Tautuhi i te "Grad": āhuatanga, utu, me te kino pūtoro. Nahea te pūnaha o te pakunga ahi "Grad"

I tēnei wā, ko te taitara o ngā tuhinga me ngā pūrongo rongo pouaka whakaata i roto i te pā ana ki te pakanga i roto i te rāwhiti Ukraine, ka taea e rongo koe i te ingoa o te taputapu hōia pērā i te tāutanga o "Grad". Āhuatanga launchers tākirirangi maha whakamīharo. Range pere rere 20 km whakarato wha tekau neatly te ahi korere kei i te turanga o "Ural-375" puku katoa-wira taraka. Ki te rā, ko tenei pūnaha pūkoro i roto i te taviniraa i roto i neke atu i te 50 whenua. A mai 1963, ko ia i runga i te mahi whakahaere i roto i te Soviet, a inaianei takoto i roto i te ope Russian.

mōhiohio hītori

Ko te whakaaro o te whakawhanake i te huinga o launchers tākirirangi maha ki te whānuitanga o neke atu i te 20 km i te Engineers Soviet me e tona take i waenganui o nga 50s o rau whakamutunga. I whakawhanakehia ngā utanga Military "Grad" ki te whakakapi BM-14 pūnaha. Ko te whakaaro i taua i runga i te tahuhu taraka e taea ngāwari hinga whenua uaua, te parepare ki te waiho i te wahi pū, Kikī ki tākirirangi.

I roto i 1957, te tākirirangi me pū mana matua (Grau) i hoatu e ngā o tohutoro Sverdlovsk hoahoa pokapū ki te whakawhanake i tētahi mīhini whawhai. Ko reira tika ki te hoahoa i tētahi mīhini e taea hāngai 30 ki te ārahi i te projectiles urupare hohonu. I tutuki te whāinga i te otinga o te tākirirangi - te hanganga o te mata porotakaroa kōpiko o te stabilizers hiku kotuituitanga.

tīpakohia tītere kaiwhakawhanake i RI-147, i whakaarohia he hangarau o hokohoko te whare rite tikanga tuhi wera. I raro i te rironga ko AN Ganicheva me ki te tautoko o te Komiti State mō te mahi Defense Technology i timata i runga i te hanganga o te pere. whakaakona Development warhead tītere GSKB-47, me te pūkaha tiaki propellant - nii-6. I hangaia nii-147 anga ki stabilization whakauru: te hiawero, me te hurihanga.

whakamātautau

I te tau 1960 i whakahaere ia whakamātautau ahi o engines kōpana anga. Ka rite ki kawea wāhanga o te tipu i roto i 53 me 81 wera - rite te whakamātautau i te taumata kāwanatanga.

I whakahaeretia nga whakamātautau mara tuatahi i roto i Maehe 1962 i roto i Leningrad. Kua tohaina Grau 2 waka whawhai, me te rima rau tākirirangi. Ko te oma whakaritea o 10 000 km i raro i mīhini whakamātautau kahore kino haere 3380 anake km. Tūkino whakakorea e te whakanui ake i te auri tahuhu muri. Tenei nui haere te pūmautanga o te mīhini, ka pihinga.

I muri whakaturia te toremi o nga tōnounou hoahoa o te Kaunihera o Minita i ki te mahi, me te mahi i roto i te 1963 tāutanga "Grad", te āhuatanga o i faaite i roto i te taua tau i N. S. Hruschevu.

whakarewahia te hanga rangatū o te BM-21 i roto i Hānuere tau e haere ake. Hoki i roto i te 1964, i te hōia parade Whiringa whakakitea te iwi o te tāutanga tuatahi. Mai 1971, ko te kaweake o launchers tākirirangi, me tona rōrahi 124 cars, engari na 1995 te maha o "Grad", hokona i roto i te 50 whenua huri noa i te ao, i reira i neke atu i rua mano.

hoahoa

Kua whawhai ahurei āhuatanga hangarau o "Grad" Kua tutuki i te utu o te hanganga o te matatini, e ngā:

• Pūwhakarewa;
• Utanga uta waka i runga i te pūtake o te ZIL-131;
• pūnaha mana ahi.

