Eaha te auraa fakahinohino utu?

E rua ngā tikanga o te whakatakoto i te utu. Te reira i katoa tei runga i te momo o te pūnaha ōhanga, i roto i nei te mahi kāwanatanga. he angamaheni hoki whenua ki te ōhanga whakamaheretia utu Legislative. I roto i tenei take, te mākete he tata kahore pānga i runga i te āhuatanga mākete. Ka taea te tautuhi utu ara i mua i nga hua tonu-tuku. kitea te āhuatanga rerekē i roto i te ara mākete. I roto i tenei take, e kore e whakaritea te utu i roto i te kamupene, a i raro i te mana o te putanga me te hiahiatanga i te hoko o ngā hua i runga i te mākete. Atu i runga i taua i roto i te tuhinga o te tenei ra.

Kia kitea tatou i roto i te auraa ki utu fakahinohino

kia tika autaki ranei whakaawe i te State te āhuatanga mākete. kite Various ariā ohaoha tūranga o te kāwanatanga i roto i te whakahaere o te ōhanga ā-motu i roto i ngā huarahi. utu Free - te pūtake o te pūnaha ōhanga mākete. whakatikaia te reira i te ariā ohaoha matarohia katoa. Kei te whakapono te reira e te hiahia mo te wawao a te kāwanatanga i roto i ngā tukanga ōhanga mō te wā tuatahi convincingly whakamatauria Dzhon Meynard Keyns. Fully utu fakahinohino - ko reira te tūturu o te ōhanga whakaritea. I roto i tenei take, i whakaritea te utu o te production e te wā o tona production noa mua ranei. Ka taea te tāuta ratou ki waho te utu, tere o hoki, nga whakarea o huringa taea. I teie mahana, i roto i te whenua maha ki te ōhanga mākete te whakamahi i enei atu tikanga o te wawaotanga i te conjuncture o te ōhanga ranei.

I roto i te ariā puāwaitanga

Attitude ki te tūranga o te kāwanatanga radically ke e rave rahi taime, puta noa i te aamu mohiotia. I te tahuri o 17-18 tenetere, i roto i te whanau o whanaunga mākete hou anö parau haapiiraa ko mercantilism. I whakapono te reira e kore e taea e te ōhanga motu mahi tōtika kahore raweketia kāwanatanga. Heoi, i muri i ki te rua rau nga tau whakakapi tenei ako ka haere mai ki te whakaaro o te liberalism ōhanga pera-ka karanga. ka anga ana tatou tatarahapa ki Arama Smith me Rawiri Ricardo. kī ratou e te mākete - he reira pūnaha whaiaro-ture, utu arata'iraa ia faufaa ore. Kei te hāngai te reira i runga i te "ringa e kitea" - te ngākau nuitanga whaiaro o te haamaitairaa.

Heoi, ko te Pakanga o te Ao Tuatahi, me te muri Topatariraa Rahi takoha pūtaiao ki anō ratou whakaaro i runga i utu. Kua i roto i te tau 1930 i tangohia ai ture motuhake e whakawhānuitia te whānuitanga o te wawaotanga kāwanatanga i roto i te ōhanga motu. utu Ture mō te etahi kāwai o ngā hua hei kua kitea.

Āhuatanga o te ohaoha Keynesian

I muri i te Topatariraa Rahi, whakarerea maha whenua whakawhanakehia te whakaaro o te whaiaro ture-o te mākete, ka anga ki te wawao i roto i ngā tukanga ōhanga. Tohe Keynes te hiahia ki te whakapiki ake i moni pūtea me raro ngä päpätanga huamoni i roto i recessions. hanga tono supply, a kahore hurihia, rite kī e te waiata. Neo-Keynesians taunaki mō te utu mākete me te kaupapa here i roto i te symbiosis. urutau ratou etahi whakaaro o nga Talafungani, a whakapono e he tika anake i roto i te wā poto wawaotanga kāwanatanga. Ko e tika ana ki te meka e kore e taea e te taiao neke hohoro i roto i te tikanga ki te "rongoa" ōhanga i te pānga kino o te mahi pakihi iti tenei. Heoi, e whakapono te neo-Keynesians e i roto i te wā roa, te mākete, ko te pūnaha whaiaro-ture.

