Waiwaro Halogenated: whiwhi, āhuatanga matū, te whakamahi o

Waiwaro - he piha rawa nui o pūhui e pā ana ki organic. ngā ratou e rave rahi rōpū nui o matū, i roto i nei e kitea e tata katoa whānui tono i roto i te ahumahi, te ora, te natura. O te faufaa ngā Ko nga waiwaro halogenated, ka e kia kōrero i roto i te tuhinga. Ratou e kore noa i te uara nui arumoni, engari ano hoki he rauemi raw nui mō te maha whāiti matū, te faaineineraa o medicaments me ētahi atu pūhui nui. utu matou titiro atu ki to ratou hanganga rāpoi, ngā āhuatanga, me ētahi atu āhuatanga.

waiwaro Halogenated: āhuatanga whānui

Mai i te hi'oraa o te matū, ki tenei piha haapiiraa o te pūhui ngā aua waiwaro katoa i roto i nei e whakakapia tetahi atu ranei ngota hauwai e tetahi ki tetahi kōnakonako ranei. Ko te kāwai rawa whanui o matū tenei, mai he ratou faufaa rahi ahumahi o. I roto i ako te wā tika poto o te iwi wā ki te synthesize tata nga waiwaro halogenated katoa, te whakamahi o nei te mea e tika ana i roto i te rongoā, ahumahi matū, ahumahi kai, me te ora rā.

Ko te tikanga taketake o te whakarite i enei pūhui - he ara waihanga i roto i te taiwhanga me ahumahi me te i roto i te āhua tata kore e tetahi o ratou puta. Nā ki te kōnakonako e tino urupare ratou. Ka whakarite te nuinga o ratou tono i roto i te ariā matū hei hua takawaenga.

Ka rite ki nga māngai o waiwaro halogenated i te rota, kia whakarōpū i runga i ngā paearu rerekē. takoto te pūtake e rua te hanganga me te tini o ngā hononga iahiko, me te rerekētanga i roto i te ngota o kōnakonako me te wahi o to ratou wāhi.

waiwaro Halogenated: whakarōpū

hāngai ana te whakatinanatanga tuatahi o te wehenga i runga i te mau parau tumu te tikanga whakaaetia e te tono ki te katoa ngā pūhui matū waro. E hāngai ana te whakarōpūtanga te i runga i te rerekētanga i roto i te momo o te mekameka waro, tona cyclicality. I runga i tenei pūtake emit:

• whāiti waiwaro halogenated;
• hamanga;
• kakara;
• tīmeka;
• acyclic.

hāngai wehenga Next te i runga i te ngota kōnakonako me tona ihirangi ine i roto i te rāpoi ngota. Ko te kupu, ko te tuku:

• monoderivatives;
• diproizvodnye;
• tauro;
• Tetra;
• pentaproizvodnye a na i runga i.

Ki te kōrero tatou e pā ana ki te kōnakonako, na te ingoa o te iti-rōpū ngā o ngā kupu e rua. Hei tauira, monohlorproizvodnoe, triyodproizvodnoe, tetrabromgalogenalken me pera i runga i.

Ano, i reira ko tetahi whakatinanatanga o te whakarōpūtanga, e kua wehea e pai halogenated waiwaro kukū. Ko te maha o te waro ngota ki i piri te kōnakonako te tenei. Ko te kupu, ko te tuku:

• pärönaki tuatahi;
• Tuarua;
• tuatoru, a na i runga i.

Ka taea te runga ia māngai takitahi rite ki tohu katoa me ki te whakatau i te wahi tonu i roto i te pūnaha o ngā pūhui matū waro. Hei tauira, he pūhui ki te hanganga o te CH ₃ - CH ₂ -CH = CH-CCL ₃ taea kia kōmakatia hei. e kore te mea he rohe pēwaro trihlorproizvodnoe tīmeka tenei.

hanganga rāpoi

E kore e taea e te aroaro o ngota kōnakonako engari pā te āhuatanga ōkiko, ōmatū e rua, me te hanganga whānui o te rāpoi ngota. Ko te tātai whānui mō tenei piha haapiiraa o pūhui ko o te puka R-Hal, te wahi R - pūwaro tuwhena noa o tetahi hanganga, a Hal - he ngota kōnakonako, kotahi, neke atu rānei. Communication i waenganui i te waro me te kōnakonako kaha polarised, ai te muingota rite te katoa e whangai ana ki ngā pānga e rua:

• hiko kino;
• mesomeric pai.