E utaina projectiles unguided urupare (diameter 122 mm) ki te wahi pū, fakafofonga'i nei e nga kaiarahi 40, ia 3 mita i runga i te turanga turanga. kia whakamana te arata'iraa i roto i te whakapae, me te waka rererangi poutū mā te actuator ā ranei. Ko te whānuitanga o ngā koki i roto i te pupuhi whakapae - 102 ^{i runga i} te maui o te waka ⁷⁰ me te tika; ki poutū - i 0 ki te ⁵⁵ °.

rite rawa te hongere oko e ki te haehae tīwiri, e, ka piri wehenga atu whakamutunga tītere hurihanga.

Ko te tere o te kaupapa o te mīhini - 75km / h, a pea neke ki anga i ako. Waka whakatārewatanga he pūnaha whakaweto e faaore te whakamahi o kōwiri tautoko te patu. I muri i te pakunga taea waiho tonu te tūranga, kia rite kore ki te kia patua e te patu rautipu. whakamana Wkakariteritenga o pupuhi i roto i te mana mīhini motuhake, wahi o te pūhiko.

Ka te korenga i te hoahoa o te kōpana whawhai waka, ka taea e koe te kite i te āhua o te tipu "Grad".

tutuki pau ahanoa ārahitanga patu e te aroaro o ngā pūrere kitenga: panorama Hertz mīhini reticle me te collimator K-1, e faarahi te tohu o te kino i roto i ngā āhuatanga o te aritanga rawakore.

Ko te anga tuatahi

Tītere momo whakakeke mahi i roto i te waihanga pū salvo, ngā reira o 3 wahi: Battle, pūkaha me te stabilizer. Warhead - ia he anga ki te wiki, me te tiaki pakaru. tito pūkaha Jet te o te ruma pupuha, me te tiaki pātīmata paura. Hoki pātīmata o te igniter, e ka whakahohe te tiaki propellant, tono elektrozalpy Pyrocartridges ranei. Koperea e taiawhio hiko kuiti, me te cutter i rama aano atu igniter.

ka tākirirangi te kaha tuatahi 9M22 e pupuhi launchers tākirirangi maha "Grad". āhuatanga tītere:

• pato: nui-taikaha;
• roa - 2.87 m;
• taimaha - 66 kg;
• whānui mōrahi - 20.4 km, iti - 1.6 km;
• tere rere - 715 m / s;
• warhead taimaha - 18.4 kg, o nei te wahi tuatoru - taikaha.

He kitea orurehau ko Alexander Ganicheva auaha. whakaarohia e ia he tikanga o hangaia he tītere, i ngā i roto i te wāhanga o te tinana o mau api parahi, e kore i roto i te puoto motu maitai ohie rite i mua. ko tētahi atu paetae o te Designer tino o nii-147 te hanganga o te whiri, pehi nga stabilizers hiku tītere, me te hoatu i te whai wāhi ki te kia whakanohoia i roto i te āhuatanga tākirirangi.

anga 9M22 tukua ki te ru kopere fuses MRI me MRI-U, e taea te whakaturia ki 3 kaupae: inamata, whakapōturinga iti, me te nui. Ki te hinga o ngā taumata i tawhiti poto mo te tika o mowhiti wahia whakamahia, tīpakohia te rahi o nei te tika hautanga ki te tawhiti.

Whanaketanga o missiles 9M22 ake nga āhuatanga hangarau o "Grad". tono hōpuni tūkino i kawenga tonu "Castle" te ki te wāhi ki te 1.050 m ^2, me te tikanga kiri - ki te 840 m ^2.

timata production rangatū o missiles i 1964 i te faaiopoiporaa rino "Stamp".

Whakarei i te āheinga whawhai

Ki te whanaketanga o te pere tuatahi ki te whakangaro, ka pehi ope hoariri tikanga tāutanga "Grad", te āhuatanga (kino pūtoro) Kei te pai ake tonu. Hei tauira, kua hanga nga momo e whai ake nei o te anga:

• Ake momo kariri nui-taikaha 9M22U, 9M28F, 9M521;
• momo ia-matū - 9M23 ōrite i roto i te rere ngā M22S;
• hei tahutahu - 9M22S;
• paoa-te whakaputa - 9M43, o enei kaha tekau e ahei o te hanga i te smokescreen mo te wāhi o te 50 heketea;
• i anti-oku mau fifi - 9M28K, 3M16;
• RFI - 9M519;
• ki matū paitini - 9M23.