ara o te mana

E rua ngā tikanga o te ture kāwanatanga o utu: te rārangi (fakahinohino) me autaki (ōhanga). ngā te mua:

• whakatika Price. Hei tauira, i roto i ona whakaaro anake, kia whakaturia te kāwanatanga tariffs mō ngā ratonga transportation me te hunaraa.
• rohe utu. kia tomo State he rohe mōrahi iti ranei.
• Te haamauraa i ngā āhuatanga nui o huringa utu. Hei tauira, Kei te maha whakamahia te pūnaha taua i roto i te tātai o tariffs waea i te kāwai kiritaki.
• Tautuhi rahi mōrahi o utu hokohoko. Ko te kupu whakaritea utu o taonga faufaa, ngā rongoā, me etahi kai.
• Te Haamauraa i te taumata o te moni. Tenei te tikanga e i kotahi whakatakotoria te utu te mea o o hoki. Hei tauira, Kei te maha tāuta hoatu tonu te utu mo te whakamahi o ipu he hoki 25 ōrau i runga i tenei momo o te transportation.
• Ko te whakatūnga o utu whai. maha mahi tenei pūnaha i te mara o te ahuwhenua. E whakatakotoria e tinana kāwanatanga motuhake Prices. E whakamahia ratou mo te ähua noa, ki te te wāriu mākete ataahua o taonga i raro.

whakapuakitanga utu ko te tukanga o te arotake i te utu kāwanatanga whakaritea. Ki te mahi i tenei, te tono ki te tinana āhua motuhake o te tika ōhanga mō te tono.

Ko te tikanga ohaoha o te mana ngā moni, ngā utu utu, loans i reiti maitai, hararei tāke. Ka taea e enei mehua katoa whakaiti i te uara mākete o te hua.

I roto i te whenua whakawhanakehia,

Kua kua ngā tatou i roto i taua he taua utu fakahinohino. e kore e mohio ki te mea whakakite nui te ōhanga mākete tona tikanga. Heoi, he pai ki te tino whakarere tona whakamahi tangata. kia whakatika State nga ture utu i roto i te puka o ture. whakaahua ratou te mau parau tumu, tikanga me ngā paerewa. Kei te whakapono te reira 10-30% o te utu o ngā hua e whakaturia fakahinohino. Ko te kāwanatanga maha e kore e mutu i reira. I roto i te whenua whakawhanakehia, whānui pokanoa autaki i roto i te utu. tohe tenei katoa te hiahia ki te whakatutuki i ngā putanga pāpori, e he pai hoki te hapori katoa.

huarahi hou

He tokomaha e whakapono e te utu fakahinohino - he ohanga whakahau. Otiia i roto i te meka, i tenei ra he tokomaha āhua kaha wawao i roto i ngā tukanga ōhanga. Kei te whakapono te reira i e i roto i te oma roa te mākete kua te kaha ki te whaiaro ture-, a i roto i te poto - hiahia mana atu o te pēke pokapū me te kāwanatanga. Kei te mohio te reira e te haamauraa o utu mōrahi mōkito ranei mo nga hua e taea arahi ki te meka e ka mutu tenei ahua ki te kia whāinga. Heoi, e whakatupehupehu ana kahore tetahi te meka e te tahi mau taime te huarahi mākete me ki kia whakaritea.

mau kāinga

Ko te tukanga o te utu i roto i Russia maha ke i runga i te wā. ngā takahanga nui i roto i tona hītori:

• Ko te putanga o te moni utu i roto i te tau 1916-1921.
• Wā o War Communism.
• Ko te Kaupapa Here Economic New.
• utu Ture i runga i tata nga mea katoa o ngā hua i roto i te 1929-1933.
• Ko te putanga o te supply me te hokohoko o ngā hua i raro i te whakaritenga ki te kaihoko.
• kāwanatanga Utu, i timata i muri i te tiango o te Soviet Union mai 1992.