Here, te tuatahi o te mea tino kaha, na te whakaaturia tonu te ngota Hal nga āhuatanga o te substituent irahiko-kati.

I roto i te katoa atu hanganga o nga rāpoi āhuatanga e rerekē i te hunga o waiwaro tikanga kahore. faataa Āhuatanga hanganga me ona Pekanga mekameka, te maha o ngā ngota waro, āhuatanga kaha kakara.

kia nomenclature tokanga makehe o waiwaro halogenated. Me pēhea te kia huaina ki te hononga raraunga? Ki te mahi i tenei, e hiahia ana koe ki te whai i te torutoru ture.

1. haamata mekameka Tataunga ki te mata ki ai te ofi ange ko te ngota kōnakonako. Ki te kahore he tetahi here maha, haamata te Countdown ki a ia, e kore ki substituents irahiko-kati.
2. Ingoa Hal tohua i roto i te kuhimua, kia tohu ano te maha o ngota waro i nei te mawehe reira.
3. hoatu te taahiraa whakamutunga ko te ingoa o te ngota mekameka matua (ranei mowhiti).

He tauira o taua ingoa: CH ₂ = CH-CHCL ₂ - 3-dichloropropene-1.

Ka taea te hoatu te ingoa, me te nomenclature kouma. I roto i tenei take, kiia te tuwhena te ingoa, a ka - ki te pīmuri kōnakonako -id. Tauira: CH ₃ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ Br - propyl pūkeha.

Ka rite ki te tahi atu akomanga o ngā pūhui matū waro, kei o te hanganga ngā waiwaro halogenated. Tenei taea maha ngā mema e whakarite ki ngā ingoa hītori. Hei tauira, Halothane CF ₃ CBrClH. Wātea o toru kōnakonako i roto i te rāpoi ngota whakarato āhuatanga motuhake o te taonga. Kei te whakamahia te reira i roto i te rongoā, na ko reira atu pea ki te whakamahi i ngā ingoa hītori.

tikanga waihanga

He tino rerekē ngā tikanga mō te te whakarite waiwaro halogenated. He tikanga taketake e rima o te ariā o enei pūhui i roto i te taiwhanga, me te ahumahi.

1. Kōnakonakotanga o te hanganga tonu o waiwaro tikanga. kaupapa tauhohe General: RH + Hal ₂ → R-Hal + HHal. Āhuatanga o te tukanga e whai ake: ki māota me te pūkeha tino ki UV radiation, tauhohe ki iodine ko ngā taea ranei te tino puhoi. Mai te mea kaha rawa köwhai pāhekoheko, na whakamahi kōnakonako kaha i roto i tona puka parakore e kore e taea e. I tua atu, i roto i te kōnakonakotanga o pārōnaki kakara Me ki te whakamahi i te tukanga kaiwhakakökï motuhake - te waikawa Lewis. Hei tauira, pūhaumāota rino konumohe ranei.
2. Te faaineineraa o waiwaro halogenated kua kawea ano ki waho e gidrogalogenirovaniya. Heoi, me waiho tenei pūhui tuatahi he pūwaro hamanga. Tauira: R = RR + HHal → RR-RHal. I te nuinga o tua electrophilic rite whakamahia te ki whiwhi chloroethene vinyl pūhaumāota ranei, mai i tenei pūhui ko te rauemi raw nui mō whāiti ahumahi.
3. Pānga i runga i waiwaihā gidrogalogenov. Ko te ahua whānui o te tauhohenga: R-OH + HHal → R -Hal + H ₂ O. I roto i te aroaro obligatory āhuatanga o te whakakōkī. Tauira o te tukanga o accelerators e kia whakamahia ai: te pūhau ūkuikui, whanariki, konutea ranei rino, te waikawa pungatara, he otinga o te konutea pūhaumāota i roto i te waikawa pūhaumāota - Lucas kaiwhakahohe.
4. Decarboxylation o Mariao waikawa i roto i te kaihoko oxidizing. Tētahi atu ingoa mō te tikanga - tauhohenga Borodin-Hunsdikkera. Kei roto i te ngako i roto i te wāhinga o te rāpoi ngota o te hauhā i pärönaki hiriwa o ngā waikawa carboxylic , ka whai wāhi ki te kaihoko oxidizing - kōnakonako. Ka rite ki te hua, e hanga e waiwaro halogenated. Tauhohenga te tikanga e whai ake nei: R-COOAg + Hal → R -Hal + CO ₂ + AgHal.
5. galoformov Synthesis. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, he mewaro fariiraa trigalogenproizvodnyh. Ko te huarahi māmā ki te hua ia ratou - te rongo ki kōnakonako otinga hauwaiwaro kawakore. Ka rite ki te hua, i reira te mea he rāpoi ngota hanganga galoformnyh. Synthesized i roto i te taua tikanga i roto i te ahumahi halogenated waiwaro kakara.

