Toa whaikīngi World - te kingi o te ao chess

E rave rahi mohiotia e haapii riri hākinakina kaiao kia maia, maia me te tae i te whāinga. Heoi, ko te tawhiti atu tenei i katoa. tauturu hoki Sport ki whakaara i te taumata o te whanaketanga hinengaro. He tauira pai ko te chess. kōrero te nuinga o te iwi ki tenei kēmu rite whakangahau me tetahi o nga ara ki te haere i te wa. Ki te tomo koutou hohonu, e taea e tatou e kite i taua chess ko te hākinakina rawa whakaritea, me te rongonui. He ona ake nahanaha, he maha ngā rōpū rerekē e whakahaere ngā whakataetae, me ngā whakataetae. Ko te rerekētanga anake i te tahi atu chess momo kaha ko te meka e te rārangi Olympic Games, e kore e ratou. Ahakoa tenei ahua o te utu a ° reira. Na, puritia nga rua tau i roto i te ao Olympiad te, e rata kore anake toa whaikīngi roto i nga wahine, me te tangata, engari ano ki te tīmata te hunga e hiahia ana ki te whakaatu i to ratou kaha tino

Ko te takenga mai o hākinakina: chaturanga Indian

He he he kōrero rite ki nei kei te u tenei kēmu i roto i te ora o te hapori. Kotahi i runga i te wa i roto i India, hanga he Brahmin (tohunga) Chaturanga - whakangahau, i ko te poari ki te tapawhā o tauutuutu tae. Ēnei pūtau faaite whika. I hanga tēnei kēmu mo hōhā i roto i te whare o te kingi - te Raja. Ko te pera ahuareka ki te tangata o te whakatau e te tohu te whakaaro ia Brahmin whiriwhiri mea katoa e hiahia ana ia te tenenga. Na ka ui te tohunga witi ihoa,. Otiia i roto i te ara taua e te hoatu tuatahi te pūtau tuatahi kotahi witi. Ko te pūtau tuarua mo te rua, he tuatoru i tika ki te hoatu wha purapura, me te pera i runga i. Reira i muri puta e kore ko nui te witi i roto i te rangatiratanga, i roto i te tikanga ki te utu i hoki te Brahmin homai faahiahia. Āta, kua whakarerekētia te kēmu paku. Ko te rerekētanga matua i chess Chaturanga ko te maha o ngā kaitākaro. Ki te rua kaitākaro, ka taea te kēmu tawhito ki a koe ngā wāhi e rua o te iwi takirua i roto i te momo hou. Hipanga i roto i Chaturanga whakaritea e maka ki te rota.

kamupene whakahaere

Ina e horapa te kēmu puta noa te ao. Ko reira taa'eraa kahore ki tenei whakangahau e i kore hapori fakalotu ranei tōrangapū. I tēnei wā, ko te whakahaere matua mahi whakataetae rerekē ko te International Chess Federation, abbreviated Fide. I whakaturia te reira i roto i nga uofulu o te rau tau rua tekau. I te mutunga o te rua o nga mano tau, kua hanga te toa whaikīngi ao Garry Kasparov te PCA - Ngaio Chess Association, i roa tau e toru anake. Heoi, i roto i te taua wā poto o te wā whakahaere ia ki "haapaari" he rota o kaitäkaro kaha. whakaaro toa whaikīngi World, whakangungua me whakaatu tou tohungatanga i roto i te PCA, ko te "toa o te kēmu matarohia."

Young taranata i Norway

Ahakoa whakaaro he hākinakina he hītori roa o te whanaketanga, kua tū whakataetae ao i runga i te reira tata. I tū te whawhai whakamutunga mo te karauna chess he marama torutoru i mua. Ko te whakataetae, i i tū i roto i Chennai, India, whakakitea te whakarongo te hua auheke. Hoki te wā tuatahi i roto i te hītori o toa i riro e te taitamariki taua tamaiti. I whakawhiwhia e rua tekau-rua Norwegian Magnus Carlsen te taitara o "Ao Chess Champion." I roto i te whawhai ataahua riro he kuao Grandmaster te ariki Indian Vishvanatana Ananda. Whakataetae mutu i roto i te tika tekau kēmu i manakohia o te Grandmaster taitamariki. I teie mahana, te toa whaikīngi ao o nāianei i Norway tihi te rārangi o nga kaitākaro tino kōhure o te ao. Tenei te rua rangatira i muri i Magnus Carlsen Levon Aronian he. Ka kati i haere mai nga kau taki e toru i a Russia Vladimir Kramnik. Haunga runaruna nui whaikīngi, Magnus Carlsen kua kï ake i roto i te mahi whakatauira. maha whakapaipai ana whakaahua te taupoki o te GQ makasini rongonui.

