Waikura-ātete maitai. kōeke Steel: GOST. Steel kowiri - utu

Ia tau e tika ana ki te te waikura ngaro te rota o te whakarewa. Heoi, kua mahi kino noa nui ki te kore o nga hua whakarewa rite ki te hua o te whakaeke te waikura. Utu e hiahiatia ana mō te wāhanga whakakapi ranei taputapu tiaki, motokā, moana me te awa oko, taputapu whakamahia i roto i te ahumahi matū, he maha nga wa ki runga ake i te utu o te rauemi i haere ki to ratou production.

He hoki nui te parekura autaki. Ki te hunga ngā, hei tauira, leakage o hau hinu ranei i te paipa waikura, spoilage kai, te whakangaromanga o ngā hanganga whare me te ake. Na reira, mana o te te waikura konganuku he ariki.

He aha ko te whakangaromanga o rauemi konganuku?

I mua i tahuri ki te pātai o te mea te parahi waikura-ātete, kia mahi a ki te ariā o te waikura, me te mauri o te tukanga.

Iritihia i te corroder Latin - ha'iriiri. Pōturi mimiti māhorahora o konganuku me ratou alloys, e puta i raro i te mana o te taiao matū, ka karanga te waikura. Ko te take hoki tenei kore ko te tauhohenga matū (, pitihāoratanga tauhohenga) o rauemi konganuku ki te reo haurehu waihā wai ranei i roto i nei e tū ratou.

He aha te mea steels waikura-ātete me alloys?

Tira me te wera whakakeke rino ranei alloys te tikanga mo te whakamahi i roto i ngā taiao ha'iriiri i pāmahana teitei noa ranei. Na reira, ko te whakaritenga matua e nga rauemi o tenei rōpū - te ātete wera (ātete ki te reo haurehu waihā ranei kohu pāmahana teitei) waikura resistance (he te kaha ki te tōtika te tu atu i te āhuatanga ha'iriiri i te pāmahana noa) ranei.

Waikura āhuatanga ātete o pūmārō, i hanga nei i runga i te kiriata mata passivation roa i roto i te taiao ha'iriiri, e ārai te kătahi ki te papa hohonu o te whakarewa, a tali pukuriri matū ki a ratou.

I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, te waikura-ātete maitai - te parahi he ātete ki te matū intergranular, iahiko me te tahi atu waikura.

hanganga matū

E takoto āhuatanga Metal i tona hanganga matū. A, no te te ihirangi o 12-13% chromium riro he kowiri tira, e he kainga i roto i te huru, me te matū taiao. Te whakanui ake i te ihirangi chromium ki 28-30% hanga pūmau reira i roto i taiao ha'iriiri.

Ētahi atu āhuatanga whakamahia mō te doping ngā konupora, konumohe, Titanium, sēniti. alloys whakamahia te nuinga whānui, hanganga o nei te ihirangi toharite nika o te 10% chromium - 18%, waro - i waenganui i 0.08 me 0.12% Titanium ranei - 1% (12X18H10T - waikura-ātete maitai, GOST 5632).

Whakarōpū i te momo o te microstructure: austenitic he kowiri tira

nui haere tenei ātete piha mahi ha'iriiri e alloying huānga nika (i te 5 ki te 15%) me te chromium (15 ki te 20%). alloys Austenitic kiriuka ki intercrystalline waikura, ngā e te ihirangi waro i roto i a ratou ka iti atu i te rohe o tona memehatanga i roto i austenite (0.02-0.03% me te iti iho). Nonmagnetic, pai kitea ki fehokotaki'anga, matao, me te deformation wera. Whai processability pai. He pai hoki te hanga o te parahi huānga toromoka, ngā hanganga paiherea me tono i roto i ngā ahumahi.

kōeke martensitic

E ngā steels tira i roto i te piha haapiiraa martensitic kia autō, me te whai teitei - rite whakaritea ki austenitic - tohu o pakeke mōrahi. tutuki pakeke e tinei, me te tempering. Pai hāngai hoki te hanga o ngā hua tikanga mo te whakamahi i roto i ngā taiao o te kaha reo, me te ngoikore (hei tauira, he maha o ngā hua o te ahumahi kai mō te hokohoko heu matatahi whakaaro ranei).

kōeke ferritic

I te waikura tiketike e rite ki iti-waro maitai āhuatanga ātete o enei kōeke. Ko te ihirangi chromium toharite ko te 11-17%. Whakamahia i roto i te hanga o taputapu whare, ngā āhuatanga o te hoahoa hoahoanga, oko kīhini.

piha haapiiraa Austenitic-ferritic

Waikura-ātete he kowiri tira o tenei piha e kitea heke ihirangi konukoreko me ihirangi chromium auau tiketike (21 ki te 28%). Ka rite ki huānga alloying atu protrude Niobium, Titanium, me parahi. I muri i te maimoatanga wera te ōwehenga o ferrite me austenite - e pā ana ki tetahi ki te kotahi.

I runga i te kaha o steels austenitic-ferritic, nui austenitic rua. Ko te kupu he kōngohe ratou, pai tu atu pikaunga ru i te taumata iti o te ahotea-waikura hangai me te ātete tiketike ki te waikura intergranular. Tūtohutia hoki te whakamahi i roto i te hanga, whakangao, mo te hokohoko i ngā hua e haere mai ana ki te whakapā ki te vairaa pape.