kia utua ngā whakarongo ki te ariā o ngā māngai hamanga o tenei piha. Ko te tikanga taketake - ko te pānga i runga i tai alkynes mēkuri me te parahi i roto i te aroaro o kōnakonako, e hua i roto i te hua ki te here rua i roto i te mekameka.

Halogenated waiwaro kakara whiwhi e te kōnakonakotanga tauhohe arenes mekameka taha alkylarene ranei. He hua ahumahi nui enei, mai e whakamahia ratou rite insecticides i roto i te ahuwhenua.

ngā āhuatanga ōkiko

Ko te āhuatanga ōkiko o e tika ti'aturi i runga i te hanganga o te rāpoi ngota waiwaro halogenated. I te pāmahana e koropupu me te āhua rewa o te whakawhāititanga pā te maha o ngota waro i roto i te mekameka me te manga taea i roto i te wahi taha. Ko te atu, he teitei te whika. I roto i te whānui ka taea e tatou tohu i te tawhā tinana i te maha o ngā.

1. Ahua: māngai tuatahi raro - hau, muri ki C ₁₂ - wai i runga - tinana mārō.
2. A ani i te kakara motuhake kino koi, tata māngai katoa.
3. Tino ruarua wairewa i roto i te wai, engari mo koe - ngā whakarewa pai. Kuteretere noa te tino pai nga ngā pūhui matū waro.
4. Kohua, me te rewa pāmahana hua ki te whakanui ake i te maha o ngā ngota waro i roto i te mekameka matua.
5. hononga katoa, ki te kahore pārōnaki köwhai, taimaha atu te wai.
6. Ko te atu peka i roto i te mekameka matua, te raro te ira koropupū o te taonga.

Uaua ki te tāutu i maha ngā āhuatanga rite i roto i te noa, no te mea rerekē nui māngai i roto i te hanganga me te hanganga. Na reira, he uara hua pai mō ia pūhui ngā o tenei raupapa o waiwaro.

āhuatanga matū

Ko tētahi o nga tawhā tino nui me tango e ki pūkete te ahumahi me te kōtuitui tauhohe matū he āhuatanga matū o waiwaro halogenated. e kore e ratou te taua no te mau melo katoa, ka rite ki reira he he maha o ngā take mō te rerekētanga.

1. Ko te hanganga o te mekameka waro. haere mai te huarahi māmā o te whakauru tauhohenga (momo nucleophilic) i halides alkyl tuarua, me te tuatoru.
2. He nui ano hoki te momo kōnakonako. Kei te kaha polarised Communication i waenganui i te waro me te Hal, a e whakarato reira he whaturama ngāwari ki te te tuku Radicals free. Heoi, haea te huarahi māmā ki te kōrero kei te waenganui i iodine me te waro e tika ana ki te huringa tūturu (whakaiti) i roto i te here pūngao i roto i te raupapa: F-Cl-Br-ahau.
3. Ko te aroaro o nga here tuwhena maha ranei kakara.
4. Hanganga me te Pekanga o te tuwhena.

I roto i te whānui, he reira pai ki te alkyl halides huru whakauru rite nucleophilic. I muri i te waro ngota i muri whaturama tika ki kōnakonako hāngai tiaki wāhanga pai. Tenei taea te tuwhena rite te katoa ki te riro acceptor matūriki eletronootritsatelnyh. Hei tauira:

• OH ^-;
• SO ₄ ^2-;
• KORE ₂ ^-;
• CN ^- me ētahi atu.

E whakamārama ana tēnei i te meka e i te waiwaro halogenated taea te haere ki te tata tetahi piha o ngā pūhui matū waro Me anake ki te whiriwhiri i te kaiwhakahohe tika nei e whakarato i te taumahinga hiahiatia.