Hoki kēmu kāinga

Mua toa whaikīngi ao, i whanau i roto i India. Tona ingoa - Viswanathan Anand. riro ia te taitara o te kaitākaro pai i roto i te ao i roto i te 2007. Fanauhia Grandmaster i roto i te āhua o Madras i 1969. ko tona whaea Indian te kaiako tuatahi. Ua haapii ia te heke mai o te pūkenga ariki rahi rongonui whakaturia "moenga". Viswanathan hohoro riro te kaitākaro pai i roto i India. Mai 1993, pai wāhi Anand i ngā whakataetae o te toa ao. Ko te taitara o "Ao Chess Champion" Hindu riro i roto i te 2007, te patu Vladimir Kramnik. He tau i muri mai, Viswanathan Anand mana ai tana taitara angitu hoariri Bonn. I te 2013, ka haere mai te Indian ki te wahi i te taitamariki Norwegian.

rangatira Soviet aroha

Vladimir Kramnik hapori mohiotia rite te tekau ma wha toa chess ao. Oire ko te pūmanawa Grandmaster Tuapse. I reira, ka whanau Vladimir i roto i te tau 1975. Kramnik Ko tetahi o te hunga ki te kororia, me te whakapehapeha, ko te nei te taitara o te toa o "chess puāwaitanga" rite ki te Ngaio Chess Association. I tua atu, kei te pai te tika Vladimir Borisovich ariki Russian o hākinakina i roto i tenei puka.

I roto i te 1991, i homai Kramnik te taitara o International Grandmaster. Whakatika ki tenei wāhi ko tona paetae whakakarauna te taitara o te toa ao i roto i juniors. e kore te Vladimir tika tīrama kanohi Russia i ngā whakataetae ao i roto i te tīma o te motu.

Ko te nui wikitoria tuatahi mo Kramnik ko he whakamanamana i roto i te 2000. i reira i roto i London, whakanohoia ana ki te Russian he "hoa" ki tona compatriot, te toa o mua ao Garry Kasparov. E whā tau i muri mai, tutaki Vladimir i te poari whaikīngi ki Pita Leko. I muri i te pakanga roa awhina nga mua tona paetukutuku tiketike. I roto i te 2006 ngā Kramnik rite ki te taitara ao PCA ki taua te taitara e Fide, toa i roto i te kēmu whakakotahitanga Veselina Topalova. He tau i muri mai haere ia i te paetukutuku te tiketike o te Māori o India - Viswanathan Anand.

Te tekau ma toru World Champion

I tetahi atu ahua tika pai-mohiotia i roto i te ao o te whaikīngi ko Garry Kasparov. whanau Grandmaster i roto i 1963. tuatahi whanau te tangata whenua o Baku te ingoa o Weinstein. Hoki te wā tuatahi whakatokia he chess poari tona papa. rima nga tau o Harry ka. I 1976 i reira ko te hui nui tuatahi i roto i te ora o te tamaiti, a ka meinga e ia te toa o te USSR Chess Championship. E rua tau i muri mai Kasparov tīrama wikitoria i roto i te whakataetae, "Sokolsky Memorial", i tū i roto i Minsk. Na roto i tenei hui, kua Harry kua whakawhiwhia te taitara o te Kaiwhakaako o Sports.

I roto i te 1980, oti Kasparov kura ki te mētara koura. tohua te taua tau i te taha o ano tetahi atu hui nui i roto i te ora o te tangata taitamariki. I roto i Dortmund, ka whakawhiwhia e ia te taitara o te toa ao i roto i juniors. I te wa, ko Kasparov te Grandmaster whakaotinga i te ao.

