhiti i te wāhi kai poroa thermooxidative tauhohenga e werohia wai. I hanga i e pyrolysis o te mangu waro me tomo te haurehu tauhohenga te whakamahana rangi, i roto i nei hoatu e ratou ake wahi o tona wera ki te rangi i whakamahia i roto i te tukanga, te pāmahana o te uglerodogazovoy ranunga makaka i 950-1000 ° C ki te 500-600 ° C.

I muri te meangiti ki te 260-280 ° C i te werohanga atu o te wai ka tonoa te ranunga o te mangu waro me haurehu e ki te tātari putea, te wahi wehea waro pango te i te hau, me te tomo i te moka tātari. Ko te pango waro wehea i te tātari tokomaha tonu mo te hau transportation awakeri he tahi whangai (blowers) i roto i te wae granulating.

Manufacturers o waro pango

World hanga o te waro pango he neke atu i te 10 miriona taranata. he tono nui pērā hoki te hua, ko te matua e tika ana ki ona āhuatanga whakaū ahurei. ahumahi Locomotives he:

• Aditya Birla Group (India) - e pā ana ki 15% o te mākete.
• Cabot Corporation (USA) - 14% o te mākete.
• Tautoru ngā waro Engineered (Rakapuō) - 9%.

Ko nga kaihanga nui o waro Russian:

• Ltd. "Omsktehuglerod" - 40% o te mākete Russian. Plants i Omsk, Volgograd, Mogilev.
• Oao "waro hangarau Yaroslavl" - 32%.
• JSC "Nizhnekamsktekhuglerod" - 17%.