I roto i te whānui taea te mea te reira e te āhuatanga matū o te waiwaro halogenated kei roto i te kaha ki te whai wāhi i roto i te taunekeneke e whai ake nei.

1. Ki te matūriki nucleophilic o te ahua rerekē - te tauhohenga whakauru. kia whai i te hua: waiwaihā, ethers, hākawa, pūhui nitro, amines, nitriles, waikawa.
2. tauhohenga whakakorenga dehydrohalogenation ranei. Ka rite ki te hua o te otinga waipiro o te rāpoi ngota kōnakonako alkali te wahia atu. waiwaro rua te kupu i hanga, iti taimaha rāpoi e-hua - me te wai tote. Tauira o te tauhohenga: CH ₃ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ Br + NaOH _(waipiro) → CH ₃ -CH ₂ -CH = CH ₂ + NaBr + H _{2 O.} Ēnei tukanga - tetahi o nga tikanga matua mo te kōtuitui o ngā waiwaro rua nui. Kei te haere tahi tonu te tukanga i pāmahana teitei.
3. waiwaro tahi takanga hanganga noa o Wurtz tikanga kōtuitanga. Ko te ngako o te tauhohenga ngā i roto i whaki i te waiwaro āwheo-whakakapi (rua rāpoi) konganuku konutai. Kia pehea te kaha electropositive katote, whakaae konutai ngota kōnakonako i te pūhui. Ka rite ki te hua, katia nga Radicals pūwaro tukua e i waenganui i te here, waiwaro tahi hanga hanganga hou. Tauira: CH ₃ -CH ₂ Cl + CH ₃ -CH ₂ Cl + 2Na → CH ₃ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH ₃ + 2NaCl.
   
4. homologues Synthesis o waiwaro kakara e Friedel-Crafts tauhohenga. Ko te ngako o te tukanga - o ngohengohe te benzene haloalkyl i te aroaro o te konumohe pūhaumāota. Ka rite ki te hua o te tauhohenga whakauru o toluene me te hanganga o te hauwai pūhaumāota. I roto i tenei take ko tika te aroaro o te whakakōkī. Haunga te benzene i roto i tenei tikanga e taea te oxidized me ona homologs.
5. Takanga Grenyara wai. Tenei kaiwhakahohe Ko te pūwaro āwheo-whakakapia ki te katote konupora i roto i te hanganga. I te tīmatanga kawea reira i roto i te pānga o te konganuku konupora i roto i te rangi i runga i te haloalkyl pārōnaki. Ko te hua ko te pūhui matatini o te tātai whānui RMgHal, tuku Grenyara kaiwhakahohe.
6. whakaiti ki te waiwaro tahi (waiwaro, arene). Whakamana i raro i te mahi o te hauwai. Ko te hua ko te waiwaro, me te e-hua - hauwai kōnakonako. He tauira o te puka whānui: R-Hal + H ₂ → RH + HHal.

Ko te pāhekoheko taketake, e taea te tomo ngāwari waiwaro halogenated o hanganga rerekē tenei. O te akoranga, i reira e ano tauhohe motuhake, e kia kia whakaaro hoki ia māngai.

rāpoi poinanaha

waiwaro halogenated poinanahatanga - he āhuatanga tino taiao. Kei te mohiotia te reira e te atu ngota waro i roto i te mekameka, te teitei te maha o ngā puka isomeric. I tua atu, i te māngai hamanga i here maha, e riro ano te take o poinanaha.

Ka taea te tāutuhia e rua ngā momo matua o tenei āhuatanga mo tenei piha o pūhui.

1. Poinanahatanga tuwhena me te kōhiwi waro o te mekameka matua. Tenei e taea te pēnei hoki ki te tūranga o te here maha, ki te reira i roto i te rāpoi ngota. Ka rite ki ki waiwaro ohie, i te toru o te tātai māngai taea tuhi pūhui he ōrite faaiteraa formular hanganga rāpoi engari rerekē. Ano, ko te maha o ngā momo isomeric o te tikanga o te nui ki runga ake i te waiwaro tahi hāngai (waiwaro rua, alkynes, arenes me pera i runga i) ki waiwaro kōnakonako.
2. Ko te tūranga o te kōnakonako i roto i te rāpoi ngota. Ko tōna tau nohoanga tohua i roto i te taitara, ara, ki te te huringa kotahi anake, ka kia tino rerekē nga āhuatanga o enei poinanaha.

poinanahatanga mokowā konei e kore e tatou e korero, kia rite ki ngota kōnakonako hanga tenei taea. Ka rite ki ki te atu ngā pūhui matū waro katoa i roto i haloalkyls rerekē poinanaha i roto i te hanganga e kore anake, engari ano hoki nga āhuatanga tinana, me te matū.