Austenitic, kōeke martensitic

Ko te ihirangi chromium o 12 ki te 18% konukōreko, - i 3.7 ki te 7.5%. āhuatanga atu - chromium me te konumohe. Pakeke mā te tinei (t> 975 ° C) me te tempering muri (t = 450-500 ° C). Austenitic-martensitic he kowiri tira paiherea pai me whai āhuatanga hangarau tiketike.

Kowiri tira: te utu (nga āhuatanga e pa ana i te hanganga)

Ko te hanganga o te konganuku waikura ātete e utu huānga alloying pērā i chromium, nika, Titanium, molybdenum. he whakatakotoria i roto i te te whakanoho i te utu ratou uara. Mai te tahi atu rama (waro, hanganga, pōro amo, taputapu, etc .. D.) Kei roto i te āhuatanga i tabulahia i roto i te rahinga nui iti, whakaritea ki utu ratou waikura steels ātete teitei tonu. Heoi, kia rerekē te utu i runga i tikanga mākete me te utu e hiahiatia ana mo te hanga o kowiri tira rānei.

āhuatanga aunoa

Me whai waitohu steels kowiri āhuatanga hangarau e whakatau whakapumautia paerewa mō te ahumahi. Ko ētahi o ēnei:

• pakeke mōrahi o Brinell (HB);
• elongation (%);
• tukua kaha (H / mm ^2);
• Roimata Ātete (H / mm ^2).

I muri i hanga o ia puranga (rewa) o ngā hua koloa takina te ki nga āhuatanga pūkaha me te microstructure o te GOST maitai kōeke. Hua o te taiwhanga whakamātautau o ngā tauira i tohua i roto i te tiwhikete i runga i ahumahi.

kōeke momotuhi maitai

he Whārangi nui o alloys me steels e wātea ana i roto i nga whenua rerekē. I te wa ano i reira he tonu kahore pūnaha ao o tohu.

I roto i te Hononga o Amerika, mahi reira e rave rahi ngā pūnaha momotuhi. Tenei āhuatanga e tika ana ki te maha nui o ngā rōpū paerewa (AJS, ANSI, ACJ, SAE, AWS, ASTM, ASME), hanga etahi fifi mo hoa, kaituku me kiritaki o ngā hua parahi o kaiwhakanao US i ētahi atu whenua.

I roto i Japan tohua rino ki reta me tau tohu ratou ropu (iti-koranu, tiketike-koranu, alloys whakaaro motuhake, srednelegirovannye,-kounga tiketike,-kounga tiketike, me te al.), Te tau raupapa reira me nga āhuatanga o te whakarewa.

I roto i nga whenua o te Pākehā Union ti'araa regulates te paerewa EN 27 100, e whakatau te tikanga i roto i nei te ingoa whakaritea me tau rangatū.

Kua whakawhanakehia e te Russian Federation he pūnaha ārepa i roto i te Soviet Union, rite ki nei te steels whakaritea. whakatakoto Paerewa whakapūtā ia huānga alloying, wahi o te reta whakapaipai Russian whakarewa.

Hoki konupora Ko H, Si - C, chromium - X, Ni - H, molybdenum - M Tungsten - B vanadium - F, Titanium - T, konumohe - Yu, Niobium - B, Co - K, zirconium - C, boron - R.

Ko te tau e whai ake nei i te pukapuka tohu te ihirangi o alloying huānga rite te ōrau. Ki te kei te hanganga maitai iti iho i te 1% o te huānga alloying, e kore e fokotu'u te tau, i te ihirangi o te 1 ki te 2% i muri i te pukapuka hoatu 1. mea tohu te tau mati timata tika ki te tautapa i te ihirangi waro toharite i roto i te haurau o te ōrau i roto i kōeke hanganga.

Ko te whānuitanga o ngā hua hangaia i kowiri tira

Kei te whakamahia waikura-ātete maitai mo te hanga o te hua e whai ake nei:

• tukinotia thermally maungärongo me pepa oro;
• netravlenyh pepa thermally tukinotia;
• me pepa netravlenyh thermally kāore;
• heat-, maeke me te wera-whakataka putorino tui ;
• takai maitai wera-whakataka whakaaro whānui;
• hexagons tukuoro;
• Porowhita o kowiri tira;
• waea kowiri (wera-tukinotia, ka unu matao-);
• castings ki ngā āhuatanga motuhake;
• forgings;
• atu momo, i whakawhanakehia paerewa kāwanatanga me te ārahitanga hangarau (TU).

poi o tono

Ka rite tetahi o nga tauira kaha pai, rerehua, ātete ki te mana haamou o te waikura, me pāmahana teitei, te pai mo te te tukurua me te mauroa o te mahi, ka tutaki whakaritenga parukore katoa kounga pai maimoatanga mata, Kei te whānui whakamahia waikura-ātete maitai i roto i tata mara katoa o te whare, me te ōhanga mahi.

he kowiri tira i roto i te tono tiketike i roto i te matūngahinu, matū, penupenu me te pepa, ahumahi kai, ahumahi hanga, ahumahi mana, te pahi me te waka engineering, taputapu-hanga, me ngā wāhi o te tiaki i te taiao.

Te kaha me te mauroa o ngā hua i hanga i kowiri tira, te mea i whakaritea ki te mahi i tenei piha haapiiraa, me te waitohu, he mahara ki nga āhuatanga physicochemical me te hanganga o te microstructure. Mā te konganuku e te hunga ātete ki te pānga ino o te waikura, i runga tino ki o ratou āhuatanga, e taea ki te tango i te rawa o nga painga te whakakorekore katoa o te hangarau hou tatou.