Ētahi atu whenua e hua raihana matatini hetia ranei, rite hihiri whakawhanake momo hou o anga.

mana ahi

taea te pūnaha mana ahi ki a koe kia matā me te horomia anake. ahu Pyrotechnic engine wiki tākirirangi te i te generator pini, e taea te whakahaeretia i roto i te kapa 21 i roto i te pouaka BM-tuari i roto i te mamao pūkoro ranei i te tawhiti o te 50 m.

Kei te whakaturia te roanga huringa o te pakunga tonu 20 hēkona ki "Grad". Āhuatanga e pā ana ki te pāmahana, te whai ake: whai mahi ore te i pāmahana i -40 ° C ki te +50 ° C.

Ko te Rōpū whakahaere ngā te tāutanga o te rangatira, me 5 kaiāwhina: hōia pū; Wiki pūtāuta; Letioó ki / Loader; whawhai waka atekōkiri / Loader me te taraiwa o te waka motokā / Loader.

hangaia Transport waka te ki te kawe anga i runga i te poari whakaritea whata pahoho.

ao hou,

titau Hangarau ahunga mahi tonu i runga i te ao hou, o patu. Kore, kia ngaro ai ara te tūranga kaha tino i roto i te mākete.

kua launchers Rocket "Grad" i roto i te 1986 Kua pai ake. i tukua Model BM-21-1. Na kei whawhai turanga waka i runga i te tahuhu o "Ural". korere Mōkī aratohu tiaki ki whakangungu rakau wera te ra te rongo. Hoki i reira ko te taea o te puhipuhi tere.

I runga i te pūtake o te motokā GAZ-66B i te utu o te whakaiti i te maha o te whakaputa ngahaú anga ki runga ki te 12 tāutanga Kōmāmā i hanga hoki hōia mahino - BM-21 V.

I runga i te pūtake o te BM-21-1 i te tīmatanga o te tau 2000. i mea ai matou mahi mo te tuku o te waka whawhai aunoa - 2B17-1. Ko te painga o te tāutatanga ake - kahore pupuhi i te mātanga arahina me putanga tatauranga. Ko te whakamāramatanga o te hoariri taururuku pūnaha navigation pūpuri.

Fighting waka "whaea" (BM-21PD) tikanga ki te hinga mua i roto i te tikanga ki te whakarite tiaki o te rohe moana. Ko te pūnaha taea mahi i roto i te taha ki te pāorooro takitahi ranei.

Ko te matatini "aupuru", hanga i roto i te 80, i 50 kaiarahi, engari e tika ana ki te kore o te pūtea kihai i tika ki te atu production.

Tukuna MLRS "Grad" i roto i Czechoslovakia, Peraruhia me Italy. whakanohoia putanga Ukrainian o te BM-21 i runga i Krae huriaro. Peraruhia "Grad-1A 'Ka taea e hāngai wā kotahi e rua paura hei utu o tetahi. Ko rerekē i roto i taua e rite rawa nga anga ki engines jet rerekē, meinga shooting tawhiti taurite te Pūwhakarewa tākirirangi pūnaha Italian (haapotohia FIROS).

kaute hōia

Ki te mutunga o te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao, tonu kaha te iwi ringa. Kua whakatutukitanga pūtaiao katoa e hāngai ana ki te whakapai ake i te hanga hōia. timata Prices mō ngā hua hōia ki te tupu ake tere atu i roto i te whawhai.

Ko te tiketike rawa hoki utu o patu hou. Kotahi tākirirangi Pūwhakarewa tītere "Grad" utu 600-1000 tara. I muri ohi i te mīhini whawhai (1963), ko rite ki nga utu o rua waka "Täingäwai" te utu o te pere. Na ko te hanga papatipu o te utu missiles utu e rua anake kaipūkaha - 250 moni (mōhiohio i te kiriata "Ru Force").

Ko te utu o te tāuta "Grad» - ko te ngaro arumoni. He tata kotahi moheni Ingarangi, te akonga utu "Castle" - "Huripari" - he $ 1.8 miriona (tangohia te te mōhiohio i te moheni "whiwhinga noa", take tau 8, January 1996, whārangi 117.).

Ka rite ki wana tāuta "Grad"?

pihinga parau tumu o BM-21 he ōrite ki te huarahi o te whakamahi o te rongonui "Katyusha" me te hāngai i runga i te pūnaha o te salvo puhipuhi. I roto i te 40s projectiles he pai ki te pere kotahi, i hapa pū me te papatipu tonu repo pū. i taea ki te Engineers e haamou i tenei ngoikoretanga ki te whakamahi i te whakarewatanga pere e rave rahi kahiwi.