I te tau tekau ma waru taranata taitamariki o riro te toa o te USSR. ka mau te putanga tuatahi o GM i hākinakina pakeke wahi i roto i te 1984. Tona hoariri ko Anatoly Karpov. Play te kēmu o te toa whaikīngi ao ko he lekooti i roanga. roa te ōrite mō ētahi marama, i Mahuru 1984 ki tanguru 1985. I riro te whakataetae e Karpov. I tū te hui i muri o te kaitoi e rua i roto i te Mahuru 1985. Ko te wāhi o te whakataetae ko Moscow. Ko konei te reira, a ka tāutuhia 13 ao toa chess. riro ratou Garry Kasparov, e whiua mua nga "Kingi o te poari me te kurumetometo" ki te kaute o 13:11. Tae noa te timatanga o te rau tau rua tekau-tuatahi, kua he Grandmaster pūmanawa toutou whakamatauria tona tika ki te whai i te paetukutuku te nui tuatahi i runga i te putanga Fide, a ka rite ki te PCA. Rima nga tau i muri i te mau ohipa faufaa o te whakataetae ariki Russian ngaro ia ki tona compatriot Vladimir Kramnik. Fakatatau ki ai, i ngaro ano hoki te taitara o te toa ao.

te aroaro ki te taitara

Anatoly Karpov Ko te tekau ma rua te toa chess ao. Fanauhia i roto i te pa Russian o Zlatoust, i whanau ia i roto i te tau 1951. Na roto i tona papa Karpov i te tau o rima tau, te tuatahi ako e pā ana ki te ao o te chess. I wha, ka Anatoly he ariki o hākinakina i roto i tenei puka. He meka ngā o te fariiraa i te taitara o te toa ao Karpov. He tutuki hua pai i roto i ngā kēmu teina, kua whakatika te taranata taitamariki he whakataetae te ao. Tona hoariri i ki kia Robert Dzheyms Fisher. Heoi, tata i mua i te tīmatanga o te tukinga kihai te American ki wāhi. Ko te kupu, ko te toa tekau ma rua o te ao Anatoly Karpov riro te taitara. I roto i nga tau o muri mai, kua whakamatauria GM e he tika ia ki te kakahu te taitara o te tiketike hua. kaitākaro Chess rawa pai whakamana i ngā whakataetae. I te pūkete o tona wikitoria i roto i Milan i 1975. I muri i te whakamanamana Italian i aru e kore moni iti faahiahia i roto i Manila, Rovinj-Zagreb me ētahi atu pa. Karpov toru ngā wā toa o te USSR. mau hoki Grandmaster te rekoata o te ao mō te nuinga o te whakauru. I roto i te oraraa katoa o te tangata hākinakina i taea ki te whakatutuki i taua hua, i tae Anatoly Karpov kua.

American Bobby

Robert Dzheyms Fisher - te tuatahi toa whaikīngi ao i te United States. Kei te mohiotia te reira rite hapori Bobby ao. Ko te moheni "Mōhiohio Chess" te ingoa te kaitākaro pai i roto i te American rautau rua tekau. Gift tākaro whaikīngi whakatuwheratia reira he tuahine. kaha whakawhanake Bobby ratou pūkenga, me i te tau o ma toru riro ia te taitara US i chess i roto i te iwi taitamariki. He tau i muri mai, i whakaarahia ake e ia tona mana i roto i te taitara pakeke, hoko i te kaipara whakaotinga nei tutuki angitu wiri i roto i te taitamariki taua tau. I te tau o rima, ka Fischer he Grandmaster, mahue i muri hoki i te hua o Borisa Spasskogo, riro te taitara i roto i whitu nga tau. Ki te wahi kotahi, me te kaitākaro chess tuatahi Bobby Tournament World. I roto i te 1972, Fischer e "moenga" o te Grandmaster Soviet-French me whiwhi te taitara.

Ko te toa te tekau o te aito ao

Boris Spassky whanau i roto i 1937 i roto i Leningrad. ako ahau ki te tākaro whaikīngi i te tau o e rima nga tau. I roto i te rima tekau o te rau tau rua tekau Boris mo te wa tuatahi e wahi i roto i te wā whakamutunga o te aito o te USSR me ki te toa marama. I roto i te taua tau, i whakawhiwhia Spassky te taitara o International Grandmaster. I te tau o toru tekau ma rua nga tau, ka ia te ao toa whaikīngi mā te hinga Tigran Petrosian. He tau torutoru i muri whakawhiti paetukutuku tiketike American Bobby Fischer.

grandmasters Soviet

whanau Tigran Petrosian i roto i 1929 i roto i te Tbilisi. Taitara o te Grandmaster chess ao Soviet riro i roto i te 1952. I muri i te i riro te reira i te Kaiwhakaako Tërä anö o Sports o te Soviet Union. Na roto i te toa i te whakataetae kaitono i roto i te 1962, haere ao Tigran. I reira riro ia te taitara ao, i no te aroaro o tona compatriot Mikhail Botvinnik. E whitu nga tau i muri mai, haere te taitara ki Borisu Spasskomu.