Pärönaki o pūwaro hamanga

Taua pūhui, o te akoranga, he rota. Heoi, he hiahia i roto i waiwaro hamanga halogenated tatou. taea hoki te wehea ratou ki ngā rōpū matua e toru.

1. Vinyl - ka kei te ngota Hal te tika i te waro ngota here maha. TAUIRA rāpoi ngota: CH ₂ = CCL _2.
2. Ki te tūranga taratahi. Kei te ngota kōnakonako me te here maha e i roto i ngā wāhanga i te ritenga atu o te rāpoi ngota. Tauira: CH ₂ = CH-CH ₂ -CH ₂ -Cl.
3. pärönaki Allyl - he ngota kōnakonako kei te here rua e i roto i tetahi ngota waro, kei te rongoa e i roto i te tūranga ārepa. Tauira: CH ₂ = CH-CH ₂ -CL.

O te faufaa ngā ko te pūhui pērā i vinyl pūhaumāota, CH ₂ = CHCL. He mea e taea ki te polymerization tauhohe ki te hanga i nga hua nui, pērā i mātao, kakahu parewai me pera i runga i.

Tētahi atu māngai o te pārōnaki halogenated hamanga - chloroprene. Tātai tona - SN₂ = CCL-CH = SN₂. Tenei pūhui Ko te rauemi tīmata mo te kōtuitui o rubbers e rerekē ahi ātete, ora roa, uruhanga iti ki hau.

Tetrafluoroethylene (Teflon ranei), - he polymer e he ngā kounga. whakamahia te reira mo te hanga o tino taupoki mo kōrero hangarau, rihi, he momo o ngā pūrere. Tātai - CF ₂ = CF _2.

waiwaro kakara me ratou pärönaki

pūhui kakara ko te hunga, e ngā te mowhiti benzene. I roto ia ratou i hoki te rōpū katoa o te kōnakonako. Ka taea te tāutuhia e rua ngā momo matua o ratou i roto i te hanganga.

1. Ki te herea ia Hal ngota te tika ki te matua, i.e. te mowhiti kakara, ka huaina te pūhui ko haloarenes.
2. E kore te te ngota kōnakonako herea ki te whakakai me ngota mekameka taha, i.e. he ngaa tuwhena ki te peka taha. E huaina taua pūhui halides alkyl aryl.

I roto i te matū i roto i te pātai ka taea te huaina e rave rahi te mau melo o e whai te faufaa mahi nui.

1. Hexachlorobenzene - C ₆ Cl _6. Mai te timatanga o te rau tau XX i whakamahia rite te fungicide kaha, me te ngarara nei. He he pānga ringihia pai, na te whakamahia reira mo te uri maimoatanga i mua i te whakaaturanga. Kua he haunga kino, nui wai waihā, mārama, e taea meinga e haehae ana.
2. Benzyl pūkeha C ₆ H ₅ CH ₂ Br. Kei te whakamahia te reira i rite te tauhohe nui i roto i te kōtuitui o ngā pūhui organometallic.
3. Chlorobenzene C ₆ H ₅ CL. taonga wai taekore he kakara motuhake. Whakamahia i roto i te hanga o waikano, patukīrea. Ko tetahi o te pai whakarewa organic.

Whakamahia i roto i te ahumahi

whakamahi waiwaro Halogenated tona ahumahi me he tino whanui te kōtuitanga matū. Mō māngai hamanga, me te kakara kua mea matou. Na rawea, te tikanga te whakamahi o te pūhui o tenei raupapa.

1. I roto i te hanga.
2. Ka rite ki ngā whakarewa.
3. I roto i te hanga o papanga, rapa, rapa, colorants, rauemi polymeric.
4. Hoki te ariā o maha ngā pūhui matū waro.
5. pärönaki köwhai (CFCs) - he refrigerants i roto i ngā pūnaha pouaka.
6. Whakamahia rite ngā patukīrea, insecticides, fungicides, hinu, varnishes, resins, lubricants.
7. Haere ki te hanga rauemi tuuraa, a pera atu.