Nā ki te parau tumu whakahaere o te tāutanga o te pakunga "Grad" i roto i te mahi - he patu e taea te whakangaro 30 heketea o te rohe hoariri, he tīwae o taputapu hōia, nga tūranga timatanga o tākirirangi, pūhiko kumete, wae supply. pupuhi te anga tenei mīhini whawhai, patu ora katoa i roto i te pūtoro o te 100 mita.

Tuatahi i roto i te ao MRL e taea patua i te ūnga i tawhiti roa, - te whakatakoto i te "Grad". Āhuatanga, pūtoro o te whakangaromanga whawhai waka Engineers Soviet kua pai ake rite te roa rite kore e te hua i te ine mōrahi o te tītere i te ūnga o te 30 mita. whakaaro kaihoahoa Foreign e tenei tika e taea te tutuki i te tawhiti o kore ake atu i te 10 kiromita. Heoi, ko te hanganga o te USSR patu te hoariri i te tawhiti o te 40 km me te hua 720 anga i roto i te 20 hēkona, e te mea ōrite ki te 2 taranata o explosives.

tono hōia

I tū te whakamātautau tuatahi i roto i te mahi i te matatini "Grad" i roto i te 1969, i roto i te pakanga i waenganui i Haina me te USSR. E ngana ana ki te wahi i te hoariri, me te patoto atu ana ope ki te Sino-Soviet tāke rahua, ano, ka mau te Hainamana he ngāwari T-62, i ko te tauira ngaro. Na reira, i roto i te akoranga haere anga taikaha i te tipu "Grad", i whakangaromia te hoariri, me te kupu ki te mutunga i te pakanga.

I roto i te tau 1975-1976. whakamahia waka whawhai i roto i Angola. taiao Operations i roto i tenei pakanga e kore kua ia wā here whawhai i waenganui i tīwae pa ki. Na e i te pae tukinga o te tītere i hanga "tītaha mate", na he tīwae o ngā hōia, i te mea he aho ki runga roa i roto i te whawhai i roto i Angola kua meinga tenei āhuatanga o te "Castle" i roto i te meka i te ūnga pai.

I roto i Afghanistan, i pupuhi tatou i te "Castle" ahi tika. Kei te kaha te whakamahia hoki te whawhai Chechen waka hōia.

"Grad" o to tatou wa - ko e pā ana ki 2500 wae, te rākau o te riri o te ope o te Russian Federation. i kaweake waka whawhai ki 70 whenua mai i 1970. E kore matou i haere hia BM-21 i roto i te pakanga patu huri noa te ao: i roto i Nagorno-Karabakh, South Ossetia, Somalia, Hiria, Putu me te tīmatanga tata o te pato'iraa i roto i te rawhiti o Ukraine.

āhuatanga rauhanga, me te hangarau o te tāutanga "Grad"

Kaha me ngā tawhā o te pūnaha e hoatu mo te BM-21.

• Huriaro - Ural-375.
• Engine Power - 180 rita. he.
• Dimensions, m:
  - whanui - 2.4;
  - Length - 7.35;
  - mōrahi teitei - 4.35.
• Taumaha, toni:
  - ki te anga - 13.7;
  - uncharged BM - 10.9.
• Ko te tere mōrahi o te kaupapa, km / h - 75.
• Kariri, mongamonga. - 120 tākirirangi.
• Ërä mm - 122.
• rohe lesion, ha:
  - tikanga 1.75;
  - hōpuni 2.44.
• Ko te roa o te aratohu, m - 3.
• Ko te tokomaha o nga kaiarahi kakau, RW. - 40.
• wa salvo Full, ki - 20.
• whānuitanga pupuhi, m:
  - mōrahi - 20.380,
  - iti - 5000.
• tautuhinga wā i roto i te tūranga puhipuhi, min. - 3.5.

MLRS teie mahana whakaputaina e JSC "MZ". tu Base motokā "Ural-4320". Ko te tauira hou whakaurua wāhi matawhenua motuhake, whakaaturia i runga i te wāhi tatūnga mahere hiko, te kaha ki te tomo raraunga ki te wiki.

e hiahia ana ahau ki te whakapono me te tumanako e te tāutanga o "Grad" (āhuatanga, hanganga, aratau o te mahi) i tika, me te ngā ki te whakatupuranga o muri rite te tauira mo te rangahau, engari e kore e hoki te whakangaromanga o nga pa, me o te iwi te whakarau!