Ko te rārangi o toa o whakataetae ao te nuinga e nga toa whaikīngi Soviet i roto i nga tangata o te ao. I tua atu ki enei, ngā ano ratou Vasily Smyslov, Aleksandr Alehin, Mikhail Tal me Mikhail Botvinnik. Ko te whakamutunga, ko te toa Soviet tuatahi i roto i tenei hākinakina.

whanau Mikhail Botvinnik i roto i 1911 i roto i Vyborg kawanatanga. E toru tekau-whitu nga tau i muri i tona whanautanga riro Mikhail toa whaikīngi ao mā te hinga i te hoariri i Amsterdam Maksa Eyve. Hoki te wa katoa o te whai wāhitanga i roto i te whakataetae Botvinnik takaro rōpū tekau ma rua rau.

Haere atu ia taitara

Mua e Mikhail Botvinnik, Maks Eyve - tuarima World Chess Champion. Tona wāhi ko Amsterdam. I te wha tau, ka hiahia i roto i te whaikīngi te tamaiti. I tau kotahi tekau, ka anga ia ki te whai wāhi i roto i ngā whakataetae. A i roto i te 1935, i whakawhiwhia Max Euwe te taitara o te toa chess ao.

haere Taitara ki reira, pera ki te korero, riro i GM Aleksandra Alehina. kaitākaro chess Soviet hoki rawa he wa roa he pakari te nuinga te tahi atu kaitäkaro. Ko te taitara o te toa whaikīngi ao Alekhine riro i muri i te whakataetae hinga kore Hose Raulem Capablanca i 1927. Ina ngaro te taitara. tupu tenei i roto i te 1935 i roto i te kēmu ki Maksom Eyve. Heoi, etahi wa i muri i faaho'ihia mai i te taitara. Grandmaster Soviet Ko anake te tangata i roto i te aamu o te hākinakina, e mate tūturu.

"Ko e Turk"

I roto i te 1888, i whanau ia i roto i Havana Jose Raul Capablanca-a-Graupera. Kei te mohiotia te reira rite "Te Turk" i roto i te aamu o te chess. Na ka karanga a Capablanca mo te ngaro o ngā hapa i roto i nga rōpū. riro taitara toa Cuban i roto i 1921. Tona hoariri ko Emanuel Lasker. wero Capablanca puta Grandmaster tairanga roa i mua i te whakataetae. Heoi, Lasker kore e taea e tonu whakaae ki te tākaro ki te taranata taitamariki. Māia o te wikitoria, tetahi i muri i tetahi whaia Jose Raul, i roto i 1927 kihai i karanga i te reira mo te tukinga Aleksandr Alehin. Katahi ka puta ke te karauna o te rangatira chess ao tona rangatira. riro ratou i te tangata whenua o te Soviet Union.

Psychology me te kēmu

Tuarua o te Ao Chess Champion - Emanuel Lasker. I whanau ia i roto i te tau 1868 i roto i Germany. Nona ia he lekooti mīharo i roto i te ao chess: no te taitara kawenata German mō te rua tekau whitu nga tau. e kore kua tupu tenei i roto i te aamu o te hākinakina. karanga maha pūtaiao Lasker "pionie" i roto i te mara o te huarahi hinengaro ki te mahi o te chess. I roto i 1894 i te Ao Championship i roto i te wikitoria tuatahi New York Emanuel o. I whakawhiwhia e ia te taitara o te toa. Kua pai te whakamana e ia ki runga ki te 68 tau.
I roto i te 1836, whanau Prague i Vilgelm Steynits - te tuatahi toa chess ao. Ta'na mau haapiiraa i te pānga nui i runga i te whanaketanga angitu atu o te aamu katoa o te chess. i homai taitara World ki Steinitz i roto i te tau, kaua pakeke. I taua wa ko ia e rima tekau tau.